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The movements of the eye play an integral part in constructing a smooth perception of the world around us. The fact that our eyes are foveal, with a high resolution center and a radial decrease in resolution as we move away from this center, necessitates a constant shifting of our gaze around our environment. Although our eyes are in constant motion we do not perceive the world as a series of static snapshots and constant jitter, instead our visual system is able to effectively integrate information over time to render the world veridically; a complex array of color, depth, and motion. These eye movements are essential to vision for a wide variety of reasons. In fact, movement is such a key aspect of vision that if the projection of the world onto the retina is rendered perfectly still, our vision will slowly fade. Our brain relies on a constantly fluctuating signal in order to generate a visual percept, and without this temporal variation, vision is impossible. Even when fixating on a point, our eyes are still engaging in a series of small movements to examine and enhance the fine details of the foveated stimuli. Collectively, these small movements are referred to as fixational eye motion (FEM). In order to truly understand how these small temporal variations will contribute to vision, it is necessary to understand how these movements interact with the photoreceptors in the retina. To this end we utilized an Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope to project stimuli onto the photoreceptor mosaic and simultaneously recover an unambiguous trace of the motion of these stimuli as the eye engages in fixational eye movements.

Ce mémoire démontre que les caractéristiques de niveau inférieur telles que les fréquences spatiales (SF) et les orientations (V1) sont encodées spécifiquement avec les caractéristiques visuelles de niveau supérieur auxquelles elles ont été associées lors de l'apprentissage. Deux groupes ont appris deux ensembles de visages - composés soit de la même combinaison soit de deux combinaisons différentes de SF et d'orientations entre les ensembles. Plus tard, dans une tâche à trois alternatives, les participants ont distingué les visages appris des deux ensembles et des nouveaux ensembles de visages non cibles (filtrés avec trois filtres complémentaires de bas niveau). Il existe des preuves extrêmement solides que la similarité de bas niveau entre les deux ensembles appris augmente les interférences de la mémoire de reconnaissance (BF01 : 4,1; p, This study demonstrates that lower level features like spatial-frequencies and orientations (V1) are encoded specifically with the higher level visual features they were associated with during learning. Two groups learned two sets of faces − composed either of the same or of two different combinations of SF and orientations between the sets. Later, in a task with three alternatives, the participants distinguished the learned faces from the two sets and new non-target face sets (filtered with three low-level complementary filters). There is extremely strong evidence that the low-level similarity between the two learned sets increases recognition memory interference (BF10: 4,1355; p

Objective: To compare the smallest thickness that can be perceived between occluding teeth (occlusal tactile acuity, OTA) of temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD-P) patients with that of control (CTR) individuals. Methods: Twenty TMD-P patients (17 women and 3 men, mean age: 31.3 ± 10.4 years) diagnosed according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) protocol and 20 age- and gender-matched controls (17 women and 3 men, mean age: 31.4 ± 10.5 years) were enrolled. The OTA was tested with 10 different thicknesses: 9 aluminium foils (8 µm-72 µm with a constant increment of 8 µm) and 1 sham test (without foil), each thickness being tested 10 times in random order (100 tests in total). The participants were instructed to close their mouth once and to report whether they felt the foil between their molar teeth. A between-group comparison (TMD-P vs CTR) was performed for each testing thickness (analysis of variance for repeated measurements, with Bonferroni multiple correction) (P

Temporal binding is the phenomenon in which events related as cause and effect are perceived by humans to be closer in time than they actually are (Haggard et al. in Nat Neurosci 5(4):382–385, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1038/nn827). Despite the fact that temporal binding experiments with humans have relied on verbal instructions, we argue that they are adaptable to nonhuman animals, and that a finding of temporal binding from such experiments would provide evidence of causal reasoning that cannot be reduced to associative learning. Our argument depends on describing and theoretically motivating an intermediate level of representations between the lower levels of associations of sensory features and higher symbolic representations. This intermediate level of representations makes it possible to challenge arguments given by some comparative psychologists that animals lack higher-level abstract and explicit forms of causal reasoning because their cognitive capacities are limited to learning and reasoning at the basic level of perceptual associations. Our multi-level account connects time perception with causal reasoning and provides a philosophically defensible framework for experimental investigations that have not yet been pursued. We describe the structure of some possible experiments and consider the implications that would follow from a positive finding of temporal binding in nonhuman animals. Such a finding would provide evidence of explicit awareness of causal relationships and would warrant attribution of intermediate representations that are more abstract and sophisticated than the associations allowed by the lower level of the two-level account.

