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Background: Over recent years, the security of the publicly available audio, video and text data has become a big challenge, i.e., social media communication; hence the author presents an exceedingly secure communication system to hide the data from an attentive adversary. Objective: The study aims to design and analyze a novel algorithm to be implemented for message transmission using multi-image LSB steganography and crucial variable-length cryptography. Encoder, decoder and social media as a channel are the main parts of the study. Methods: Various computer techniques like cryptography and steganography with video handling are used to perform the proposed work. The main objective of this work is to implement the raw video as the cover on the QR code image. This image is to be transmitted as information by enshrouding it in the raw footage. Additionally, encryption of QR code image using VLMKG (Variable Length Mixed key Generation) cryptography enhances the reliability of work. The variablelength Key is generated separately to implement the cryptography. Multi-image LSB steganography is imposed with one-bit replacement in the spatial domain. Wavelet Transform (Daubechies family) is applied for denoising, which enhances the accuracy of the received data. Results: The proposed work provides a secure way to transmit any information in the form of QR code image successfully. It is verified with the help of five QR Code images and three raw video groupings. Conclusion: Implementation of LSB steganography, variable-length key cryptography and MATLAB usage had superbly extracted the image features; calculations and the consequences were observed to be palatable.

Peptidic and non-peptidic αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules have been used in the clinic for detection and treatment of tumors expressing αvβ6 integrin, because this protein is expressed in malignant epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pancreas, breast, ovary, colon and stomach carcinomas but it is not expressed in healthy adult tissue except during wound healing and inflammation. This review focuses on the landscape of αvβ6 integrinbinding molecules and their use in cancer treatment and detection, and discusses recent designs for tumor detection, treatment, and immunotherapy. In the last ten years, several reviews abamp;#945;vβ6 integrin-binding molecules and their role in cancer detection and treatment. Firstly, this review describes the role of the αvβ6 integrin in normal tissues, how the expression of this protein is correlated with cancer severity and its role in cancer development. Taking into account the potential of αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules in detection and treatment of specific tumors, special attention is given to several high-affinity αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides used for tumor imaging; particularly, the αvβ6-binding peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART [A20FMDV2], derived from the foot and mouth disease virus. This peptide labeled with either 18F, 111In or with 68Ga has been used for PET imaging of αvβ6 integrin-positive tumors. Moreover, αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides have been used for photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging and could potentially be used in clinical application in cancer diagnosis and intraoperative imaging of αvβ6-integrin positive tumors. Additionally, non-peptidic αvβ6-binding molecules have been designed and used in the clinic for the detection and treatment of αvβ6-expressing tumors. Anti-αvβ6 integrin antibodies are another useful tool for selective identification and treatment of αvβ6 (+) tumors. The utility of these αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules as a tool for tumor detection and treatment is discussed, considering specificity, sensitivity and serum stability. Another use of the αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides is to modify the Ad5 cell tropism for inducing oncolytic activity of αvβ6-integrin positive tumor cells by expressing A20FMDV2 peptide within the fiber knob protein (Ad5NULL-A20). The newly designed oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapy is promising for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers. Finally, new evidence has emerged, indicating that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing the αvβ6 integrin- binding peptide on top of CD28+CD3 endodomain displays a potent therapeutic activity in a diverse repertoire of solid tumor models.

