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Background: Reasonable instruction and promotion of appropriate exercise are crucial to improving the exercise status of pregnant women and safeguarding the health of both mother and fetus. However, there is a lack of validated Pregnancy Exercise Attitude Scales with a complete evaluation system in China. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Pregnancy Exercise Attitude Scale (C-PEAS) in Chinese to give medical professionals a reference for carrying out pregnancy care services and promoting the health of the mother and fetus. Methods: In this study, the scale was translated, back-translated, and cross-culturally adapted using the Brislin translation model to form the C-PEAS. 528 pregnant women were conveniently selected for the questionnaire survey to evaluate the scale's reliability. The scale's content validity was assessed by the content validity index, while its structural validity was investigated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega coefficient, split-half reliability, and retest reliability were used to evaluate the scale's internal consistency. Results: The C-PEAS contains two dimensions with 37 entries. The EFA supports a two-factor structure with a cumulative variance contribution of 62.927%. The CFA model was well fitted (χ2/df = 1.597, RMSEA = 0.048, IFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.952, and CFI = 0.955). The C- PEAS' Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.973, and the range of Cronbach's alpha values for the dimensions was 0.976, 0.944. McDonald's omega coefficient was 0.971, the half-point reliability of the scale was 0.856, and the retest reliability was 0.966. Conclusions: The Chinese version of C-PEAS has good psychometric properties. It can be used as an effective measurement tool to evaluate the attitude of pregnant women to exercise during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptualizations of workplace aggression converge in treating intent to harm others as a necessary feature of aggression. However, inspection of workplace aggression scales suggests that many items do not specify intent to harm. In a series of three studies, we examined the effect of inclusion of intent to harm on workplace aggression's psychometric properties. Study 1 found that existing workplace aggression scales do not consistently specify or imply intent to harm. Study 2 found that inclusion of intent to harm has substantial implications for aggression's occurrence rate. Prior research that does not assess intent to harm overestimates the frequency of aggression. Study 3A found that workplace aggression's correlations with external variables were also overestimated when failing to include intent to harm. We found that aggression measured without specifying intent is highly correlated with counterproductive work behavior (CWB), whereas aggression measured with intent specified is empirically distinguished from CWB. In Study 3A, a construct‐valid workplace aggression scale was created, called the Intentional Workplace Aggression Scale (IWAS). Study 3B showed that the IWAS displayed relationships with affective constructs, such as trait anger and emotional stability, as well as with situational variables, such as job satisfaction and organizational justice perceptions. Practitioner points: In applied contexts, workplace aggression is a valued criterion that has an array of negative consequences for workers.Research converges in defining "intent to harm" others as a necessary feature of workplace aggression.Workplace aggression scales do not sufficiently capture intent to harm. Consequently, past research has overestimated aggression's base rate and external correlates.A new, construct‐valid scale is created that can be used as a criterion measure in applied settings for assessing aggressive workplace experiences and designing selection interventions to address aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Reasonable instruction and promotion of appropriate exercise are crucial to improving the exercise status of pregnant women and safeguarding the health of both mother and fetus. However, there is a lack of validated Pregnancy Exercise Attitude Scales with a complete evaluation system in China. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Pregnancy Exercise Attitude Scale (C-PEAS) in Chinese to give medical professionals a reference for carrying out pregnancy care services and promoting the health of the mother and fetus. Methods In this study, the scale was translated, back-translated, and cross-culturally adapted using the Brislin translation model to form the C-PEAS. 528 pregnant women were conveniently selected for the questionnaire survey to evaluate the scale's reliability. The scale's content validity was assessed by the content validity index, while its structural validity was investigated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald's omega coefficient, split-half reliability, and retest reliability were used to evaluate the scale's internal consistency. Results The C-PEAS contains two dimensions with 37 entries. The EFA supports a two-factor structure with a cumulative variance contribution of 62.927%. The CFA model was well fitted (χ2/df = 1.597, RMSEA = 0.048, IFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.952, and CFI = 0.955). The C- PEAS' Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.973, and the range of Cronbach's alpha values for the dimensions was 0.976, 0.944. McDonald's omega coefficient was 0.971, the half-point reliability of the scale was 0.856, and the retest reliability was 0.966. Conclusions The Chinese version of C-PEAS has good psychometric properties. It can be used as an effective measurement tool to evaluate the attitude of pregnant women to exercise during pregnancy.