Perceptual learning is typically highly specific to the stimuli and task used during training. However, recently, it has been shown that training on global motion can transfer to untrained tasks, reflecting the generalising properties of mechanisms at this level of processing. We investigated (i) if feedback was required for learning in a motion coherence task, (ii) the transfer across the spatial frequency of training on a global motion coherence task and (iii) the transfer of this training to a measure of contrast sensitivity. For our first experiment, two groups, with and without feedback, trained for ten days on a broadband motion coherence task. Results indicated that feedback was a requirement for robust learning. For the second experiment, training consisted of five days of direction discrimination using one of three motion coherence stimuli (where individual elements were comprised of either broadband Gaussian blobs or low- or high-frequency random-dot Gabor patches), with trial-by-trial auditory feedback. A pre- and post-training assessment was conducted for each of the three types of global motion coherence conditions and high and low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity (both without feedback). Our training paradigm was successful at eliciting improvement in the trained tasks over the five days. Post-training assessments found evidence of transfer for the motion coherence task exclusively for the group trained on low spatial frequency elements. For the contrast sensitivity tasks, improved performance was observed for low- and high-frequency stimuli, following motion coherence training with broadband stimuli, and for low-frequency stimuli, following low-frequency training. Our findings are consistent with perceptual learning, which depends on the global stage of motion processing in higher cortical areas, which is broadly tuned for spatial frequency, with a preference for low frequencies.

Lux Europa 2017, Ljubljana, SLOVÉNIE, 18-/09/2017 - 20/09/2017; Most analytical models of discomfort glare are only valid when one source is present in the visual field. Some of these models were generalized to predict discomfort glare when several sources are simultaneously switched on. Nevertheless, they do not take into account the distances between light sources when they are simultaneously switched on. The present work studies the effect of the distance between two sources on the discomfort glare in central and peripheral vision. The results demonstrate that the relative position of the sources to each other does not impact the discomfort glare.

When two partners perform a joint physical task, each of them experiences a force that sums together a component generated by the partner and another generated from the environment. To investigate whether subjects are able to distinguish these two components, we created a force perception task in which two partners indicate the direction of an external force applied to a rigid bar that they grasp from opposite ends. In a previous study we showed that dyads adopt different response strategies and that many do not split the external force in a manner that allows both subjects to experience a meaningful interaction force. Here, we investigated whether a visual feedback on the partner's and correct response let dyads learn how to best split the external force. We show that this is not the case and that the dyads' force sharing and response strategies were comparable to those of the previous experiment.

Since its conception, the Poggendorff Figure has always been studied by considering the absolute role of the variables involved in determining the illusion (e.g. the angle or the distance between the inducer and the test stimuli). By contrast, we suggest that the role of such variables is relative to the specific conditions in which the illusory configuration is presented; in particular, we propose that multiple variables enter the computation leading to the Poggendorff Illusion, but that their relative weight varies as a function of the specific experimental conditions adopted. Here, we measured the point of subjective collinearity between the oblique lines of the Poggendorff Figure as a function of the orientation of the inducer (a square), the orientation of the test stimuli (changing the linear distance between them) and the size of the whole configuration. We found that when the inducer square was upright the illusory effect varied according to the distance between the test segments, while when the square was tilted the effect was determined only by its orientation. Critically, the latter condition led to a reversal of the “classic” illusory effect. Leveling the playing field in terms of the information available to the observer, the results indicate that the illusory effect is determined by different types of processing in different conditions of stimulus presentation.

