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Black drinkers experience more alcohol problems compared to White drinkers at comparable levels of alcohol use (Mulia et al., 2009; Witbrodt et al., 2014; Zapolski et al., 2014). Research has found that Black compared to White drinkers endorse drinking to cope more frequently via retrospective report (Bradizza et al., 1999; Cooper et al., 2008). Additional research is needed to understand contributors to these racial differences. The primary aim of the present study was to examine how quality and frequency of cross-group contact at work and/or school relates to experiencing discrimination and, in turn, drinking to cope. Seventy-two young adult drinkers (Mage = 25, 72% female, 28% male; 64% Black, 36% White) completed baseline questionnaires and a subset (n = 50) completed a 17-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. Cross-group contact frequency and quality was assessed at baseline while discrimination and coping motives were assessed via retrospective report at baseline and acutely via EMA. Accounting for sociodemographic covariates, path analyses utilizing retrospective measures revealed a significant indirect pathway from race to coping motives through quality of work/school cross-group contact and discrimination experiences related to assumptions of inferiority. Identical path analyses utilizing the acute EMA data revealed a significant indirect pathway from race to coping motives through quality of work/school cross-group contact. Improving cross-group contact at work and school may reduce drinking to cope. Additional research examining multiple domains of discrimination, quality of cross-group contact, and alcohol problems over time is needed to further understanding of social determinants of health inequities in alcohol problems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Drinking motives, or reasons people choose to drink, are well-established risk factors for alcohol use and related negative consequences. Recent research has shown utility in a self-determination theory (SDT) approach for describing motivation for engaging in behaviors that reduce the harms associated with alcohol use (i.e., drinking responsibly). In the present study, we examined the relationship between drinking motives and motivations for drinking responsibly as well as their unique and incremental associations with alcohol-related outcomes (protective behavioral strategies [PBS], consumption, and negative consequences) in two samples of college student drinkers: (a) a random sample (n = 507) recruited from a Hispanic-Serving Institution on the U.S. border with Mexico (Mage = 22.84, SD = 5.84; 67.3% female; 90.9% Hispanic) and (b) a convenience sample (n = 2,808) from Psychology Department research participation pools at 10 universities in 8 U.S. states (Mage = 20.59, SD = 4.18; 72.9% female; 58.2% non-Hispanic White). Autonomous motivations (experience of volition and choice) for drinking responsibly were negatively correlated with drinking motives, but these correlations were small-to-medium in magnitude suggesting nonredundancy between the constructs. Drinking motives were risk factors for alcohol-related outcomes, especially alcohol-related problems, and autonomous motivations for drinking responsibly were protective factors for alcohol-related outcomes, especially PBS. Both motivational constructs predicted alcohol-related outcomes beyond the other, but drinking motives generally accounted for more variance. These findings suggest that integrating motivation in relation to both drinking and drinking responsibly may lead to a better understanding of alcohol-related behaviors and the associated negative consequences among college students. Implications for college drinking interventions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Faith, as a way of how people understand God and the world and make or discover meaning in their life, is characterized by individual differences and changes over the lifetime. Our research investigates these changes over the life span in terms of hierarchically ordered types that are the elements in our developmental model, which is a critical advancement and modification of Fowler’s theory of faith development. This study is the first to investigate whether there is development in faith over the adult life span and to identify predictors of developmental change. Our mixed-method design used three-wave longitudinal data (mean lag time 10.47 years from Wave 1 to Wave 3). A sample of N = 75 participants were interviewed with the faith development interview three times and each time answered comprehensive questionnaires. Results evidenced faith development over the life span: a majority in our data moved to a higher type, while change to a lower type did occur. Openness to experience and the religious schema truth of text and teachings were potential antecedents for faith development. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Objectives The purpose of the present study was to explore Muslim Arab American women's intersecting identities, the types of discrimination they experience, and the psychosocial effects of those experiences on identity and well-being. Method Thirteen Muslim Arab American women were interviewed utilizing the consensual qualitative research (CQR) approach. Results Final domains that emerged from the data included conceptualization of racial, ethnic, and religious identity; experiences and effect of microaggressions; and coping strategies. Conclusions The results document discrimination at the intersection of their multiple identities, a perceived shift in stereotypes from weak and oppressed to anti-American and violent, and within-group discrimination in the form of colorism and judgment. Reported psychological effects of discrimination include internalization of stereotypes, burden to represent all Muslims, rejection of the White racial label, and increased activism. The findings highlight resilience and coping through active self-acceptance and advocacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE This study examined the transactional associations among maternal warmth, child temperamental inhibitory control, child externalizing behaviors, and maternal American acculturation in Korean immigrant families with young children across three time points, each 6 months apart. METHOD Korean immigrant mothers (Mage = 35.93 years, SD = 3.68) and their preschool-aged children (Mage = 4.30 years, SD = 0.98) in the U.S. participated (n = 199 at Wave 1, n = 138 at Wave 2, and n = 105 at Wave 3). Mothers reported on their family demographics, maternal warmth, maternal American acculturation, and children's temperamental inhibitory control. Teachers reported on children's externalizing problems. RESULTS Moderate to strong stabilities within each construct across time and within-time covariations among the constructs were revealed. Transactional relations between parent and child were not found. However, Wave 1 maternal American acculturation significantly influenced their level of Wave 2 maternal warmth. Wave 2 maternal warmth predicted increases in Wave 3 child temperamental inhibitory control. Maternal warmth at Wave 2 statistically mediated the association between Wave 1 maternal acculturation and Wave 3 child inhibitory control. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of examining the complex mechanisms driving the associations among child, parenting, and cultural factors in promoting positive child characteristics and parenting practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Sexual minority young persons may be at risk for compounding mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic due to their existing vulnerabilities for psychological inequities. Indeed, recent research has documented that sexual minority young persons are experiencing compounding psychiatric effects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, researchers and practitioners have hypothesized that sexual minority youth and young adults may experience unique hardships related to their sexual and gender identities and familial conflict as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and living arrangement changes with their parents and families. This study aims to investigate whether there are changes in sexual minority (and nonsexual minority) young adults' (SMYAs') mental health and well-being among those living with and living without their parents before and after the start of COVID-19. Among a cross-sectional sample of SMYAs (n = 294;Mage = 22 years;age range = 18-26) and non-SMYAs (n = 874;Mage = 22 years;age range = 18-26) defined by whether they were living with or living without their parents before and after the start of COVID-19, we retrospectively analyzed changes in psychological distress and well-being. SMYAs who returned to their parents' homes during post-onset of COVID-19 reported greater mental distress and lower well-being, followed by those who were living with their parents both before and after the start of COVID-19. Patterns were not consistent among non-SMYAs, and lower magnitudes of change were seen. There is a significant public health need for mental health services and family education resources for supporting SMYAs in the context of COVID-19 and beyond. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Researchers and practitioners hypothesized that sexual minority youth and young adults may experience unique hardships related to family as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home orders. Our results show that both sexual minority and heterosexual young adults who consistently lived with their parents before and during the pandemic and who moved back home with their parents experienced increases in psychological distress and decreases in well-being, with greater burden seen among sexual minority young adults and those who moved back home with their parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Machines have achieved a broad and growing set of linguistic competencies, thanks to recent progress in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Psychologists have shown increasing interest in such models, comparing their output to psychological judgments such as similarity, association, priming, and comprehension, raising the question of whether the models could serve as psychological theories. In this article, we compare how humans and machines represent the meaning of words. We argue that contemporary NLP systems are fairly successful models of human word similarity, but they fall short in many other respects. Current models are too strongly linked to the text-based patterns in large corpora, and too weakly linked to the desires, goals, and beliefs that people express through words. Word meanings must also be grounded in perception and action and be capable of flexible combinations in ways that current systems are not. We discuss more promising approaches to grounding NLP systems and argue that they will be more successful with a more human-like, conceptual basis for word meaning., Comment: In press at Psychological Review