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Metascience scholars have long been concerned with tracking the use of rhetorical language in scientific discourse, oftentimes to analyze the legitimacy and validity of scientific claim-making. Psychology, however, has only recently become the explicit target of such metascientific scholarship, much of which has been in response to the recent crises surrounding replicability of quantitative research findings and questionable research practices. The focus of this paper is on the rhetoric of psychological measurement and validity scholarship, in both the theoretical and methodological and empirical literatures. We examine various discourse practices in published psychological measurement and validity literature, including: (a) clear instances of rhetoric (i.e., persuasion or performance); (b) common or rote expressions and tropes (e.g., perfunctory claims or declarations); (c) metaphors and other “literary” styles; and (d) ambiguous, confusing, or unjustifiable claims. The methodological approach we use is informed by a combination of conceptual analysis and exploratory grounded theory, the latter of which we used to identify relevant themes within the published psychological discourse. Examples of both constructive and useful or misleading and potentially harmful discourse practices will be given. Our objectives are both to contribute to the critical methodological literature on psychological measurement and connect metascience in psychology to broader interdisciplinary examinations of science discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In psychological research and practice, a person's scores on two different traits or abilities are often compared. Such within-person comparisons require that measurements have equal units (EU) and/or equal origins: an assumption rarely validated. We describe a multidimensional SEM/IRT model from the literature and, using principles of conjoint measurement, show that its expected response variables satisfy the axioms of additive conjoint measurement for measurement on a common scale. In an application to Quality of Life data, the EU analysis is used as a pre-processing step to derive a simple structure Quality of Life model with three dimensions expressed in equal units. The results are used to address questions that can only be addressed by scores expressed in equal units. When the EU model fits the data, scores in the corresponding simple structure model will have added validity in that they can address questions that cannot otherwise be addressed. Limitations and the need for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military personnel needs to be resilient to be able to remain effective, motivated, and in good mental and physical health. Military organizations select on resilience to determine whether candidates are psychologically fit for their job. The INSPIRE Resilience Scale (IRS) is such a selection instrument that aims to assess the psychological resilience potential of candidates in high-risk professions. A longitudinal predictive validity study was conducted in five European Defense organizations and in the Dutch National Police. The IRS was submitted in selection (N = 11,404), and criterion data about performance and health were collected in the second half of the first training year (N = 726). The results based on correlational and regression analyses showed that the IRS scores significantly predicted the criterion measures. Emotional stability, part of the IRS, turned out to be the best predictor. Results also showed that candidates who dropped out of training had significantly lower means on the IRS in selection than candidates who were still in training in the second half of the first training year. Overall, the IRS proved to be a valid instrument to assess resilience potential in candidates for high-risk professions. Selecting on resilience may therefore contribute to training success and reduction of health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: While increasing awareness of climate change is needed to address this threat to the natural environment and humanity, it may simultaneously negatively impact mental health. Previous studies suggest that climate-specific mental health phenomena, such as climate anxiety and worry, tend to be especially pronounced in youth. To properly understand and address these issues, we need valid measures that can also be used in non-Anglophone samples. Therefore, in the present paper, we aimed to validate Slovenian versions of the Climate Anxiety Scale (CAS) and the Climate Change Worry Scale (CCWS) among Slovenian youth. Method: We conducted an online survey in which 442 young individuals (18-- 24 years) from Slovenia filled out the two central questionnaires and additional instruments capturing other relevant constructs (e.g., general anxiety, neuroticism, and behavioral engagement). Results: The confirmatory factor analyses results supported the hypothesized factorial structure of the CAS (two factors) and the CCWS (one factor). Both scales also demonstrated great internal reliability. Moreover, the analyses exploring both constructs' nomological networks showed moderate positive associations with similar measures, such as anxiety and stress (convergent validity), and very weak associations with measures they should not be particularly related to, such as narcissism (discriminant validity). Lastly, we found that the CAS and, even more so, the CCWS have unique predictive value in explaining outcomes such as perceived threat, support for climate policies, and behavioral engagement (incremental validity). Discussion: Overall, Slovenian versions of the CAS and the CCWS seem to be valid, reliable, and appropriate for future studies tackling young individuals' responses to climate change. Limitations of the study and areas for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metascience scholars have long been concerned with tracking the use of rhetorical language in scientific discourse, oftentimes to analyze the legitimacy and validity of scientific claim-making. Psychology, however, has only recently become the explicit target of such metascientific scholarship, much of which has been in response to the recent crises surrounding replicability of quantitative research findings and questionable research practices. The focus of this paper is on the rhetoric of psychological measurement and validity scholarship, in both the theoretical and methodological and empirical literatures. We examine various discourse practices in published psychological measurement and validity literature, including: (a) clear instances of rhetoric (i.e., persuasion or performance); (b) common or rote expressions and tropes (e.g., perfunctory claims or declarations); (c) metaphors and other “literary” styles; and (d) ambiguous, confusing, or unjustifiable claims. The methodological approach we use is informed by a combination of conceptual analysis and exploratory grounded theory, the latter of which we used to identify relevant themes within the published psychological discourse. Examples of both constructive and useful or misleading and potentially harmful discourse practices will be given. Our objectives are both to contribute to the critical methodological literature on psychological measurement and connect metascience in psychology to broader interdisciplinary examinations of science discourse.