When we observe someone perform a familiar action, we can usually predict what kind of sound that action will produce. Musical actions are over-experienced by musicians and not by non-musicians, and thus offer a unique way to examine how action expertise affects brain processes when the predictability of the produced sound is manipulated. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan 11 drummers and 11 age- and gender-matched novices who made judgments on point-light drumming movements presented with sound. In Experiment 1, sound was synchronized or desynchronized with drumming strikes, while in Experiment 2 sound was always synchronized, but the natural covariation between sound intensity and velocity of the drumming strike was maintained or eliminated. Prior to MRI scanning, each participant completed psychophysical testing to identify personal levels of synchronous and asynchronous timing to be used in the two fMRI activation tasks. In both experiments, the drummers' brain activation was reduced in motor and action representation brain regions when sound matched the observed movements, and was similar to that of novices when sound was mismatched. This reduction in neural activity occurred bilaterally in the cerebellum and left parahippocampal gyrus in Experiment 1, and in the right inferior parietal lobule, inferior temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus in Experiment 2. Our results indicate that brain functions in action-sound representation areas are modulated by multimodal action expertise.

We investigated the effect of musical expertise on sensitivity to asynchrony for drumming point-light displays, which varied in their physical characteristics (Experiment 1) or in their degree of audiovisual congruency (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 21 repetitions of three tempos x three accents x nine audiovisual delays were presented to four jazz drummers and four novices. In Experiment 2, ten repetitions of two audiovisual incongruency conditions x nine audiovisual delays were presented to 13 drummers and 13 novices. Participants gave forced-choice judgments of audiovisual synchrony. The results of Experiment 1 show an enhancement in experts' ability to detect asynchrony, especially for slower drumming tempos. In Experiment 2 an increase in sensitivity to asynchrony was found for incongruent stimuli; this increase, however, is attributable only to the novice group. Altogether the results indicated that through musical practice we learn to ignore variations in stimulus characteristics that otherwise would affect our multisensory integration processes.

The article demonstrates the inadequacy in the traditional approach of psychology to the description of products of mental representation of perception. The principles of objective representation of subjective experience (principles of “mental map” construction) contain a whole range of contradictions. We propose a consistent mathematical description of the “mental map” based on psychosemiotic principles. Instead of the classical space of characteristics/properties we introduce semantic space that opens the way to a truly adequate representation of psychic reality. The article discusses metrics of the mental map, as well as substantiates the possibility of applying conservation laws to psychology. It is shown that it is possible to reach an adequate representation of research object in the humanities, equivalent to that of natural sciences in terms of accuracy. To verify a new approach, we make use of our theoretical deductions in the explanation of experimental data widely known in psychophysics and inconsistent with Stevens law.

The aim of this work is to study painful facial expression processing through psychophysical and neurophysiological approaches. Contrary to the basic emotions, pain is both a sensory and an emotional experience and these two aspects are encoded in the facial expression of pain. In that sense, painful facial expressions are richer and more complex than the facial expression of others emotions. In a first phase, we showed that painful facial expressions trigger more empathy than other emotional facial expressions in healthy subjects. Moreover, a 100ms-masked presentation of faces is enough to subliminally detect pain but not gender. In a second phase, we studied pre-conscious processing of painful facial expressions in patients suffering from refractory epilepsy having intracranial electrodes implanted in the insular cortex and amygdala for stereotaxic exploration of epilepsy. To this purpose, we diverted the patients' attention from the emotional aspects of the faces by asking them to focus on the gender and we recorded evoked potentials to pain and other emotional faces. Results showed an early activation in the anterior part of the insula (onset latency around 131ms, peak latency 180ms post stimulus) followed by an amygdala response (onset latency around 273ms, peak latency 363ms post stimulus). Response to pain faces is larger than that to other emotional faces in anterior insula but anterior-insula and amygdala activations are not pain specific. Posterior part of the insula also responds to painful faces but the amplitude of the evoked potentials do not differ from that of potentials evoked by neutral faces. In this way, even if the pain face contains a great amount of information, the human- being is able to rapidly detect it and to be empathic enough to provide the help needed for others in pain. This ability would be possible through anterior insula activation, thought to be a relay between nociception and emotional reaction to pain, L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le traitement des expressions faciales de douleur d'un point de vue psychophysique et neurophysiologique. Contrairement aux autres émotions dites de base, la douleur est à la fois une expérience sensorielle et émotionnelle, composantes qui se retrouvent sur l'expression faciale de douleur qui accompagne cette expérience. En ce sens, l'expression faciale de douleur semble être plus riche et complexe que l'expression faciale d'autres émotions, la rendant particulière. Dans une première partie de notre travail, nous avons montré, chez des sujets sains, que l'expression faciale de douleur engendrait un plus haut niveau d'empathie que l'expression faciale d'autres émotions. De plus, une présentation de ces visages masqués à 100 ms était suffisante pour permettre de détecter la douleur sur un visage de façon subliminale alors même que la reconnaissance du genre était impossible dans ces conditions. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié le traitement implicite des expressions faciales de douleur chez des patients souffrant d'épilepsie réfractaire et explorés en stéréotaxie par des électrodes intracérébrales. Pour cela, nous avons détourné leur attention du caractère émotionnel des visages et enregistré des réponses évoquées aux visages expressifs. Les résultats montrent une activation précoce de l'insula antérieure (début de réponse à 131 ms ; pic à 180 ms post-stimulus) suivie d'une activation de l'amygdale (début à 273 ms ; pic à 363 ms). Cependant, ces activations antéro-insulaire et amygdalienne ne sont pas spécifiques de la douleur. L'insula postérieure semble également répondre à la présentation de visages exprimant la douleur mais l'amplitude de cette réponse ne diffère pas de celle de la réponse aux visages neutres. Ainsi, malgré les nombreuses informations que véhicule un visage de douleur, l'être humain est capable de le détecter très rapidement et d'être suffisamment empathique pour prodiguer l'aide appropriée à son prochain. Cette capacité serait permise grâce à l'insula antérieure, relai entre nociception et douleur