The development of cervical cancer is mainly caused by infection with high risk genotypes of human papillomavirus, particularly type 16 (HPV16), which accounts for more than 50% of cervical cancer. The two early viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, are continuously expressed in cervical cancer cells and are necessary to maintain the malignant cellular phenotype, thus providing ideal targets for immunotherapy of cervical cancer. In this study, a novel vaccine strategy was developed based on a rationally shuffled HPV16 E6/E7 fusion protein, the addition of Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) or the N domain of calreticulin (NCRT), and the usage of a CpG adjuvant. Four recombinant proteins were constructed: m16E6E7 (mutant E6/E7 fusion protein), rm16E6E7 (rearranged mutant HPV16 E6/E7 fusion protein), Flt3L-RM16 (Flt3L fused to rm16E6E7), and NCRT-RM16 (NCRT fused to rm16E6E7). Our results suggest that Flt3L-RM16 was the most potent of these proteins in terms of inducing E6- and E7-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Additionally, Flt3L-RM16 significantly induced regression of established E6/E7-expressing TC-1 tumors. Higher doses of Flt3L-RM16 trended toward higher levels of antitumor activity, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. In summary, this study found that Flt3L-RM16 fusion protein is a promising therapeutic vaccine for immunotherapy of HPV16-associated cervical cancer.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of Hepadnavirus family, which leads to chronic infection in around 5% of patients with a high risk of developing liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.1 Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines against hepatitis B for over 3 decades, there are still more than 2 billion people have been infected and 240 million of them were chronic. Antiviral therapies currently used in the treatment of CHB (chronic hepatitis B) infection include peg-interferon, standard α-interferon and nucleos/tide analogs (NAs), but none of them can provide sustained control of viral replication. As an alternative strategy, therapeutic vaccines for CHB patients have been widely studied and showed some promising efficacies in dozens of preclinical and clinical trials. In this article, we review current research progress in several types of therapeutic vaccines for CHB treatment, including protein-based vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, live vector-based vaccines, peptide-based vaccines and cell-based therapies. These researches may provide some clues for developing new treatments in CHB infection.

High rate of platelet adhesion and limited biocompatibility were regarded as the chief weaknesses of vascular tissue engineering scaffolds. The objective of this research was to overcome these drawbacks by ultilizing coaxial electrospinning to combine CDPS with PLA. CDPS and PLA were located at the inner and external layer respectively so that a “core-sheath” structure was formed. The properties of scaffolds were tested by methods such as mechanical testing, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and subcutaneous transplantation. Compared to natural tissues, CDPS/PLA coaxial scaffolds showed excellent biomechanic properties and hemocompatibility so that CDPS owned good potentiality in vascular tissue engineering.

The purpose of this investigation was to develop the feasibility of utilizing Angelica polysaccharide in vascular tissue engineering area. Angelica polysaccharide and poly lactic acid (PLA) microfibrous mixed in different ratios were prepared with electrospinning apparatus. A series of detection technology (SEC-LLS, SEM, MTT, paraffin sections, mechanical test) was used to characterize and determine the property of composite scaffold such as molecular weight, biomechanical, bioactivity, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The scaffolds exhibited similar mechanical property to the native tissues, possessed good biological compatibility and decreased platelet adhesion/aggregation rate. All these showed the excellent potentiality of Angelica polysaccharide in vascular tissue engineering.

Porous composite scaffold with Ligusticum wallichii polysaccharide and squid skin collagen was synthesized and characterized. The composite scaffold showed good phosphate buffer solution (PBS) retention ability, slow biodegradation rate, high mechanical strength, and superb cell proliferation promoting ability. The PBS content value increased from 433.40% to 571.05%; the weight lost in seven days decreased from 95.41% to 34.35%; the tensile strength of sample increased from 0.19 to 0.81 MPa; the seven-day relative growth rate of cell in composite (polysaccharide:collagen = 5:5) is twice of that in pure collagen. While with the polysaccharide portion increased, the elongation at break decreased from 93.09% to 9.60%.

Hypericum perforatum L., a plant used in Chinese herbal medicine, has been proven effective against many viral diseases. In the present study, the therapeutic efficacy of an extract of H. perforatum (HPE) against influenza A virus (IAV) was investigated in mice. Whether HPE would be a promising agent for influenza treatment was evaluated by measuring the protection rate, mean survival days, lung index, and viral titer, as well as the secretion of IL-6, interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in lung tissue and serum on days 3 and 5 post-infection. The results showed that HPE could reduce the lung index and viral titer of mice infected with IAV, decrease mortality, and prolong the mean survival time. HPE decreased the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α in lung tissue and serum on day 5 post-infection. In contrast, HPE enhanced the lung and serum levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ on the days 3 and 5 post-infection. Our study indicates that HPE has significant therapeutic efficacy for mice infected with IAV. The possible reasons for these results were concluded to be pertaining to up-regulating the expression of IL-10 and IFN-γ, and down-regulating the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in lung and serum.