Tinnitus Severity and Tinnitus Distress are frequently referenced and conflated constructs in research, measured using established tinnitus patient-reported outcome measures (PROs). Confusion regarding these constructs and their relation to fundamental scientific conceptions of tinnitus represents a threat to the validity of PROs as applied in tinnitus research, the conclusions that are reached when applying them, and subsequent progress of theory and clinical interventions for those experiencing tinnitus. Therefore, we critically review relevant literature, providing the Severity of Symptoms (SoS) and Correlates of Complaint (CoC) framework to link tinnitus theory to these constructs. We provide researchers with an overview of latent variable fundamentals (including distinctions between formative and reflective measures, and psychometric and clinimetric measurement traditions). We then provide a synthesis of the relationship between Tinnitus Severity and Tinnitus Distress, the SoS/CoC framework, and latent variable measurement to elucidate their distinctions. Finally, we take the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) as an exemplar of established tinnitus PROs and use study data (N = 200) to empirically evaluate the appropriateness of the THI as a reflective measure of Tinnitus Distress. Subsequently, conceptual and criterion mediation tests provide evidence that the THI is not a reflective measure of Tinnitus Distress according to the CoC conception and should be considered as a formative measure. Researchers should therefore consider whether established tinnitus PROs, such as the THI, are congruent with the scientific conceptions and subsequent theories that they aim to evaluate.

IntroductionWhile increasing awareness of climate change is needed to address this threat to the natural environment and humanity, it may simultaneously negatively impact mental health. Previous studies suggest that climate-specific mental health phenomena, such as climate anxiety and worry, tend to be especially pronounced in youth. To properly understand and address these issues, we need valid measures that can also be used in non-Anglophone samples. Therefore, in the present paper, we aimed to validate Slovenian versions of the Climate Anxiety Scale (CAS) and the Climate Change Worry Scale (CCWS) among Slovenian youth.MethodWe conducted an online survey in which 442 young individuals (18–24 years) from Slovenia filled out the two central questionnaires and additional instruments capturing other relevant constructs (e.g., general anxiety, neuroticism, and behavioral engagement).ResultsThe confirmatory factor analyses results supported the hypothesized factorial structure of the CAS (two factors) and the CCWS (one factor). Both scales also demonstrated great internal reliability. Moreover, the analyses exploring both constructs’ nomological networks showed moderate positive associations with similar measures, such as anxiety and stress (convergent validity), and very weak associations with measures they should not be particularly related to, such as narcissism (discriminant validity). Lastly, we found that the CAS and, even more so, the CCWS have unique predictive value in explaining outcomes such as perceived threat, support for climate policies, and behavioral engagement (incremental validity).DiscussionOverall, Slovenian versions of the CAS and the CCWS seem to be valid, reliable, and appropriate for future studies tackling young individuals’ responses to climate change. Limitations of the study and areas for future research are discussed.