We found that a moving target line, more-vertical than 45 deg-oriented background lines, pops-out (d'=1.2) although it moves at the same speed of background elements and although it is invisible in static presentation (d'=.7). We suggest that the moving more-vertical target is more salient because the motion system responds to the orthogonal-velocity-component (V(perpendicular)=Delta d/Delta t sin theta) that is larger for the more-vertical target than for distracters. However, motion does not produce high d' when the target is more horizontal than background (d'=.6). This result is not expected if saliency resulted from the sum of saliency of orientation and motion independently coded but is instead predicted by visual search asymmetry. A line length effect on the moving target saliency also suggests that V(perpendicular) is extracted on the whole line and this operation is facilitated by line length in the same way for more-vertical and more-horizontal targets. Altogether, these results demonstrate that speed-based segmentation operating on V(perpendicular) not only affects speed and direction of motion discrimination, as previously demonstrated, but accounts for high saliency of image features that would otherwise prove undetectable of the basis of orientation-contrast.

In contrast to the complex acoustic environments we encounter everyday, most studies of auditory segregation have used relatively simple signals. Here, we synthesized a new stimulus to examine the detection of coherent patterns (‘figures’) from overlapping ‘background’ signals. In a series of experiments, we demonstrate that human listeners are remarkably sensitive to the emergence of such figures and can tolerate a variety of spectral and temporal perturbations. This robust behavior is consistent with the existence of automatic auditory segregation mechanisms that are highly sensitive to correlations across frequency and time. The observed behavior cannot be explained purely on the basis of adaptation-based models used to explain the segregation of deterministic narrowband signals. We show that the present results are consistent with the predictions of a model of auditory perceptual organization based on temporal coherence. Our data thus support a role for temporal coherence as an organizational principle underlying auditory segregation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00699.001, eLife digest Even when seated in the middle of a crowded restaurant, we are still able to distinguish the speech of the person sitting opposite us from the conversations of fellow diners and a host of other background noise. While we generally perform this task almost effortlessly, it is unclear how the brain solves what is in reality a complex information processing problem. In the 1970s, researchers began to address this question using stimuli consisting of simple tones. When subjects are played a sequence of alternating high and low frequency tones, they perceive them as two independent streams of sound. Similar experiments in macaque monkeys reveal that each stream activates a different area of auditory cortex, suggesting that the brain may distinguish acoustic stimuli on the basis of their frequency. However, the simple tones that are used in laboratory experiments bear little resemblance to the complex sounds we encounter in everyday life. These are often made up of multiple frequencies, and overlap—both in frequency and in time—with other sounds in the environment. Moreover, recent experiments have shown that if a subject hears two tones simultaneously, he or she perceives them as belonging to a single stream of sound even if they have different frequencies: models that assume that we distinguish stimuli from noise on the basis of frequency alone struggle to explain this observation. Now, Teki, Chait, et al. have used more complex sounds, in which frequency components of the target stimuli overlap with those of background signals, to obtain new insights into how the brain solves this problem. Subjects were extremely good at discriminating these complex target stimuli from background noise, and computational modelling confirmed that they did so via integration of both frequency and temporal information. The work of Teki, Chait, et al. thus offers the first explanation for our ability to home in on speech and other pertinent sounds, even amidst a sea of background noise. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00699.002