OBJECTIVE African American women are exposed to multiple adverse psychosocial factors, including racism, discrimination, poverty, neighborhood stress, anxiety, and depression. The impact of these psychosocial factors on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women during early adulthood is limited. This review aims to summarize and synthesize the recent literature on psychosocial factors related to CVD risk in young African American women. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature in PubMed, APA PsycINFO, and CINAHL. We systematically reviewed the literature for studies examining associations between psychosocial factors (e.g. racism, discrimination, neighborhood stress, anxiety) and CVD risk factors (e.g. body mass index [BMI], blood pressure, diabetes) in African American women age 19-24 years. Eligible studies measured at least one psychosocial factor, a CVD risk factor, and included young adult African American women (age 19-24) or reported sex-stratified analyses. RESULTS We identified nine studies that met our inclusion criteria: six cross-sectional and three longitudinal studies. Of these, eight studies reported that psychosocial factors (i.e. perceived stress, racial discrimination, internalized racism, depression) are related to higher BMI and blood pressure. The majority of studies were conducted among college students or had a small sample size (

Objectives To reduce disparities in HIV care outcomes among Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) immigrants living with HIV in the U.S., it is necessary to identify factors influencing HIV care in this population. A systematic review that provides a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing retention in HIV care and viral suppression among LAC immigrants living with HIV in the U.S. is lacking. This systematic review used the Immigrant Health Services Utilization theoretical framework to provide an understanding of these factors. Design We searched for peer-reviewed publications in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ASSIA, from January 1996 to June 2020. Results A total of 17 qualitative (n = 10) and quantitative (n = 7) studies were included in the review. The most commonly reported general and immigrant-specific factors appearing in studies were undocumented immigration status, HIV stigma, homophobia, cultural norms, values and beliefs, family and social support, language barriers, structure, complexity and quality of the U.S. healthcare delivery system, and patient-provider relationship. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of considering immigrant-specific factors along with general factors to improve the provision of HIV care services and HIV care outcomes among LAC immigrant populations.

Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use is common, but it exacerbates negative consequences. Individuals use alcohol and cannabis products in different ways and have distinct reasons for use. The present study examines day-level effects of motives on consequences on SAM-use days, accounting for consumption, and tests whether using multiple alcohol (e.g., beer + liquor) and/or cannabis (e.g., concentrate + leaf) products on the same day mediates these relations. College students engaging in SAM use at least once in the past month (N = 281; Mage = 20.17) completed two bursts of 28 consecutive days of data collection. We examined within-person effects of motives (effect-enhancement, social, offered [it was offered], coping) on number of negative consequences and on experiencing hangover, nausea, or blackout; and indirect effects via two concurrent mediators: using multiple alcohol products and multiple cannabis products. Total effect models showed effect-enhancement motives were related to nausea, social motives to number of total consequences and hangover, and coping motives to blackout. Effect-enhancement, social, and offered motives evinced significant indirect effects on consequence outcomes via multiple alcohol, but not cannabis, product use. Coping motives did not exhibit significant indirect effects, and were related to multiple cannabis, but not alcohol, product use, although all other motives were related to both mediators. Findings support recent work demonstrating within-person relations between social motives and negative consequences on SAM-use days. Limiting the number of alcohol products consumed on SAM-use days may be beneficial, particularly for young adults using to enhance intoxication or for social reasons. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Racial and ethnic minority women from low-resource urban communities experience disproportionately high rates of trauma exposure. Higher rates of lifetime trauma exposure are strongly associated with subsequent psychological sequela, specifically depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Communal mastery is the ability to cope with challenges and achieve goals by being closely interconnected with friends, family, and significant others. Yet, it is unknown if communal mastery is protective specifically against PTSD and depressive symptoms. Method: Participants (N = 131) were Black and Latina women (88.5% Black, mean monthly income: < $750) recruited from an urban outpatient obstetric-gynecological clinic at an academic medical center. Participants completed an online questionnaire that assessed trauma history, PTSD and depressive symptoms, types of individualistic coping, social support, and communal mastery. Results: Hierarchical multiple regression models demonstrated that communal mastery is uniquely associated with fewer PTSD symptoms (β = -.23, p = .003). More severe trauma history, more use of passive coping skills, and poorer social support were also significantly associated with PTSD symptoms, explaining over half of the variance in PTSD symptoms. Although significantly correlated, communal mastery was not uniquely associated with fewer depressive symptoms (β = -.13, p = .201). Conclusions: These findings suggest that connectedness as assessed through communal mastery serves as an important shield against the effects of traumatic stress for Black and Latina women. Future research would benefit by exploring interventions that aim to increase communal mastery in order to help highly trauma-exposed racial and ethnic minority women in low-resource environments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Cannabis products available for retail purchase are often marketed based on purported plant species (e.g., "indica" or "sativa"). The cannabis industry frequently claims that indica versus sativa cannabis elicits unique effects and/or is useful for different therapeutic indications. Few studies have evaluated use patterns, beliefs, subjective experiences, and situations in which individuals use indica versus sativa. A convenience sample of cannabis users (n = 179) was surveyed via Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk). Participants were asked about their prior use of, subjective experiences with, and opinions on indica versus sativa cannabis and completed hypothetical purchasing tasks for both cannabis subtypes. Participants reported a greater preference to use indica in the evening and sativa in the morning and afternoon. Participants were more likely to perceive feeling "sleepy/tired" or "relaxed" after using indica and "alert," "energized," and "motivated" after using sativa. Respondents were more likely to endorse wanting to use indica if they were going to sleep soon but more likely to use sativa at a party. Hypothetical purchasing patterns (i.e., grams of cannabis purchased as a function of escalating price) did not differ between indica and sativa, suggesting that demand was similar. Taken together, cannabis users retrospectively report feeling different effects from indica and sativa; however, demand generally did not differ between cannabis subtypes, suggesting situational factors could influence whether someone uses indica or sativa. Placebo-controlled, blinded studies are needed to characterize the pharmacodynamics and chemical composition of indica and sativa cannabis and to determine whether user expectancies contribute to differences in perceived indica/sativa effects. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic risk factor for many mental health disorders and develops in the context of early trauma exposure. Research suggests intergenerational risk associated with trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such that maternal trauma experiences and related symptoms can negatively impact child outcomes across development. The goals of the present study were to examine child and mother correlates of child PTSD symptoms and the unique roles of child and maternal emotion dysregulation in understanding child PTSD symptoms. METHOD Subjects included 105 African American mother-child dyads from an urban hospital serving primarily low-income minority individuals. RESULTS Correlational results showed that child trauma exposure, child emotion dysregulation, maternal depressive symptoms, maternal emotion dysregulation, and potential for maternal child abuse all were significantly associated with child PTSD symptoms (ps < 0.05). Hierarchical linear regression models revealed that child trauma exposure, maternal depression, and maternal abuse potential accounted for 29% of the variance in child PTSD symptoms (p < 0.001). Both child emotion dysregulation (Rchange² = 0.14, p < .001) and maternal emotion dysregulation (Rchange² = 0.04, p < .05) were significantly associated with child PTSD symptoms independent of other risk factors and potential for maternal abuse was no longer a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that maternal emotion dysregulation may be an important factor in influencing their child's PTSD symptoms above and beyond child-specific variables. Both maternal and child emotion dysregulation could be valuable treatment targets for improving maternal mental health and parenting behaviors and bolstering child health outcomes, thus reducing intergenerational transmission of risk associated with trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Previous research has highlighted the value in parsing unidimensional assessments of children's involvement in interparental conflict into distinct forms for advancing an understanding of children's development; however, little is known about the underlying antecedents of distinct forms of involvement. The present study provides the first systematic analysis of the interparental conflict and parenting predictors of residualized change in maternal reports of three forms of children's involvement in interparental conflict (i.e., cautious, caregiving, coercive). Participants in this multimethod, multi-informant longitudinal study included 243 preschool children (Mage = 4.60 years), mothers, and their partners from racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse backgrounds. Multivariate analyses demonstrated selectivity in links between interparental conflict and parenting and children's involvement in interparental conflict. Findings from the interparental conflict analyses revealed that Wave 1 constructive conflict uniquely predicted lower Wave 2 cautious involvement, and Wave 1 hostile conflict uniquely predicted greater Wave 2 coercive involvement. Findings from the parenting analyses indicated that Wave 1 maternal responsiveness uniquely predicted lower Wave 2 cautious involvement and Wave 1 maternal vulnerability uniquely predicted greater Wave 2 coercive involvement. Although interparental conflict and parenting antecedents did not predict caregiving involvement, a series of follow-up analyses individually examining