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This quantitative research study aimed to examine the role of well-being in students' perceived parental autonomy support and academic achievement. The study collected data through questionnaires to assess students' perceptions in these areas. The findings indicated that both mothers and fathers were perceived to provide relatively low levels of autonomy support with a higher perception of psychological control. Despite students' overall academic success, a substantial proportion reported low levels of well-being. The study showed a significantly positive correlation between the perceived parental autonomy support of mothers and fathers (p = <.001). Additionally, significantly weak positive correlations were found between perceived maternal autonomy support and well-being (p < 0.043), highlighting the crucial role of the mother's involvement in promoting student well-being. However, no significant correlations were found between parental autonomy support and academic achievement for either mothers (p = 0.963) or fathers (p = 0.948), indicating the need for further investigation into the role of maternal support in academic success. Overall, the study highlights the significance of parental autonomy support, well-being, and academic achievement in students' lives. Providing students with resources and support services to improve their well-being is crucial in creating a positive learning environment that fosters engagement, motivation, and goal-setting. A comprehensive and multifaceted approach is recommended to create a supportive and conducive environment for students' overall development and academic success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although parental psychological control has been found to be detrimental to children's psychological functioning, less is known about the role of internal and external maternal and paternal psychological control in preschoolers' socio-emotional development. In this cross-sectional, multi-informant study, we rely on the self-determination theory to examine the relations between internal (i.e., guilt induction) and external (i.e., constraining verbal expressions and erratic emotional behavior) mother-reported and father-reported psychological control and preschoolers' (N = 136; 51.5% males; Mage = 5.53, SD = 0.66 years) externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms, and social competence, as reported by their teachers. Regression analyses revealed unique relations between internal and external psychological control and preschoolers' social-emotional adjustment. While external psychological control related negatively to preschoolers' social competence and positively to anger-aggression, internal psychological control emerged as the unique predictor of anxiety-withdrawal. Importantly, the results indicated that these findings were consistent for both mothers and fathers. Our findings suggest that parental internal and external psychological control differentially relate to children's socio-emotional adjustment in early childhood. Highlights: This study distinguished between internal and external parental psychological control and examined their unique relations with preschoolers' socio-emotional adjustment. Maternal and paternal internal and external psychological control differed in their relations with children's socio-emotional functioning. The present findings add to recent research drawing attention to the need for investigating parental psychological control in a multidimensional fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated child-reported family obligation values (FOVs) in early adolescence as a moderator for associations between mother-, father-, and child-reported parental psychological control (PC) in early adolescence and child-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms in middle and late adolescents in the Philippines. Data were drawn from three waves of a larger longitudinal study, when the Filipino youth were in late elementary grades (age M = 12.04, SD = 0.58; N = 91), in junior high school (age M = 15.03, SD = 0.59; N = 80), and in senior high school (age M = 17.00, SD = 0.59, N = 75). Results revealed that high levels of FOV buffered the positive associations between mother-reported PC and internalizing symptoms in late adolescence, and between child-reported PC and internalizing symptoms in middle and late adolescence, as well as externalizing symptoms in late adolescence. Conversely, low levels of FOV exacerbated the associations between mother- and child-reported PC on externalizing symptoms in late adolescence. Findings suggest that FOV may shape the meaning and influence of PC for children and adolescents in contexts where familial obligations are normative and important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relations from helicopter parenting and autonomy-supportive parenting to Turkish emerging adults' psychological adjustment (depression, anxiety, and stress levels), using parental psychological control as a mediating mechanism. The participants included 457 emerging adults aged between 17 and 27 (M = 20.47, SD = 1.90) who filled out a self-report questionnaire on their parents' helicopter parenting, autonomy-supportive parenting, psychological control, and their depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Path analyses were performed to test the hypotheses. The findings displayed that there were indirect links from helicopter parenting and autonomy-supportive parenting to emerging adults' psychological adjustment through parental psychological control in a relatively collectivistic Turkish cultural context. Results indicated that parents who engage in developmentally inappropriate over-involvement in their children's lives may also use psychological control to maintain or strengthen their control over their children. Furthermore, parents' autonomy support may be related to a decrease in their tendency to use psychological control, which in turn results in better psychological adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a life stage beset by a growing desire for privacy. This study evaluated adolescents' experiences across four types of potentially privacy‐invasive behaviors (PPIVBs) and within four different types of relationships. 158 adolescents (Mage = 16.9 years, SD = 1.0; 53.5% female) reported on the frequency of the PPIVBs, perceived control over the behaviors, secret/private information threatened by the behaviors, and feelings of privacy invasion produced by the behaviors. Privacy experiences were more similar across relationships than across types of behavior. Stronger feelings of privacy invasion were reported for PPIVBs involving electronics and information, for behaviors by family members, when behaviors occurred infrequently, when adolescents perceived greater control over whether the behaviors occurred, and when behaviors threated secret/private information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is stated that parental psychological control (PC), which appears to hinder psychological development in children and adolescents, is associated with internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, parenting styles and practices vary across cultures. For this reason, to determine the risk of IGD in adolescents who are in the process of psychological development and to prevent it at an early stage, there is a need to better understand the effect of PC on the development of IGD. In this context, this study aims to examine the impact of perceived parental psychological control on the risk of Internet gaming disorder in Turkish adolescents. A cross-sectional design was used. The sample group consisted of 4498 students from eight public high schools in Turkey. Participant Information Form, the Psychological Control Scale, and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form were used for collecting data. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of IGD increased as maternal disrespect-maternal psychological control and father disrespect scores increased. Paternal psychological control score had no significant effect on IGD risk. In the multivariate model, age, father's education level, spending money on games, time spent playing daily games on weekdays and weekends, and father's psychological score were found to be associated with IGD risk. The effects of maternal disrespect and maternal psychological control scores on the IGD risk varied according to the number of siblings and the education level of the mother. As a result, parental PC was determined to affect the risk of IGD in Turkish adolescents significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of religiosity in shaping family functioning, in general, and parental discipline, in particular, have received wide research attention, especially in studies conducted amongst Christian parents from Western cultures. Little is known about the relationship between religiosity and parenting in non-Western cultures. The current study explored the role religion and religiosity play in predicting maternal use of psychological control and punitive discipline of mothers from Israel who belong to two ethnonational groups: Jews and Arabs, and who represent four religions: Jewish, Muslims, Christian and Druze. The study was based on a survey of 502 Israeli mothers of children aged three to five years (31.6 per cent Jewish, 36.0 per cent Muslims, 16.8 per cent Christians and 15.6 per cent Druze). Mothers were asked to fill out an online structured, anonymous self-report questionnaire survey distributed through social networks. We used multivariate hierarchal regression to explore the role of religion and religiosity in predicting mother's use of punitive discipline and psychological control, after controlling for child and family factors. The results showed that religiosity was significantly and positively associated with mothers' use of both psychological control and punitive discipline. Furthermore, it was found that Arab mothers reported using psychological control more than did Jewish mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe present two-wave longitudinal study examined the relation between White U.S. parents' color-conscious racial socialization for African Americans and adolescents' racial attitudes, and explored how parental psychological control might moderate this relation.MethodParticipants included 412 White U.S. adolescents (42% girls; Mage = 15.63 years, SD = 1.24) and their primary caregivers (52% mothers). They completed online questionnaires, with parents reporting on their color-conscious racial socialization at Time 1, and adolescents providing measures of their perception of parents' psychological control at Time 1, color-blind attitudes, and racial prejudice at both time points, ~16 months apart.ResultsOur findings revealed that parents' color-conscious racial socialization for African Americans was negatively associated with adolescents' negative racial attitudes. Additionally, parental psychological control moderated this relation: the negative association was evident only when parents exhibited low or average levels of psychological control.DiscussionThis study highlights the crucial role parents play in shaping their adolescents' racial attitudes and underscores the necessity of an autonomy-supportive environment to enhance the success of parents' color-conscious socialization practices. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing effective interventions to reduce racial biases and foster inclusive attitudes among adolescents.

Children's temperamental surgency is associated with later child behavioral problems. However, the underlying mechanisms linking child surgency and child aggression, such as negative parental control, are relatively understudied. Moreover, the potential protective effect of a close parent‐child relationship on these associations remains untested, particularly among non‐White families. Participants included 259 Chinese American preschoolers (Mage = 4.5 years, SD =.9 years, 50% girls) and their mothers (Mage = 37.9 years, SD = 4.7 years), the present study examined the moderating effects of parent‐child relationship quality on the association between mother‐rated child surgency and teacher‐rated child aggression as mediated by maternal psychological control. Overall, results showed that child surgency was linked positively to maternal psychological control, which, in turn, led to higher levels of child aggression six months later, but only when the parent‐child relationship quality was less optimal. These findings indicate that psychological control is one underlying mechanism linking child temperament and child maladjustment, and that parent‐child relationship quality is an important protective factor. Findings also expand an existing theoretical framework by explicating how these variables are applicable to an Asian American population, suggesting the critical buffering role that parent‐child relationship quality plays. The study findings inform efforts to mitigate the potential negative effect of psychological control in reducing childhood aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical inquiry has demonstrated the benefits of autonomy-supportive parenting practices and harms of parental psychological control for youth development and wellbeing, though specific sources of variation in use of these practices remains unclear. Individual differences in parenting practices may be related to physiological stress reactivity; more importantly, the coordination of stress responses across multiple physiological systems within the autonomic nervous system (ANS) may account for differences in parenting practices. Guided by the autonomic space model of ANS functioning, this study investigates the role of mothers' physiological stress response in relation to autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting practices. Sixty-eight mothers (Mage = 40.88, SD = 6.97) of young adolescents watched their children participate in a stressful laboratory-based public speaking task. Changes from baseline in mothers' skin conductance level (SCL reactivity) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA reactivity) were calculated. Youth reported perceptions of mothers' promotion of volitional functioning, promotion of independence, and psychological control. Physiological measures interacted such that mothers who experienced higher SCL reactivity engaged in more youth-reported psychological control when RSA scores showed little to no change from baseline to stressful task, but less psychological control when RSA scores decreased from baseline to challenge. Thus, this asynchronous pattern of ANS activity was associated with a parenting practice that typically inhibits developmentally appropriate autonomy among young adolescents, suggesting that mothers' parenting behaviors are associated with the coordinated physiological stress response of the two ANS systems. Highlights: Mothers' parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity assessed while children participated in a stressful task. Uncoordinated activity of two physiological branches was associated with controlling parenting practices. Reactivity amongst multiple physiological branches should be tested to understand variation in parenting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to explore the gender-specific links between perceived parental behavioral and psychological control and adolescents' psychological adjustment directly and indirectly through the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship. The participants in the study were 930 early adolescents (mean age 12.9; SD 0.71; 49.9% girls) who filled in questionnaires about the parenting of their parents (for mothers and fathers respectively) as well as their own psychological adjustment (self-esteem and life satisfaction). The results of the structural equation modeling showed that the perception of adolescents regarding their parents' behavioral and psychological control is significantly directly and/or indirectly associated with their psychological adjustment. Behavioral control was found to be positively and psychological control negatively associated with psychological adjustment. These associations have shown some gender-specific patterns. Among the boys, perceived control was associated with boys' psychological adjustment indirectly through the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship for both mothers and fathers. On the other hand, the link between parental control and psychological adjustment among the girls was found to be direct for the father's control and both direct and indirect for the mother's control. Maternal control was associated with adolescents' adjustment only indirectly through the quality of the mother-adolescent relationship while