The variable resolution and limited processing capacity of the human visual system requires us to sample the world with eye movements and attentive processes. Here we show that where observers look can strongly modulate their reports of simple surface attributes, such as lightness. When observers matched the color of natural objects they based their judgments on the brightest parts of the objects; at the same time, they tended to fixate points with above-average luminance. When we forced participants to fixate a specific point on the object using a gaze-contingent display setup, the matched lightness was higher when observers fixated bright regions. This finding indicates a causal link between the luminance of the fixated region and the lightness match for the whole object. Simulations with rendered physical lighting show that higher values in an object’s luminance distribution are particularly informative about reflectance. This sampling strategy is an efficient and simple heuristic for the visual system to achieve accurate and invariant judgments of lightness.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the neural basis of self-representation in the non human primate. We studied the multimodal convergence both 1) at the area level precisely mapping auditory, tactile and visual convergence in the intraparietal sulcus and 2) at the whole brain level capturing the spatial pattern of visuo-tactile cortical convergence. We also investigated the neural network subserving multisensory integration in a dynamical visuo tactile context, showing that the strongest behavioral and cortical are obtained when the visual stimuli is predictive of the tactile stimulus rather than during simultaneous presentations. Finally, we studied the representation of space by characterizing the neural bases of near space and far space in a real naturalistic environment, thus providing the neural grounds for the observed behavioral and neuropsychological dissociation between near and far space processing, L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les bases neurales de la représentation de soi chez le primate non-humain, par une approche d'imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle. Nous avons pour cela étudié la convergence multimodale 1) à l'échelle de l'aire par la description de la cartographie du sillon intraparietal dans un contexte de stimulations auditives, tactiles et visuelles et 2) à l'échelle du cerveau entier où nous décrivons précisément les sites de convergence visuo-tactile au niveau cortical. Nous avons également étudié le phénomène d'intégration multisensorielle dans un contexte visuo-tactile dynamique, pour lequel nous montrons que les effets comportementaux (étude psychophysique menée chez l'homme) et le réseau d'activations cortical sont maximisés quand le stimulus visuel prédit le stimulus tactile plutôt que lors de leur présentation simultanée. Enfin, nous avons étudié la représentation de l'espace en caractérisant les bases neurales de l'espace proche et de l'espace lointain à partir d'un dispositif expérimental naturaliste et nous montrons l'existence de deux réseaux corticaux qui traitent séparément les informations appartenant à l'espace proche et à l'espace lointain

In the last two decades, an intriguing shift in the understanding of the cerebellum has led to consider the nonmotor functions of this structure. Although various aspects of perceptual and sensory processing have been linked to the cerebellar activity, whether the cerebellum is essential for binding information from different sensory modalities remains uninvestigated. Multisensory integration (MSI) appears very early in the ontogenesis and is critical in several perceptual, cognitive, and social domains. For the first time, we investigated MSI in a rare case of cerebellar agenesis without any other associated brain malformations. To this aim, we measured reaction times (RTs) after the presentation of visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimuli. A group of neurotypical age-matched individuals was used as controls. Although we observed the typical advantage of the auditory modality relative to the visual modality in our patient, a clear impairment in MSI was found. Beyond the obvious prudence necessary for inferring definitive conclusions from this single-case picture, this finding is of interest in the light of reduced MSI abilities reported in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders-such as autism, dyslexia, and schizophrenia-in which the cerebellum has been implicated.