each form of interparental conflict and parenting as a predictor of children's involvement revealed that greater Wave 2 caregiving involvement was predicted by higher levels of Wave 1 disengaged conflict and lower levels of Wave 1 constructive conflict. Findings are interpreted in the context of developmental psychopathology models that emphasize children's response patterns to family adversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE First-time-in-college (FTIC) students are relatively inexperienced with alcohol and have pressure to assimilate to new norms, and, therefore, are at a heightened risk of alcohol-related consequences. The present study investigates the use of a brief deviance regulation theory (DRT) intervention to increase the use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) among FTIC students. METHOD Participation took place completely online. Participants were first-year college students (n = 147, Mage = 18.11, 77.68% female) at a large southwest U.S. university. Participants were randomly assigned one of three conditions: (a) a positive message about individuals who use PBS, (b) a negative message about individuals who do not use PBS, or (c) an assessment-only control group. Participants then completed weekly assessments for 5 weeks, examining alcohol use and consequences, PBS use, and perceived PBS norms. Contrasting previous research, the present study investigated weekly effects of the intervention. In addition, norm type (quantity vs. frequency) was examined as moderators of intervention messaging. RESULTS Across conditions, both quantity and frequency norms increased over time. The positive message produced immediate and lasting effects on SLD PBS among those with higher (+ 1 SD) frequency norms. The intervention effects for the negative message, using the quantity norm, grew across time on all PBS. CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial support for the use of a DRT prevention program for FTIC students. Negative messages may promote long-term PBS use, while positive messages may be most effective in addressing immediate and lasting changes in the use of alcohol protective strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE This investigation examined the impact of social networks on drinking reduction efforts following a brief alcohol intervention. In a reanalysis of data from an earlier randomized controlled trial with nonstudent emerging adult drinkers (Lau-Barraco et al., 2018), we aimed to test three domains of preintervention social network features as potential factors influencing intervention response: (a) general network characteristics (i.e., network size, network stability), (b) general network alcohol use (i.e., network alcohol abstainers, network heavy/problem drinkers), and (c) risky peers in network (i.e., proportion of drinking buddies, presence of drinking buddies identified as heavy/problem drinker). METHOD Participants were 164 emerging adult heavy drinkers recruited from the community (65.9% men; mean age = 21.98 years; 56.2% ethnic minority). Participants were randomly assigned to either a brief personalized feedback intervention (PFI) or assessment-only control and provided data at 1-month and 3-month follow-ups. RESULTS Greater network stability and greater representation of alcohol abstainers in one's social network were associated with improved initial postintervention response. Heavy/problem drinkers in the network did not moderate initial postintervention effects on drinking outcomes, but there was potentially a stronger intervention effect on risk reduction for those with higher proportions of drinking buddies in their network. CONCLUSIONS Study findings provided evidence that a PFI was efficacious in mitigating some risky social network influence. However, findings did not support a consistent impact across all the network variables examined. Future research is needed to further clarify social network influences and how they may be targeted to enhance intervention efficacy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Risky drinking remains high among young adults and is associated with negative health-related consequences. Brief interventions (BIs) are an evidence-based practice for risky drinking that are particularly well suited for young adults. However, the widespread implementation of BIs remains challenging. This article highlights guiding principles for researchers and clinicians seeking to implement BI for young adults. Method: Five guiding principles for the implementation of BIs for young adults with risky drinking are introduced as follows: (a) selecting an implementation model; (b) considering contextual factors; (c) specifying an implementation strategy; (d) assessing implementation outcomes; and (e) embracing hybrid effectiveness-implementation designs. Advancing health equity is considered a key crosscutting theme. Results: Multiple implementation models are discussed including process models, determinant frameworks, classic theories, implementation theories, and evaluation frameworks. Contextual factors impacting BI implementation are then considered across multiple levels within an organization. Next, we present methods for selecting implementation strategies and discuss implementation outcomes that can be measured during preimplementation, implementation, and sustainability phases. Finally, we encourage employing hybrid effectiveness-implementation designs to reduce the BI science-practice gap. Guiding principles are illustrated with examples from two National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism-funded studies exploring BI implementation domestically and internationally. Conclusions: This article introduces