Overeating for non-homeostatic needs contributes to childhood obesity. However, validated measures or eating motives and cross-cultural comparisons are limited. This study aimed to validate the Kids-Palatable Eating Motives Scale (K-PEMS) and its association with body mass index z score (BMIz) in China, and further assess its generalization across Chinese and American youth. Data were from participants aged 8–18 years from Hangzhou, China (n = 426) and Birmingham, AL, U.S (n = 73). The K-PEMS had sound reliability and validation (Cronbach's α = 0.920 and all factor loadings >0.50) in the Chinese sample. Multi-group nested models CFAs showed that the ∆CFI of model comparisons of measurement weights and structural covariance, variance, and means were ⩽0.01, and ∆TLI of measurement intercepts ⩽0.05. Linear regressions revealed that frequency of consuming palatable foods and drinks for Coping, Reward Enhancement, and Conformity, but not Social motives, were positively associated with BMIz. The K-PEMS had good cross-cultural generalization and could be useful in treating obesity by identifying specific motives for consuming excessive calories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new measure based on Triandis’s horizontal/vertical individualism-collectivism cultural orientation was developed to assess perceived community culture though the lens of horizontal individualism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism. In the first step, a qualitative analysis using cognitive interviews showed that item wordings were appropriate to the Russian context, meaningfully accurate, and tangible to participants. In the second step, there was empirical testing of measure with 300 participants of the sociopsychological survey (questionnaire). The results showed that the expected factor structure had acceptable global and local fit of measurement model with the collected data. The measures had measurement equivalence by gender and acceptable indicators of reliability and validity. Comparison of obtained results with those published earlier showed that presented measure of the cultural orientations provided better model fit and indicators than the original measure or its other modifications, adaptations, and translations into Russian. Moreover, the developed measure showed that the assessment results were meaningfully correlated with the individual values of the participants assessed by Schwartz’s basic human values approach. Finally, the measure is particularly useful and can be successfully applied in a variety of studies aimed to study social influence. The questionnaire in English is available at Appendix in the end of the paper.

Students are susceptible to feeling pressure as a manifestation of the changes experienced during their educational process. These changes present themselves in a variety of different ways. This state is reasonably frequent among students, mainly when supporting causes of pressure are present. Some examples of these circumstances include living away from parents, shifting patterns of academic interactions from high school, differing academic expectations, and socio-cultural shifts. Moving beyond the theoretical foundation, empirical investigations, and phenomena in the area, there is a need for in-depth research and studies about attempts to identify models that alleviate the academic stress experienced by students. The Solution Focused Brief Counseling (SFBC) technique combined with the internet, and online media is one of these approaches. The goal of this research was to determine whether or not the SFBC method combined with the model of distant counseling might successfully alleviate the academic stress experienced by first-year students. The number of participants in this research was cut down to five college students to meet the research requirements. The design and analysis of the research adhere to the premise of using a single-subject experimental design combined with visual analysis. The findings demonstrated an overall reduction in the amount of academic stress experienced by students after two sessions, as well as an improvement in their condition by the time the session was through