According to the Oppel-Kundt illusion, a filled space appears larger than an empty one. In the present research we studied how textural characteristics affect the perceived size of two-dimensional patterns. We investigated the perceived extension of square textures by manipulating spatial frequency and filling microelements' numerosity. Subjects compared the test stimuli with a uniform gray square varied in size and performed the task both with the adjustment and the constant stimuli methods. An illusory increment of area extension was generally found with textured stimuli. The illusory effect increased with spatial frequency and decreased with the microelements' number, indicating an independent processing of these two basic properties. Moreover, the smaller effect found when spatial frequency extraction became harder, confirmed that the illusion involves spatial frequency processing. Finally, the reduced overestimation of areas observed with a weaker subparts' articulation confirmed the relevance of clear distinguishable micropatterns at the basis of the phenomenon. Those results demonstrate the influence of textural statistical properties on perceiving the size of a visual object.

The development of high power LEDs in the early 2000s have generated a need for characterization of radiometric, photometric and colorimetric properties of light sources, essentially oriented towards general lighting applications. The optical radiation team from the « Institut national de métrologie » leaned over these three aspects while working on the quality of light through colour rendering related to visual perception. Studies were conducted from physical and visual measurements on samples illuminated by LED lightings mounted in a light booth. Physical measurements focused on spectral distribution from which colorimetric parameters (chromaticity coordinates, correlated colour temperature, colour rendering indexes) have been evaluated. The metrological analysis of the experimental data was performed using a numerical method of Monte Carlo. Visual measurements were obtained from a psychophysical experiment based on a pair comparisons method. It allowed to quantify LED lightings quality over colored samples. For each sample, a classification of the LED lightings, from best to worst, could be proposed. Confrontation between results issued from physical and visual measurements led to propose some ideas to quantify the colour rendering of LED lightings. Obtained results were submitted to the technical committee TC 1-69 of the international commission on illumination (CIE), whose task is to define a new recommendation for the evaluation of the colour rendering properties of light sources within the year 2010.; Le développement des LED de forte puissance, au début des années 2000, a engendré un besoin de caractérisation des propriétés radiométrique, photométrique et colorimétrique de ces sources, essentiellement pour des applications d'éclairage général. L'équipe « Rayonnements optiques » de l'Institut national de métrologie a étudié ces trois aspects en travaillant sur la thématique de la qualité de la lumière par le biais du rendu des couleurs lié à la perception visuelle. Des études ont été effectuées à partir de mesures physiques et visuelles sur des échantillons colorés éclairés par des LED montées dans une cabine à lumière. Les mesures physiques ont porté sur les répartitions spectrales des éclairages à LED à partir desquelles des paramètres colorimétriques (coordonnées chromatiques, température de couleur proximale, indices de rendu des couleurs) ont pu être évalués. L'analyse métrologique de ces données expérimentales a été réalisée à l'aide d'une méthode numérique de type Monte Carlo. Les mesures visuelles ont été obtenues à partir d'une expérience psychophysique reposant sur une méthode de comparaison par paires permettant de quantifier la qualité des éclairages à LED sur plusieurs échantillons colorés. Pour chaque échantillon, un classement des éclairages à LED, du meilleur au moins bon, a pu être proposé. La confrontation des résultats issus des mesures physiques et des mesures visuelles a conduit à présenter des pistes de quantification du rendu des couleurs des LED. Les résultats obtenus ont été transmis au comité technique TC 1-69 de la Commission internationale de l'éclairage (CIE), qui a pour rôle de définir une nouvelle recommandation pour l'évaluation des propriétés de rendu des couleurs des sources lumineuses d'ici à la fin 2010.