more direct associations were found among the fathers. This was particularly the case for the father-daughter dyad. However, the results were found to contradict previous findings in several points. This could have been attributed to the age of early adolescence as well as the cultural specifics of the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CES Psicologia is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Parental psychological control has previously been related to negative developmental outcomes. However, fewer studies examined the cultural factors associated with parental psychological control. Several studies suggested that psychological control is used more by mothers in collectivistic (as compared to individualistic) cultures yet did not examine the mother's personal endorsement of the cultural values. This approach ignores the widely reported findings showing within country heterogeneity. In this study, we examined maternal adherence to collectivistic values and their psychologically controlling behaviour directed towards their preschool children. We also examined the indirect role of perceived normativeness of the psychologically controlling behaviour in the association between adherence to collectivistic values and using psychologically controlling behaviours. We hypothesized that mothers who endorsed collectivistic values more would perceive psychologically controlling parenting as more normative and in turn would display more psychological control. To test our research question, we collected data from 318 Turkish mothers, who had at least one preschool‐aged child (child Mage = 59.46 months, SD = 9.23; range = 34–80 months; 160 males). The descriptive analyses are planned to be run in SPSS and path analyses in MPlus are planned for examining the hypothesized mediational model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that parenting behaviors are strongly related to adolescents' creativity development. Based on the ecological systems model of creativity development, the componential model of creativity, and the self-determination theory, our study investigated the indirect roles of autonomous and controlled motivations in the association between parenting behaviors and creativity in Chinese adolescents. Participants (N = 411) completed the Parenting Behaviors Scale, Learning Self-regulation Scale, Creativity Self-report Scale, and two tasks in the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Correlation analysis revealed that autonomy support is positively related to autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and creativity; psychological control is positively related to controlled motivation and creativity; and autonomous motivation and controlled motivation are both positively related to creativity. Structural equation modeling suggested that autonomy support was positively associated with creativity both directly (p = 0.009, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.029, 0.205]) and via autonomous motivation (p < 0.001, CI [0.045, 0.127]), whereas psychological control was negatively associated with creativity via controlled motivation (p = 0.032, CI [−0.074, −0.009]). Generally, autonomous motivation and controlled motivation play indirect roles in the association between parenting behaviors and creativity. The results provided insights into the relationship between parenting behaviors and creativity and its indirect mechanism, as well as suggested implications for the pathways of creativity improvement in parenting. Highlights: The relationships between parenting behaviors, motivation, and creativity are examined in Chinese junior school students. Autonomous motivation means individuals' spontaneous engagement in personally meaningful actions. Controlled motivation means individuals' engagement in actions under environmental pressure. Autonomous motivation plays an indirect role in the relationship between parental autonomy support and creativity. Controlled motivation plays an indirect role in the relationship between parental psychological control and creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging adulthood is a critical period of life that represents the first true independence of many college-aged individuals and a period where psychological problems are prevalent. The aim of the present study was to assess the indirect effects of maternal and paternal psychological control on emerging adults' anxiety, depressive, and antisocial personality problems through emotion regulation difficulties, which were examined across emerging adult women and men. Participants included 546 individuals from a large southern United States university who completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Adult Self-Report to assess depressive, anxious, and antisocial personality problems, and the Domains of Young Adult Discipline Scale to measure maternal and paternal psychological control. Results indicated that paternal psychological control had a significant indirect effect on emerging adult women's and men's anxiety, depressive, and antisocial personality problems via emotion regulation difficulties. Maternal psychological control did not indirectly affect men's psychological problems. Conversely, higher levels of mothers' psychological control directly related to higher psychological problems in women and had an indirect effect by means of emotion regulation difficulties. Finally, daily parental contact hours were analyzed by gender and applied to the relevant dyadic discussion as a possible explanation for findings. This study is among the first to examine these relations in the context of emerging adulthood. Limitations and implications are discussed. Highlights: Though the relation between parental psychological control and psychological problems has been studied in children, emerging adults are not represented as well. Maternal psychological control relates significantly to their daughters' anxiety, depressive, and antisocial personality problems. Maternal psychological control did not have a direct or indirect association via emotion regulation difficulties on their sons' psychological problems. Difficulties in emotion regulation were significantly associated with psychological problems in all analyses. Paternal psychological control displayed an indirect association with both genders' psychological problems via emotion regulation difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated the implications of Korean mothers' tendency to gain self‐worth from their children's achievements (i.e., child‐based self‐worth) for child outcomes. Background: We tested the role of psychological control in mediating the link between mothers' child‐based self‐worth and child outcomes. The moderating roles of contextual (i.e., school levels) and child characteristics (i.e., perceived maternal sacrifice) in this process were examined. Method: Mothers and their children in elementary (n = 162) and in middle and high school (n = 172) were recruited. Mothers reported on their child‐based self‐worth and psychological control, and children reported on their perception of maternal sacrifice and their depression and hyperactivity. Results: Mothers' child‐based self‐worth predicted psychological control, which in turn, related to children's depression and hyperactivity. The link between maternal child‐based self‐worth and psychological control was stronger in the middle and high school sample. Children's perceived sacrifice attenuated the effects of psychological control on child outcomes. Conclusion: Middle and high school (vs. elementary) mothers with high child‐based self‐worth may be more vulnerable to exhibiting controlling parenting. The relationship between maternal child‐based self‐worth and child outcomes may vary by contextual and child characteristics. Implications: Findings denote the implications of parenting behaviors derived from parents' self‐concerns in child outcomes, as well as the role of children in parenting processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of secure romantic relationships is an important developmental task for many emerging adults. Emerging adults who report more secure romantic attachments also report greater overall life satisfaction. The goal of the current study was to identify family-of-origin predictors of romantic attachment styles among emerging adults. College students (n = 288) completed measures of parental psychological