In this commentary on Borgstede and Eggert's article "Squaring the Circle: From Latent Variables to Theory-Based Measurement," (2023) three problematic areas of their proposed psychological measurement framework are identified. These pertain, respectively, to (a) confusions regarding the meaning of "meaning"; (b) vagueness and ambiguity in Borgstede and Eggert's theory-based measurement framework; and (c) the decidedly thin promise of the aim of replacing ordinary "folk" psychological concepts with theoretically defined formalisms. The commentary concludes with the suggestion that building a psychological measurement framework on the model of the physical sciences may be likely to create more problems than it solves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the efficiency of learning and promote achievements, the current paper explores the correlation of the growth mindset to students and teachers. This study aims to develop the growth mindset scale with the evidence of structural validity, measurement of direct and indirect effects in Chinese samples. To achieve the research objective, this study investigates 654 participants, including 321 students at different learning stages and 266 teachers from primary and secondary schools. In the investigation, using SPSS 25.0 and Amos 24.0 software, we conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation model (SEM), mediation analysis, and one-way ANOVA method with Welch's test to achieve the study aim. The analysis of effect presents that challenge, adversity, attitude, motivation, grit and a positive mindset are all important to the growth mindset. In conclusion, the results show that: (1) the growth mindset scale was successfully constructed, developed and validated by the SEM; (2) measurement model, direct and indirect effects were confirmed; (3) growth mindset is positively correlated with age (and learning stage). It also indicates the importance of cultivating the growth mindset for students and teachers. The other possibilities, limitations and implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement involves numerous theoretical and empirical steps—ensuring our measures are operating the same in different groups is one step. Measurement invariance occurs when the factor loadings and item intercepts or thresholds of a scale operate similarly for people at the same level of the latent variable in different groups. This is commonly assumed to mean the scale is measuring the same thing in those groups. Here we test the assumption of extending measurement invariance to mean common measurement by randomly assigning American adults (N = 1500) to fill out scales assessing a coherent factor (search for meaning in life) or a nonsense factor measuring nothing. We find a nonsense scale with items measuring nothing shows strong measurement invariance with the original scale, is reliable, and covaries with other constructs. We show measurement invariance can occur without measurement. Thus, we cannot infer that measurement invariance means one is measuring the same thing, it may be a necessary but not a sufficient condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThere is much social scientific research dedicated to measuring and studying public trust. I examine the ways in which the notion of trust is implicitly conceptualised in such studies. I argue that there is a common ontological foundation in most research on the topic: trust is viewed as a phenomenon that is an attribute of individuals, intrapsychic, directed toward specific targets, and that is quantitative and measurable. I criticise this conceptualisation of trust and argue that it: (1) fails to consider the trustworthiness of individuals and institutions, (2) fails to recognise trust as a relational phenomenon and overlooks historical and material conditions that characterise relationships between people and institutions, and (3) lends itself to bureaucratic manipulation of publics rather than fostering authentic relationships of trust. I conclude that studies on trust need to be situated in larger frameworks that attend to the trustworthiness of actors and to relationships between them.

As a component of the US Army's Comprehensive Soldier and Family Fitness program (CSF2), the Global Assessment Tool (GAT) represents a multidimensional constellation of measures designed to assess characteristics related to resilience. Using a foundation of validated measures from prior research, the GAT has been the vehicle for self-assessment to provide Soldiers, their families, and Army Civilians snapshots of their psychosocial wellness. Despite the long history of the measurement instrument (first implemented in 2009) and widespread use (mandatory for all active-duty Soldiers annually), the longitudinal capabilities of the GAT has received little attention. Here, we examine the longitudinal stability of the GAT across an approximate five-year time frame and multiple statistical approaches that demonstrate measurement stability at both the aggregate population level (people on average) and the individual level. We find evidence that the majority of the measures within the GAT are relatively stable over time both at the population level and individual level. This evidence contributes to knowledge of how best to improve the GAT for future use with the pay-off for the Army being a self-assessment tool that is more effective and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Background: The German Questionnaire to Assess Resources for Children and Adolescents (QARCA; Lohaus & Nussbeck, 2016) is a diagnostic questionnaire that estimates six personal resources and four environmental resources. This study aimed to develop a Chinese version of the QARCA. Due to the important cultural differences between China and Western countries, we focused on whether these resources in a Chinese sample could be similarly assessed with Western samples and whether the association between the subscales of the QARCA was comparable across cultures. Methods: The validation sample consisted of 2,600 Chinese students and 393 parents. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the Chinese version was soundly adapted with its postulated factorial structure. Reliability estimates for the subscale scores were good and expected correlations within the QARCA, as well as with external criteria. It is the first Chinese measure that simultaneously assesses personal and environmental resources for youngsters.

Introduction: CancerSupportSource (CSS), a distress screening and referral program, identifies unmet needs of people with cancer and links them to resources and support. We developed and validated a Spanish-language version (CSS-Spanish) to better serve Hispanic and Latino communities and promote health equity. Methods: The 25-item CSS-Spanish was created leveraging rigorous translation methods and cognitive interviews to ensure cultural relevance and topical breadth. A total of 210 Spanish-speaking Hispanic and Latino individuals completed CSS-Spanish and comparison measures. Psychometric analyses examined dimensionality and statistical validation, and determined scoring thresholds for depression and anxiety risk subscales. Results: CSS-Spanish represented key concerns across five factors and exhibited strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and known-groups validity. Risk subscales demonstrated adequate sensitivity. Conclusion: CSS-Spanish is a reliable, valid multidimensional distress screener that rapidly assesses needs of Hispanic and Latino individuals. Embedded depression and anxiety risk flags can support staff in identifying those with high-acuity needs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Institutional research support was granted to the Cancer Support Community and not individual study authors: Dr. Fortune: Institutional research funding from: AbbVie, Amgen Oncology, AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Lilly Oncology, Merck & Co, Inc, Servier, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co, Takeda Oncology. Dr. Zaleta: Institutional research funding (received by Cancer Support Community): Astellas Pharma, Boston Scientific Foundation, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Seagen. Consulting or Advising (funds received by Cancer Support Community): BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb.