Angelica and Astragalus, Chinese herbal medicine, are used as immunostimulants for enriching the blood, anti-tumor and antioxidation effects. However, the synergistic mechanisms of antioxidant and antitumor effects have long been the object of intensive study. We investigated the deferring senile effect of polysaccharides from Angelica and Astragalus (AAP) on aging mice by determination of the contents of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in brain, hydroxyproline (Hyp) in skin. In addition, KM mice with murine H22 hepatocarcinoma cell model were used to study the in vivo antitumor efficacy of AAP by measuring inhibition rate of tumor and immune organs index. The obtained results showed that AAP decreased significantly the content of MAO, and enhanced the concentrations of Hyp in aging mice. No significant differences were found as compared with those of vitamin E. The results of anti-tumor showed that inhibition rate of the higher dose of AAP was 43.8%, and it could enhance immune organs index. Our study indicates that AAP has significant deferring senile effect on the aging mice and suppressing the growth of H22 solid tumor in mice.

Objective: This study is to investigate the effects of Guiqi polysaccharide (GQP) on H2O2-induced premature senescence in normal human fetal lung fibroblast WI-38 cells. Methods: WI-38 cells were subjected to treatments of GQP, Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP), and Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide (AMP), and then treated with H2O2 to induce premature senescence. Morphological observation, MTT assay, senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity assessment, telomerase activity determination, cell cycle analysis, and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate cellular senescence. Results: H2O2 treatment induced premature senescence in WI-38 cells, as indicated by the decreased fibroblast proliferation activity and changed cellular morphology. When treated with GQP, ASP, or AMP, the morphological changes in WI-38 cells induced by H2O2 could be restored. SA-β-gal activity was elevated in H2O2-treated WI-38 cells, which could be decreased by GQP treatment. Moreover, compared with the normal control, H2O2 treatment significantly inhibited the telomerase activity of WI-38 cells. However, GQP effectively elevated the telomerase activity of these senescent cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis showed that GQP treatment could abrogate the cell cycle arrest in H2O2-treated WI-38 cells, which might contribute to the anti-senescent effects. In addition, GQP significantly affected the p53-p21 and p16-pRb pathways in H2O2-treated WI-38 cells. The effectiveness of GQP was superior to AMP or ASP treatment alone. Conclusion: GQP has protective effects in oxidative stress-induced senescence. Our findings suggest the promising role of GQP as an attractive and bio-safe agent with the potential to retard senescence and attenuate senescence-related diseases.

Hypericum perforatum extract (HPE) has been proved a drug effective to many viral diseases. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and immuno-enhancement of HPE for chickens which were already challenged with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV BC-6/85). Chickens infected with IBDV were treated with HPE for 5 consecutive days, the observation of immune organ indexes and pathological changes index, determination of IFN-α and detection of IBDV with RT-PCR were employed to assess in vivo whether or not HPE had the certain therapeutic efficacy on infectious bursal disease (IBD), and if HPE was able to improve the immunologic function. The results showed that 1330 and 667.9 mg/kg body weight (BW) per day of HPE had significant therapeutic efficacy and improvement immunologic functions for chickens infected experimentally with IBDV.

Angelica and Astragalus, Chinese herbal medicine, are used as immunostimulants for enriching the blood, anti-tumor and antioxidation effects. However, the synergistic mechanisms of antioxidant effect have long been the object of intensive study. We investigated the deferring senile effect of AAP on aging mice by determination of the contents of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in brain, hydroxyproline (Hyp) in skin, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in serum, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) in liver tissue and immunity organs index. The obtained results showed that AAP decreased significantly the content of MAO and H 2 O 2 , and enhanced the concentrations of Hyp, GSH-PX and XOD in vivo. No significant differences were found when compared with those of vitamin E. Additionally, AAP could increase immunity organs index. These results demonstrated that AAP had significant deferring senile effect on the aging mice. These changes may be the important mechanisms to prevent mice from aging.