control, early maladaptive schemas, and anxious and avoidant romantic attachment. Findings supported a theoretical mediation model where parental psychological control was related to higher rates of anxious and avoidant romantic attachment, and this relationship was mediated by early maladaptive schemas. These findings indicate the importance of considering family-of-origin patterns when examining romantic attachment in emerging adults. Therapists and other helpers may be better able to support the development of secure romantic attachment by also addressing maladaptive schemas that may impact romantic relationship development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peer interactions are critical to young children’s social development, and proximal-system has a direct influence on personal growth. The study aims to analyze the relationship between parental psychological control and young children’s peer interactions, as well as the moderating role of teachers’ emotional support in this association. Methods: A total of 241 children aged 3–6 years, alongside their parents, and 27 teachers, participated in the study. Teachers reported children’s peer interactions whilst parents reported their psychological control. The level of teachers’ emotional support was co-coded by two researchers. Results: The results of the study indicated that parental psychological control was significantly and negatively related to young children’s peer interactions; teachers’ emotional support was significantly and positively related to young children’s peer interactions; the cross-level moderating effect validates our hypothesis that teachers’ emotional support has a moderating effect between parental psychological control and young children’s peer interactions, buffering the impact of parental psychological control on young children’s peer interactions. Conclusion: These findings expand our comprehension of the association between parental psychological control, teachers’ emotional support, and young children’s peer interactions, and provide guidance for integrating the components of the proximal system and devising interventions to establish a home-school harmony environment that fosters children’s social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overparenting is an emerging topic in parenting research and has gained increasing attention in media. Most studies have focused on adolescents and young adults in Western countries, while it remains unclear whether overparenting is related to young children's outcomes in non-Western contexts. The present study aimed to examine the mechanism by which overparenting was associated with Chinese young children's social preference. The study surveyed 283 Chinese parents of children aged 36–83 months (mean age = 58.61) to examine parenting practices and child social preference. The results suggested that parents' psychological control and parent–child relationship had serial mediating effects on the relationship between overparenting and young children's social preference in terms of shyness and unsociability. The present study further raised the importance of parenting during early childhood and generated practical implications for parents in China and beyond, encouraging parents to reflect on how their beliefs and practices may influence child outcomes from the early years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This longitudinal study examined the mediating role of mindful parenting in the relations between parental cognitive reappraisal and parenting practices such as physical coercion, psychological control, and parental warmth. Method: A total of 170 mothers (Mage = 35.63; SD = 4.91) and 164 fathers (Mage = 39.95; SD = 6.27) of preschoolers from 175 Hong Kong Chinese families participated in this study. Initially, mothers and fathers completed self-report questionnaires assessing their cognitive reappraisal. Six months later, both parents reported on their mindful parenting and parenting practices. Spousal reports of physical coercion and psychological control were also collected. Structural equation modeling was conducted separately for mothers and fathers to examine the mediation models. Results: Mindful parenting mediated the associations between parental cognitive reappraisal and parenting practices in both mothers and fathers. Specifically, initial parental cognitive reappraisal had a positive effect on mindful parenting 6 months later, which in turn was negatively related to physical coercion and psychological control, and positively related to parental warmth. For mothers only, initial parental cognitive reappraisal had a positive effect on parental warmth 6 months later, after accounting for the mediating role of mindful parenting. Conclusions: The study highlighted how mindful parenting connects parental cognitive reappraisal and parenting practices for both mothers and fathers with children in preschool years. The findings provide valuable information for professionals and intervention programs to incorporate mindful parenting approaches with emotion regulation strategies to promote appropriate parenting practices. Preregistration: This study is not preregistered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood is a critical period of growth in life where emotional skills are developed. The skills developed in childhood often reflect the primary caregiver(s) modeling and interactions, which may shape emotion regulation in adulthood. The current research aimed to assess if specific parenting approaches have lasting effects on a person's ability to emotionally regulate. Adult participants (n = 141) responded to questions reflecting the parenting approaches they observed, and their current state of emotional regulation. Results from our regression analysis showed when controlling for age, parental warmth in childhood predicted one's later ability to use cognitive reappraisal skills. Results from our correlational analysis showed strong positive associations between the variable of warmth with overindulgence, and cognitive reappraisal. Implications and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous longitudinal studies have documented bidirectional associations between parental psychological control and children's externalizing problems over months or years. However, most studies have only examined these associations at the between-family level, and there is a lack of intensive longitudinal data (ILD) on psychological control and children's externalizing problems. Thus, this daily diary study examined the bidirectional associations between parental psychological control and externalizing problems among Chinese children. Further, we explored whether between-family mindful parenting linked to the mean levels and daily fluctuations of parental psychological control and children's externalizing problems. The sample included 71 parents of children between 7 to 13 years old (50.7% male; Mage = 9.92, SD = 1.46). Our findings indicate that at the within-family level, higher parental psychological control than usual predicted increases in externalizing problems among children reported by parents the next day, but not vice versa. Furthermore, between-family mindful parenting was negatively associated with the mean levels of psychological control and children's externalizing problems, as well as with fewer fluctuations of parental psychological control. This study contributes to the understanding of the within-family associations between parental psychological control and children's externalizing problems on a daily basis. Finally, we discuss implications for prevention and intervention programs targeting negative parenting and child externalizing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Child irritability and anxiety are associated with parent psychological control; yet their transactional relations over time are not well‐characterized at the within‐person level. Research addressing generalizability of past Western‐based literature in non‐Western, collectivist community samples is lacking. Methods: Sample comprised 285 children aged 8.8–11.4 years (145 girls; Mage = 9.9 years, SD = 0.6) in Northern Taiwan. Participants were assessed at baseline (T1), 6‐month (T2), and 12‐month (T3) follow‐ups. Child irritability and anxiety symptoms were assessed using parent‐rated Child Behavior Checklist. Parent psychological control was assessed using the parent‐ and child‐rated