Critics of psychological measurement have accused quantitative psychologists of ignoring the empirical hypothesis that psychological phenomena are quantitative (Michell), or have claimed that it is impossible in principle to find out whether psychological phenomena are actually quantitative (Trendler). By drawing on Bennett and Hacker (2003), I argue that both criticisms do not go far enough because they sidestep the fundamental conceptual problem of the measurement debate: It is impossible to give concrete formulations of the question "Are psychological attributes quantitative?" without transgressing the boundaries of meaningful language. Conceptual confusions and questionable philosophical assumptions have contributed to the misguided idea that the quantity of psychological phenomena must or can be demonstrated empirically. First, the measurement debate is characterized by misleading examples and ambiguous terminology. Second, the idea of psychological measurement is inherently Cartesian. In summary, psychological measurement is even more problematic than Michell and Trendler have argued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profound and stimulating comments by Michell (2022), Tafreshi (2022), and Trendler (2022) push the measurement debate forward. Tafreshi provides arguments that are in line with my own position. While Michell is right in claiming that conceptualizations of psychological measurement are not necessarily Cartesian, I argue that the continuing influence of Cartesian thinking on conceptualizations of psychological measurement is evident in current definitions of psychological constructs. Moreover, I show that, contrary to Michell, it is meaningless to ask whether intelligence is quantitative. Michell and Trendler could counter this claim, but only at the cost of contradicting their stance that conceptual questions are not primary to the empirical questions surrounding psychological measurement. Beyond that, I contend that Trendler's epistemological distinction of extensive versus intensive quantities does not compensate for the conceptual confusions inherent in his and Michell's examples. Finally, I emphasize that all disputants agree that psychological measurement is a highly questionable idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The goal of this paper is to present the phenomenon of engagement in actions that go beyond basic professional duties, and the factor structure and other psychometric properties of the daily measurements of this construct, which corresponds with the growing interest of researchers in the phenomenon of employee engagement, extra-role behaviors and the factors that affect them on a daily basis. Material and Methods The research was carried out among 62 full-time or part-time working students of the humanities and social sciences (79% of whom were female), using a 5-day on-line daily survey. The main measure was a modified Polish version of the 9-item questionnaire consistent with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), which was prepared on the basis of the adaptation of the State Work Engagement (SWE) questionnaire proposed by Breevaart et al. (2012) to measure daily work engagement. Results The obtained results have shown that the adapted version of the SWE questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure which can be used to measure daily fluctuations in beyond-duties engagement. The 3-factor multilevel model has a satisfactory fit. Conclusions The study contributes to the current body of literature by examining state engagement in actions that go beyond basic professional duties and the validity of its measurement. It also shows that giving employees more autonomy and feedback may positively influence their beyond-duties engagement. Med Pr. 2020;71(2):127–36

Researchers who need valid and objective data for evaluating their theories or the efficacy of educational methods and programs have to choose between two equally undesirable alternatives: either they can use “objective” methods which have a questionable validity, or they can turn to “subjective” assessment methods with better validity. In other words, while subjective approaches to the study of human traits may be, or really are, valid, they lack objectivity, that is, they may be biased toward the researcher’s theory. On the other hand, objective approaches to the study of psychological traits often lack psychological underpinning but are solely designed to fit a certain statistical model. Thus, we cannot know what these instruments really measure. Here I present a new approach to the study of human traits, which claims to be objective as well as psychologically valid, namely the concept Experimental Questionnaire (EQ). An EQ lets us make traits visible without relying on dubious statistical assumptions. Thus, it makes it possible for the researcher to test the psychological theory underlying its designs. The EQ methodology is not only an idea, but it has been applied for constructing the Moral Competence Test (MCT) and for testing the assumptions about the nature of moral competence which were used to design it. So far, all the studies have clearly confirmed their validity. This makes the MCT suitable for testing hypotheses regarding the relevance and teachability of moral competence, and, therefore, also for evaluating the efficacy and efficiency of educational methods of fostering this competence. Experimentally designed questionnaires can also be used in other fields of educational and psychological research in which testable theories about the nature of its objects have been developed.