An object's motion relative to an observer can confer ethologically meaningful information. Approaching or looming stimuli can signal threats/collisions to be avoided or prey to be confronted, whereas receding stimuli can signal successful escape or failed pursuit. Using movement detection and subjective ratings, we investigated the multisensory integration of looming and receding auditory and visual information by humans. While prior research has demonstrated a perceptual bias for unisensory and more recently multisensory looming stimuli, none has investigated whether there is integration of looming signals between modalities. Our findings reveal selective integration of multisensory looming stimuli. Performance was significantly enhanced for looming stimuli over all other multisensory conditions. Contrasts with static multisensory conditions indicate that only multisensory looming stimuli resulted in facilitation beyond that induced by the sheer presence of auditory-visual stimuli. Controlling for variation in physical energy replicated the advantage for multisensory looming stimuli. Finally, only looming stimuli exhibited a negative linear relationship between enhancement indices for detection speed and for subjective ratings. Maximal detection speed was attained when motion perception was already robust under unisensory conditions. The preferential integration of multisensory looming stimuli highlights that complex ethologically salient stimuli likely require synergistic cooperation between existing principles of multisensory integration. A new conceptualization of the neurophysiologic mechanisms mediating real-world multisensory perceptions and action is therefore supported. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Historians of psychology, notably Boring, fostered Fechner’s idea that Weber’s law is the indispensable basis for the derivation of the logarithmic psychophysical law. However, it is shown here that Bernoulli in 1738 and Thurstone in 1931 derived the logarithmic law using principles other than Weber’s law and that Fechner and Thurstone based their derivations on the principles originally employed by Bernoulli. It is concluded that awareness of researchers about Bernoulli’s and Thurstone’s derivations could expand the directions of research on the form of the psychophysical law. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. In 1860, in his two-volume book Elemente der Psychophysik, Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) based his derivation of the logarithmic psychophysical law on Weber’s law. The idea that Weber’s law is indispensable for this derivation has persisted since then. The Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) in 1738 and the great American psychologist Luis Leon Thurstone (1887–1955) in 1931 derived the logarithmic law by alternative principles, that is, without using Weber’s law. Failure of historians to appreciate these alternative derivations contributed to the current idea that Weber’s law is the foundation rather than an implication of the logarithmic law. To help rectify this situation, in the following we discuss comparatively and in chronological order the alternative derivations of the logarithmic law. We emphasize that our analysis regards only historical facts and their implications, without entering the theoretical discussion of which derivation is to be preferred over the others.

L'articolo si colloca all'interno del dibattito sulla definizione della conoscenza: "che cos'č la conoscenza", "come viene acquisita, rappresentata, utilizzata". L'ipotesi principale del presente lavoro coincide con la verifica sperimentale di un modello cognitivo di organizzazione delle conoscenze, secondo un processo di elaborazione di materiale conoscitivo (sul tema della psicologia generale) nella forma di mappa concettuale che si assume generalizzabile ai saperi (in genere).

In a series of experiments using ambiguous stimuli, we investigate the effects of displaying ordered, discrete series of images on the dynamics of figure-ground segregation. For low frame presentation speeds, the series were perceived as a sequence of discontinuous, static images, while for high speeds they were perceived as continuous. We conclude that using stimuli varying continuously along one parameter results in stronger hysteresis and reduces spontaneous switching compared to matched static stimuli with discontinuous parameter changes. The additional evidence that the size of the hysteresis effects depended on trial duration is consistent with the stochastic nature of the dynamics governing figure-ground segregation. The results showed that for continuously changing stimuli, alternative figure-ground organizations are resolved via low-level, dynamical competition. A second series of experiments confirmed these results with an ambiguous stimulus based on Petter's effect.

Supported by MIUR-PRIN 2005119851

Although it is well established that attention affects visual performance in many ways, by using a novel paradigm [Carrasco, M., Ling, S., & Read. S. (2004). Attention alters appearance. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 308-313.] it has recently been shown that attention can alter the perception of different properties of stationary stimuli (e.g., contrast, spatial frequency, gap size). However, it is not clear whether attention can also change the phenomenological appearance of moving stimuli, as to date psychophysical and neuro-imaging studies have specifically shown that attention affects the adaptability of the visual motion system. Here, in five experiments we demonstrated that attention effectively alters the perceived speed of moving stimuli, so that attended stimuli were judged as moving faster than less attended stimuli. However, our results suggest that this change in visual performance was not accompanied by a corresponding change in the phenomenological appearance of the speed of the moving stimulus. © 2006.