Psychological Control Scale. Within‐person processes were specified using the random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel models. Results: Models showed that psychological control predicted increased child irritability when analyzing parenting data from parents and children. However, the lagged effect from psychological control to child anxiety was only seen in parent‐rated parenting data. We found limited evidence for a back‐and‐forth transactional pathway among constructs. Child irritability predicted increased child anxiety in all models. Conclusions: Directional effects from psychological control to child irritability and anxiety support parent‐involved interventions that prioritize collaborative parenting and positive reinforcement techniques. Future validations in combined clinical and typically developing samples and direct cross‐cultural comparisons are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study is the first to describe the validation of the Psychological Control Disrespect Scale (PCDS; Barber etal., 2012) with a large age-range of emerging adults, in an attempt to broaden the usage of the scale to late and post-adolescence population. The sample consisted of 364 participants (184 females and 179 males; 1 unknown sex), whose age ranged between 18 and 29 (M = 24.38, SD = 3.03). Subject to the exclusion of one item, the PCDS exhibited acceptable to good model-fit indices when used with emerging adults reporting on their mothers, and its psychometric properties were found to be principally equal across child's sex (i.e. respondent's sex measurement invariance). The PCDS also displayed good reliability indexes, including the first evidence of the scale's test–retest reliability. Finally, the PCDS was tested for convergent validity against conceptually corresponding parenting scales, which reinforced the scale's validity as a measure of maladaptive parenting construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis examines the relation of parental psychological control with youth emotion regulation and tests variables that moderate the strength of this relation. After systematic searches of PsycINFO, Medline, and Social Services Abstracts, cited references, and table of contents, our final sample included 25 articles with 23 unique samples from nine countries (N = 10,010 participants; 52.47% female; Mage = 13.49). The overall weighted mean effect size was small but significant (r = −0.18, p < 0.001), indicating that more frequent use of parental psychological control was associated with worse emotion regulation abilities in youth. There was significant variability in effect sizes [Q(21) = 109.85; p < 0.001] that was explained by several moderators. We found that effect sizes were weaker in youth samples including more individuals from historically minoritized racial groups. Effect sizes varied based on the type of emotion being regulated, with the mean effect size for sadness regulation being significantly smaller than the mean effect sizes for anger regulation and the regulation of unspecified emotions (which were not significantly different from each other). Effect sizes also varied based on informant of psychological control, with the mean effect size for parent reports being significantly smaller than mean effect sizes for observer and child reports. Youth age, youth gender, and user of psychological control were not significant moderators of effect sizes. We discuss implications of our findings for future research and prevention efforts focused on enhancing the well-being of children and adolescents. Highlights: Parental psychological control had a small, significant negative relation with youth emotion regulation Effect sizes were weaker in youth samples including more individuals from historically minoritized racial groups for sadness regulation compared with anger or general emotion regulation for parent reported psychological control compared with observer and child reports [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore different profiles of parents in terms of their use of reward and praise as well as psychological control by using latent profile analysis (LPA). The data were collected from a sample of 661 parents living across Turkey through an online platform in the Spring of 2023. An atemporal cross-sectional research design was used to explore latent profiles of parents. Parents completed three scales: the parent reward scale, the parent praise scale, and psychological control-disrespect scale. Parents were profiled, based on their use of these three parenting tools. As a result of the LPA, three profiles emerged. They were identified as “High Controllers”, “Low Controllers” and “Autonomy Supporters”. As predicted, “High Controllers” use all these three tools, reward, praise, psychological control to a great extent. Similarly, “Low Controllers” use all three tools but to lesser extent. “Autonomy Supporters” use these three tools the least. The difference among these three profiles were further validated with the acknowledgement-of-feelings scale and the threats to punish scale. ANOVA revealed a significant difference among three groups. “High Controllers” were more likely to threaten to punish their children than “Low Controllers” and “Autonomy Supporters”. Similarly, Autonomy Supporters” were more likely to acknowledge their children’s feelings than “High Controllers” and “Low Controllers.” As predicted, these findings suggest that parents who use praise and reward are more likely to control their children psychologically, punish their children and less likely to acknowledge their children’s feelings. School leaders could utilize these findings to profile parents and develop more effective parental involvement program to promote autonomy supportive parenting style that do not rely on praise or reward.

Abstract Background Child irritability and anxiety are associated with parent psychological control; yet their transactional relations over time are not well‐characterized at the within‐person level. Research addressing generalizability of past Western‐based literature in non‐Western, collectivist community samples is lacking. Methods Sample comprised 285 children aged 8.8–11.4 years (145 girls; Mage = 9.9 years, SD = 0.6) in Northern Taiwan. Participants were assessed at baseline (T1), 6‐month (T2), and 12‐month (T3) follow‐ups. Child irritability and anxiety symptoms were assessed using parent‐rated Child Behavior Checklist. Parent psychological control was assessed using the parent‐ and child‐rated Psychological Control Scale. Within‐person processes were specified using the random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel models. Results Models showed that psychological control predicted increased child irritability when analyzing parenting data from parents and children. However, the lagged effect from psychological control to child anxiety was only seen in parent‐rated parenting data. We found limited evidence for a back‐and‐forth transactional pathway among constructs. Child irritability predicted increased child anxiety in all models. Conclusions Directional effects from psychological control to child irritability and anxiety support parent‐involved interventions that prioritize collaborative parenting and positive reinforcement techniques. Future validations in combined clinical and typically developing samples and direct cross‐cultural comparisons are warranted.

ABSTRACTThe current study is the first to describe the validation of the Psychological Control Disrespect Scale (PCDS; Barber etal., 2012) with a large age-range of emerging adults, in an attempt to broaden the usage of the scale to late and post-adolescence population. The sample consisted of 364 participants (184 females and 179 males; 1 unknown sex), whose age ranged between 18 and 29 (M = 24.38, SD = 3.03). Subject to the exclusion of one item, the PCDS exhibited acceptable to good model-fit indices when used with emerging adults reporting on their mothers, and its psychometric properties were found to be principally equal across child’s sex (i.e. respondent’s sex measurement invariance). The PCDS also displayed good reliability indexes, including the first evidence of the scale’s test–retest reliability. Finally, the PCDS was tested for convergent validity against conceptually corresponding parenting scales, which reinforced the scale’s validity as a measure of maladaptive parenting construct.