Objective: To establish a standardized Emotional Situation Text System (ESSS), which is closely related to college students'life, to supplement and adapt to the needs of emotional research. Methods: A total of 778 items were selected by screening 607 college student recruitment projects and 15 experts, and 80 participants scored self-reported 9-point scales on the sentences of the ESSS from the degree of valence, arousal, and dominance. Results: Totally 778 items were selected and divided into 7 emotions, namely fear, disgust, anger, sadness, anxiety, happiness and neutral. The Cronbach a coefficients of the overall and each sub-score in the 3 dimensions were all higher than 0. 986. The scatter plot showed that negative emotions (fear, disgust, anger, sadness, anxiety) were convergent and different from the distribution of positive (happiness) and neutral emotions. Conclusion: The Emotional Situation Text System ( ESSS) is a standardized, situational and ecological emotional contextual text system, it is suitable for college students, emotional initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience theory often conceptualizes resilience as a higher-order construct that draws upon other constructs which individuals use to adapt when facing adverse circumstances. However, current research on resilience often reduces it to a single construct. The single construct approach poses the risk of missing the effects that the underlying resilience components may have on the adverse event or behavior under study. To address this discrepancy, the current study developed and tested a higher-order model of resilience with underlying components from a trait resilience perspective. Two samples were gathered from Mechanical Turk (n = 500) and undergraduate college students (n = 720) who completed measures of 8 constructs theorized to underlie resilience, and a previously validated measure of resilience. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, results suggested six constructs (purpose in life, self-esteem, life satisfaction, cognitive flexibility, proactive coping, and social support) comprise a higher-order model of resilience. Invariance testing showed acceptable model fit across the two samples, across genders, and across ethnicities, offering evidence of generalizability for the higher-order model. We found evidence for validity by correlating the higher-order factor in our sample with the already validated resilience measure. These findings provide support for a higher-order model of resilience with at least six underlying components. Future research could determine if the six components used to identify resilience have different effects based on the context within which they are studied, and other future studies should consider validating the higher-order model using additional underlying constructs and samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

McNeish (2018) advocates that researchers abandon coefficient alpha in favor of alternative reliability measures, such as the 1-factor reliability (coefficient omega), a total reliability coefficient based on an exploratory bifactor solution (“Revelle’s omega total”), and the glb (“greatest lower bound”). McNeish supports this argument by demonstrating that these coefficients produce higher sample values in several examples. We express three main disagreements with this article. First, we show that McNeish exaggerates the extent to which alpha is different from omega when unidimensionality holds. Second, we argue that, when unidimensionality is violated, most alternative reliability coefficients are model-based, and it is critical to carefully select the underlying latent variable model rather than relying on software defaults. Third, we point out that higher sample reliability values do not necessarily capture population reliability better: many alternative reliability coefficients are upwardly biased except in very large samples. We conclude with a set of alternative recommendations for researchers.

Most existing instruments for depression are developed based on classical test theory, factor analysis, or sometimes, item response theory, and focus on the accurate measurement of the severity of depressive disorder. Nevertheless, they tend to be less useful in supporting the decision based on ICD-10 or DSM-5 because of the lack of detailed information for symptoms. To gain rich and valid information at the symptom level, this article developed a depression test under the framework of cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs), referred to as CDMs-D. A total of 1,181 individuals were finally recruited and their responses were used to examine the psychometric properties of CDMs-D. After excluding poor items for statistical reasons (e.g., low discrimination, poor model-fit or having DIF), 56 items were included in the CDMs-D. The CDMs-D measures all ten symptom criteria for depression defined in ICD-10 and covers five domains of depression defined by Gibbons et al. (2012). Comparing with the existing self-report measures (such as PHQ-9, SDS, CES-D and so on), a distinguishing feature of the CDMs-D is that it can provide both overall information about the severity of depressive disorder and the assessment information about specific symptoms, which could be useful for diagnostic and interventional purposes.