Research indicates that parental schoolwork involvement is beneficial for students' academic functioning when parents facilitate their children's autonomy and refrain from psychological controlling practices. However, effects of the quality of parental involvement on child learning outcomes may vary due to cross-cultural differences in children's appraisal and reaction towards these practices. The current study aimed to investigate the link between the quality of parental schoolwork involvement and children's learning-related behaviours in math, and the mediating role of mother-child conflict around math schoolwork in this link in three cultural groups (i.e., German-Turkish, Turkish and German families). Data were collected from 107 German-Turkish, 426 Turkish and 140 German mothers with children in fifth to eighth grades. After testing measurement invariance of the scales across groups, multi-group structural equation modelling was used to examine the direct and indirect paths between the quality of parental involvement, mother-child conflict and child learning-related behaviours. Results showed that the level of mother-child conflict mediated the link between mothers' psychologically controlling practices and children's learning-related behaviours in math in all three groups. No mediation was found for the link between maternal autonomy support and children's learning-related behaviours in any group. However, the direct path from mothers' autonomy support to children's learning-related behaviours was significant in the Turkish and German-Turkish samples. These results suggest that the role of different forms of parental schoolwork involvement in children's academic functioning is more similar than different across cultural groups. Highlights: The links between quality of involvement, mother-child conflict, and children's learning-related behaviours in math are investigated in German-Turkish, Turkish and German families. The quality of parent involvement is measured via mother's autonomy support and psychological control during schoolwork involvement. Results show that mother-child conflict mediates the link between maternal psychological control and children's learning-related behaviours in all three groups. Regarding maternal autonomy support only the direct positive paths to children's learning-related behaviours are significant in Turkish and German-Turkish families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Parental psychological control and autonomy support, abuse, and neglect influence adolescents' mental health. Analyzing the direct and indirect associations between childrearing characteristics, maltreatment, and mental health is important, especially in understudied and diverse cultural contexts. First, we examine the associations of parental psychological control and autonomy support with adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems directly and indirectly, through maltreatment. Second, we evaluate the extent to which parental psychological control and autonomy support may discriminate self-reported maltreatment in adolescents. Methods: Eight-hundred-and-nine-adolescents (Mage = 13.5) from six urban public middle schools in Mexico City participated and responded to the self-administered Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale and the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for each parental figure and the Youth Self Report for evaluation of internalizing and externalizing problems. Results: Maternal models obtained the best fit [R2 =.380, for internalizing, and R2 =.229, for externalizing problems], with strongest indirect effects through maternal negligence for internalizing problems [x2(2) = 1.729, ρ =.4212, RMSEA =.000 (.000,.067), CFI =.999, TLI =.999] and through maternal psychological abuse for externalizing problems [x2(2) = 1.666, ρ =.4347, RMSEA =.000 (.000,.066), CFI =.999, TLI =.999]. Parental psychological control and autonomy support discriminate self-reported maltreatment with an area under the curve between.68 and.99. Conclusions: Maternal models showed an association of parental childrearing characteristics with adolescent mental health problems directly and indirectly through maltreatment, and preliminary evidence suggests that parental childrearing characteristics may discriminate self-reported maltreatment in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parenting practices and relationships with peers are crucial aspects of youth socialization. Although theoretically expected reciprocal associations between changes in maladaptive parenting and adolescent peer victimization exist, there is a lack of studies that examine this link and address the mediating mechanisms at the within-person level. This longitudinal study examined reciprocal relations between peer victimization and two types of maladaptive parenting including harsh punishment and psychological control, and the potential mediating roles of internalizing and externalizing problems within these relations, by disentangling between- and within-person effects. A total of 4,731 Chinese early adolescents (44.9% girls; M age = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) participated in a four-wave longitudinal study with 6-month intervals. The results of random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling showed: (a) harsh punishment did not directly predict peer victimization, and vice versa; (b) psychological control directly predicted peer victimization, and vice versa; (c) psychological control indirectly predicted peer victimization via internalizing problems, and peer victimization also indirectly predicted psychological control via internalizing problems. These findings provide evidence of a bidirectional spillover effect between psychological control and peer victimization at the within-person level, suggesting Chinese early adolescents may become caught in a vicious cycle directly or indirectly via their internalizing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu University Journal of Education Faculty (AUJEF) is the property of Anadolu Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Emerging adulthood is a life period characterized with instabilities and identity explorations (Arnett, 2000). The current study explored how parental psychological control and autonomy support predicted 386 emerging adults' emotion regulation and self-esteem (80.8% females, 89.1% Caucasians). As expected, psychological control predicted low levels, whereas autonomy support predicted high levels of emotion regulation and self-esteem among emerging adults. Moreover, interaction effects between autonomy support and psychological control were identified. Autonomy support was predictive of high levels of emotion regulation only when parents used low parental psychological control, but not when parents engaged in high psychologically controlling behaviors. Autonomy support also had more significant positive effects on self-esteem for those who reported low psychological control. Implications of the findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the longitudinal associations among maternal child-based worth, perceived maternal achievement-oriented psychological control, and children's academic contingent self-worth over a one-year period in 274 Chinese children. Results showed that, after the autoregressive effects were controlled, higher levels of maternal child-based worth longitudinally predicted higher levels of perceived maternal achievement-oriented psychological control. Higher levels of perceived maternal achievement-oriented psychological control at an earlier time point were also linked to higher levels of children's academic contingent self-worth later. However, earlier levels of children's academic contingent self-worth did not predict their perceptions of maternal psychological control longitudinally. The findings suggest that parents should be aware that their own contingent self-worth may be transferred from one generation to another through maladaptive parenting practice. They are advised not to over-identify with the wins and losses of their children and to consider whether they may have stepped over the autonomy of children inadvertently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Basic Education / Revista de Educación Básica is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rise of intense competition for younger generation has intensified social expectations of being a good parent. Based on the data of 386 Chinese intact families with fathers (Mage = 48.7), mothers (Mage = 44.7), and adolescents (46.9% girls, Mage = 14.6) as target respondents, this study examined the patterns of dyadic interdependence in the relationships between socially prescribed parenting perfectionism and parental control (indexed by close monitoring and psychological control) using actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) analyses. Results indicated an actor‐only pattern in the association of socially prescribed parenting perfectionism with paternal monitoring, and a couple pattern in the relationship between socially prescribed parenting perfectionism and maternal monitoring. However, the patterns of individual and inter‐spousal relationships between socially prescribed parenting perfectionism and psychological control were indistinguishable between fathers and mothers. The findings lend support to the social expectations model and the anxious rearing model by illustrating positive associations of socially prescribed parenting perfectionism with parental monitoring and psychological control. The present study suggests that father‐prescribed social expectations about parenting are critical in shaping parental control practice in Chinese contexts, which shed light on the development of Chinese socialization model and clinical practice to support Chinese parents in their parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of parental practices as one the most direct influences on the development of minors and adolescents has generated an increased relevance in recent decades of the study of parental expectations on the psychological adjustment of children. In this sense, the Goal Content Subtheory of Self-Determination Theory has been the theoretical basis to explain that the purpose of human behavior responds to an extrinsic or intrinsic motivation. That is why, extrinsic motivation guides parents towards parental goals: the success of the task and the avoidance of task failure and they adopt more parental control strategies with their progeny, while intrinsic motivation guides the mastery goals of the task which would explain parental support behaviors. The objective of the study was to identify the achievement goals and parenting practices, support for autonomy-psychological control, and to determine the relationship between these parenting measures, according to the sex and educational level of the parents from Cuenca, Ecuador. For this, a quantitative, relational, cross-sectional study was carried out with 713 mothers (Medad = 43, DT = 7), 543 fathers (Medad = 46, DT = 8) and 1 085 adolescents (Medad = 16.1, DT = 1.1). The participants were selected from within 18 educational institutions through a probabilistic sample calculated with a 95 % confidence level, and a 3 % margin of error. For data collection, the Parental Achievement-Oriented Goals questionnaire was applied, adapted to Spanish from the Parental Achievement Goals AGQ instrument; and Autonomy Support Scale. In the data analysis, the T-Student test, ANOVA, Chi-Square, test of independence for contingency tables and the Pearson r correlation coefficient, were used for the linear relationship of the study variables. The results reveal that the achievement goals: mastery of the task and success in the task predominate and the avoidance of failure in the task is low, in terms of the sex of the parents, the parents were oriented towards the mastery of the task while mothers toward goals focused on homework success. Likewise, parents with a low level of education orient themselves to success in the result of the task and the avoidance of failure in the task, while parents with a higher level of education orient their goals of parental achievement towards the mastery of the homework. The perception of support for autonomy is high and significantly upper than the psychological control of the parents, it was found that the manifestation of support "being aware of accepting and acknowledging the child's feelings" is the most valued statement in the mother in relation to the dad. On the other hand, adolescents perceive greater psychological control from mothers than from fathers, in the demonstrations "threatening to punish the child" and "induce guilt". Regarding the level of studies of the parents, the results indicate that the higher the level of studies, the greater the support for autonomy and when is lower the level of studies, there is greater psychological control. This research has confirmed the relationship between the level of education of the parents, the sex the adolescent and parents with the goals of parental achievement, support and psychological control; this shows that these characteristics affect parental practices. It is necessary for future research to attention on the educational level of the parents, as this is one of the most consistent family variables that can favor appropriate parental goals and practices for the psychosocial adjustment of the children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between family and mental health has been one of the cornerstones of research into emerging adulthood over the last decade. In the present study, we analyze the relationship between variables linked to family functioning and the presence of clinical symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress during emerging adulthood in Spain. The study had a cross-sectional design and the sample comprised 1, 502 students aged 18-29 years (M= 20,32, DT= 2,13) from two Spanish universities. Participants completed questionnaires in pencil-and-paper format. The results indicate that high levels of parental involvement, warmth and autonomy support are associated with a lower presence of clinical symptoms, whereas psychological control is associated with a higher level of said symptoms. These findings demonstrate the relationship between family functioning and the presence of clinical symptoms, as well as the protective -or risk enhancing- role played by family relationships during this life stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study validated a Chinese Parental Psychological Control Scale (CPPCS) among secondary school students in mainland China. Methods: The item pool consisting of 65 items was constructed based on consultation with existing measures and focus group interviews of 19 Chinese adolescents. After content validation conducted by 14 experts, a total of 40 items were retained and subject to further factorial validation based on a sample of 963 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 13.39 ± 0.72; 52.23% females). Results: Using the two random-split half samples, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses retained 30 items that loaded on three factors, including "relational induction" (twelve items), "harsh psychological control" (twelve items), and "social comparison shame" (six items). The three-factor structure was invariant across gender (male versus female) and grades (grade 7 versus grade 8) among the whole sample. Cronbach's αs of the three dimensions in maternal and paternal subscales ranged between 0.89 and 0.92, suggesting adequate internal consistency. The three dimensions were significantly correlated with each other, supporting the scale's convergent validity. The concurrent validity of the CPPCS was supported by the positive correlations between subscales and parental rejection, and the negative correlations between subscales and parental warmth. In addition, while the "harsh psychological control" and "social comparison shame" negatively predicted adolescents' well-being, "relational induction" positively predicted adolescents' well-being. Discussion: The findings suggest that the CPPCS is a promising instrument for measuring multidimensional psychological control among Chinese parents and for investigating and comparing individual dimensions' effect on adolescents' development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the mediating role of parental psychological control (PPC) and support in the relationship between self‐compassion and parental burnout syndrome. The study participants included 1185 Vietnamese parents who completed questionnaires regarding demographic information, parental burnout, self‐compassion, parental support of the child, and PPC. We used data analyses, including structural equation modeling, to test the mediation roles of PPC and parental support of the child. Our main findings include: (1) self‐compassion had a significant negative effect on parental burnout; (2) the mediation roles of PPC and parental support of the child were also significant. These results suggest that parents with high self‐compassion tend to provide more support for children in daily parenting, which helps reduce parental burnout. In contrast, parents with low self‐compassion were more likely to use PPC, which exacerbated their burnout. The results from this study provide suggestions for creating effective interventions in the family context to reduce parental burnout and improve parenting effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe present study investigated how maternal and paternal controls, including behavioral and psychological controls, predict adolescent Internet addiction, as well as the potential moderating effects of adolescent gender and parent-child relationships on the predictions.MethodsData were collected from 1,974 Chinese adolescents (age range = 14–22; mean = 16.47; SD = 0.87; 1,099 girls) in Guizhou Province, mainland China in November 2021. Internet addiction was measured using the ten-item Internet Addiction Test developed by Kimberly Young, and Parental control and parent-child relationships were measured by the respective subscales derived from the validated Chinese Parent-Child Subsystem Quality Scale.ResultsHierarchical regression analyses revealed that after the covariates were statistically controlled, both parents' behavioral controls showed significant negative predictions on adolescent Internet addiction, while their psychological control tended to positively predict Internet addiction among adolescents, although the effect was only marginal. In addition, the impacts of maternal and paternal controls were equal, and such impacts did not vary between sons and daughters. While adolescent gender was not a significant moderator, the parent-child relationship quality significantly moderated the effects of paternal behavioral control, paternal psychological control, and maternal psychological control on adolescents' Internet addiction. Specifically, the prediction of paternal behavioral control was stronger while the effect of paternal and maternal psychological control was weaker among adolescents with a positive father-child relationship than those with a moderate or poor father-child relationship.DiscussionThese findings indicate the protective function of parents' behavioral control and the negative impact of psychological control on the development of adolescent Internet addiction. Further, a positive relationship between the father and the adolescent can strengthen the positive effect of paternal behavioral control and mitigate the negative effects of both parents' psychological controls.