Introduction: One in two cardiac patients fear having another heart event or their heart condition getting worse. Research in other chronic illnesses demonstrates that screening for fear of progression and recurrence is vital for adequately addressing such concerns in clinical care. The current project aims to develop and validate a measure for fear of progression and recurrence in cardiac patients., Methods: The Fear of Cardiac Recurrence and Progression Scale (FCRP) will be developed through a multistep process. An initial item pool will be generated through a review of the literature and existing measures and consultation with and feedback from key informants. The item pool will be tested in a sample of over 250 adults who have ever had an acute coronary event, undergone cardiac surgery, or a chronic cardiac condition. Exploratory factor analysis will be used to identify the underlying factors, and Rasch analysis will be used to reduce the number of items. A short form version of the FCRP will be developed for use as a brief screening tool, informed by clinical relevance and Rasch psychometric indices., Discussion: While many cardiac patients experience fears related to the progression or recurrence of their illness, there remains the need for a validated tool with which these concerns can be identified and measured. It is expected that the design and validation of the FCRP will aid identification of cardiac patients suffering from clinically significant levels of fear of progression and recurrence and facilitate the design of tailored psychological interventions to target these fears., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Chinese Medical Association.)

This paper provides an overview on the history of the earliest applications of psychological practices in the two main mental institutions linked to the Assistance for Psychopaths in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the beginning of the 20th Century. This encompassed a range of clinical practices that employed psychological techniques and tools thought as having a curative effect on the causes or symptoms of mental illness. Mental hygiene doctors used those techniques as well, with the biopolitical goal of averting illness and any consequent risk and social danger. The techniques are analyzed in their relation to the modernization project of Brazilian nation and to the problem of what was then understood as its "degenerated population". The main objective of the paper is to investigate the role of Psychology in Brazil in the early 20th Century. The results appoint an effective interrelation between the raise of scientific legitimacy of Psychological knowledge and technology and the integration of Psychiatry within different nation's modernization projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most existing instruments for depression are developed based on classical test theory, factor analysis, or sometimes, item response theory, and focus on the accurate measurement of the severity of depressive disorder. Nevertheless, they tend to be less useful in supporting the decision based on ICD-10 or DSM-5 because of the lack of detailed information for symptoms. To gain rich and valid information at the symptom level, this article developed a depression test under the framework of cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs), referred to as CDMs-D. A total of 1,181 individuals were finally recruited and their responses were used to examine the psychometric properties of CDMs-D. After excluding poor items for statistical reasons (e.g., low discrimination, poor model-fit or having DIF), 56 items were included in the CDMs-D. The CDMs-D measures all ten symptom criteria for depression defined in ICD-10 and covers five domains of depression defined by Gibbons et al. (2012). Comparing with the existing self-report measures (such as PHQ-9, SDS, CES-D and so on), a distinguishing feature of the CDMs-D is that it can provide both overall information about the severity of depressive disorder and the assessment information about specific symptoms, which could be useful for diagnostic and interventional purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-being measurements are frequently used to support conclusions about a range of philosophically important issues. This is a problem, because we know too little about the intervals of the relevant scales. I argue that it is plausible that well-being measurements are non-linear, and that common beliefs that they are linear are not truth-tracking, so we are not justified in believing that well-being scales are linear. I then argue that this undermines common appeals to both hypothetical and actual well-being measurements; I first focus on the philosophical literature on prioritarianism and then discuss Kahneman's Peak-End Rule as a systematic bias. Finally, I discuss general implications for research on well-being, and suggest a better way of representing scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents Test Refleksji nad Myśleniem (TRM, Reflection on Thinking Test), designed to investigate the development of reflection on thinking in children above 4 years of age. TRM is composed of nine tasks in the form of illustrated stories. The tasks assess child's understanding of the 1st order beliefs (Unexpected Transfer Test and Deceptive Box Test), understanding of deception, ambiguity and interpretation, understanding of surprise and the 2nd order beliefs. In order to evaluate basic psychometric properties of TRM, data gathered from 259 Polish monolingual children aged 4 to 6 were analyzed. The test correctly differentiates the scores of 4-, 5- and 6-year-olds and displays appropriate measurement invariance. The TRM results are positively correlated with results of tests measuring general cognitive and linguistic abilities in children. Additionally, in accordance with our predictions, the typically developing children obtained significantly higher results than children with specific language impairment. The results confirm that TRM is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used in basic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]