To explain why there is substantial heterogeneity in the degree to which adolescents suffer from psychologically controlling parenting, it is important to take into account adolescents' active contribution to the socialization processes and to their coping with controlling parenting in particular. This study aimed to examine whether adolescents' coping with controlling parenting (i.e., oppositional defiance, compulsive compliance, negotiation, and accommodation) moderated associations between psychologically controlling parenting, adolescents' experiences of psychological need frustration, and their internalizing and externalizing problems. A total of 161 adolescents (M age = 15.56 years; SD age = 1.14; 61.5% female) and either their mother or their father participated in 7-day diary study. As expected, accommodation played an adaptive role, thereby buffering within-person (daily) associations between psychologically controlling parenting, adolescents' need frustration, and subsequent problems. Unexpectedly, compulsive compliance played a similar adaptive role. Overall, the moderating effects of coping were rather limited, suggesting that adolescents' coping can alter the daily negative consequences associated with psychologically controlling parenting only to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assessed the frequency and nature of parent–child communication about death and identified predictors of such communication. The sample comprised 24 families who had recently lost a family member. Parents completed survey measures of global parenting dimensions (warmth/acceptance, psychological control, behavioral control), parental coping (religious and secular coping), parental religiosity, and parent–child communication about death. Almost 80% of parent–child dyads discussed death at least once a week, and children initiated approximately half of these conversations. Parental warmth/acceptance was positively associated with the frequency of parent–child communication about death, whereas psychological control, negative religious coping, private religious practices, and religious focus were negatively associated with the frequency of parent–child communication about death. Results from hierarchical linear regression analyses suggest that even when controlling for parental warmth/acceptance and psychological control, parents' private religious practices and religious focus negatively predicted the frequency of parent–child communication about death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recent systematic reviews about the impostor phenomenon unveil a severe shortage of research data on adolescents. The present study aimed at reducing this gap in the literature by investigating the association between maternal and paternal authoritarian parenting and impostor feelings among adolescents, while testing the mediating role played by parental psychological control and the moderating role of the child's gender in this context. Methods: Three hundred and eight adolescents took part in an online survey, in which they reported anonymously on their impostor feelings and their parents' parenting styles via several valid psychological questionnaires. The sample consisted of 143 boys and 165 girls, whose age ranged from 12 to 17 (M = 14.67, SD = 1.64). Results: Of the sample's participants, over 35% reported frequent to intense impostor feelings, with girls scoring significantly higher than boys on this scale. In general, the maternal and paternal parenting variables explained 15.2% and 13.3% (respectively) of the variance in the adolescents' impostor scores. Parental psychological control fully mediated (for fathers) and partially mediated (for mothers) the association between parental authoritarian parenting and the adolescents' impostor feelings. The child's gender moderated solely the maternal direct effect of authoritarian parenting on impostor feelings (this association was significant for boys alone), but not the mediating effect via psychological control. Conclusions: The current study introduces a specific explanation for the possible mechanism describing the early emergence of impostor feelings in adolescents based on parenting styles and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As adolescents begin to expand their social networks beyond their family, they turn increasingly to their peers for support. Parenting practices present in the parent–child dyad are likely to extend to peer dyads. However, when considering the process involved in the transmission from parenting practices to friendships, the mediating role of parent–child relationships remains unclear. The current study explored the mediating effect of mother–adolescent relationship quality in the association between perceived maternal parenting practices (i.e., autonomy support and psychological control) and friendship quality using a three‐wave longitudinal design, and also examined whether adolescents' gender moderates these associations. Methods: A sample of 344 Chinese adolescents (12.01 to 15‐year‐old at Wave 1, M = 13.08, SD = 0.39; 153 boys and 191 girls) filled out questionnaires on perceived maternal parenting practices, mother–adolescent relationship quality, and friendship quality, separately in three waves. Results: Perceived maternal autonomy support was associated with positive friendship quality through positive mother–adolescent relationship quality. However, perceived maternal psychological control was not associated with negative friendship quality. Moreover, marginal gender differences were only found in the associations between autonomy support and positive mother–adolescent relationship quality. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the spillover effects existed only between autonomy support and positive friendship quality, and highlight the importance of positive mother–adolescent relationship quality when promoting positive friendship quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, parental control has received significant attention from scholars. In particular, much work has been dedicated to understanding psychological control, which is parental control intruding on the child's emotional and psychological development. This study aimed to develop a maternal psychological control scale (MPCS) and to test its psychometric properties in a sample of Turkish university students. Data were collected from two separate samples comprising a total of 425 participants. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed in Study Sample 1(215) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted using Study Sample 2 (210) to verify the parental manipulation and disregard dimensions of the proposed scale. The findings revealed supportive evidence for two dimensions of the 18-item MPCS. The bivariate correlations revealed that the MPCS scores were moderately and positively correlated with loneliness scores, and those from an existing psychological control scale; however, they were negatively correlated with behavioral control and self-esteem scores. The MPCS developed in this study can be utilized by researchers, clinicians, and educators as an efficient instrument to assess emerging adults' perceived psychological control. Overall, this study contributes to practitioners and researchers in the way that perceived parental psychological control is assessed in a wide range of populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]