foundational principles and emerging strategies to nonspecialist researchers, clinicians, and policymakers seeking to enhance the dissemination and implementation of BIs. Advancing the dissemination and implementation of BIs is essential to ensure that investments in BI research are fully realized to equitably improve public health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Risky substance use among college students is widespread, and associated with numerous adverse consequences. Current interventions focus primarily on students' current substance use; we hypothesize that shifting focus from current use to underlying risk factors is a complementary approach that may improve effectiveness of prevention/intervention programming. This approach aligns with the personalized medicine movement, which aims to harness knowledge about underlying etiological factors to provide individuals with specific information about their unique risk profiles and personalized recommendations, to motivate and enable individuals to better self-regulate their health. Method: Our group is building and evaluating an online Personalized Feedback Program (PFP) for college students that provides feedback about the individual's underlying genetically influenced externalizing and internalizing risk factors for substance use, along with personalized recommendations/resources. The project capitalizes on work from a university-wide research project (Spit for Science; S4S), in which > 12,000 students (˜70% of 5 years of incoming freshmen) are being followed longitudinally to assess substance use and related factors across the college years. In this article, we describe our foundational work to develop the PFP. Results: From the S4S data, we have identified risk factors across four domains (Sensation Seeking, Impulsivity, Extraversion, and Neuroticism) that are correlated with college students' substance use. We developed an online self-guided PFP, in collaboration with professionals from student affairs, and using feedback from students, with the ultimate goal of conducting a randomized clinical trial. Conclusion: The provision of personalized risk information represents a novel approach to complement and extend existing college substance use programming. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

American parents describe bonding with their child as a primary reason for engaging in shared picture book reading. One prominent reading intervention (dialogic reading) reliably increases language outcomes, but until recently, has not been evaluated for how well it promotes warm parent-child interactions. In this study, a digital application designed to promote parent-child conversation by modeling dialogic questioning also increased mutuality, positivity, and on-task behaviors. Three- and 4-year-old American children (n = 73) and their parents were randomly assigned to read 10 times at home either: (a) an eBook with a character who modeled dialogic questioning (experimental); (b) a version of the same eBook without modeling (control); or (c) to choose between versions for each reading (choice). An adaption of the PARCHISY coding scheme was used to evaluate parent, child, and dyadic behaviors during in-lab readings at the beginning and end of the 2-week home reading period. At the final visit, experimental group families showed significant growth in mutuality (i.e., responsiveness, reciprocity, and cooperation), on-task behaviors, and parent and child positivity, and displayed more of these behaviors than families not exposed to modeling. Some increases in mutuality and positivity also emerged in families in the choice condition, but fewer than in families who only read the eBook with modeling. Parents and children exhibited no significant changes in negativity in any condition. This study suggests that carefully designed digital technology has the potential to foster positive shared reading interactions between parents and young children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

As a powerful tool for synthesizing information from multiple studies, meta-analysis has gained high popularity in many disciplines. Conclusions stemming from meta-analyses are often used to direct theory development, calibrate sample size planning, and guide critical decision-making and policymaking. However, meta-analyses can be conflicted, misleading, and irreproducible. One of the reasons for meta-analyses to be misleading is the improper handling of measurement unreliability. We show that even when there is no publication bias, the current meta-analysis procedures would frequently detect nonexistent effects, and provide severely biased estimates and intervals with coverage rates far below the intended level. In this study, an effective approach to correcting for unreliability is proposed and evaluated via simulation studies. Its sensitivity to the violation of the homogeneous reliability and residual correlation assumption is also tested. The proposed method is illustrated using a real meta-analysis on the relationship between extroversion and subjective well-being. Substantial differences in meta-analytic results are observed between the proposed method and existing methods. Further, although not specifically designed for aggregating effect sizes with various measures, the proposed method can be used to fulfill the purpose. The study ends with discussions on the limitations and guidelines for implementing the proposed approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

esearch in the field of narrative psychology has found that redemption—a narrative sequence in which people recount emotionally negative experiences as having positive endings—is a useful mechanism for coping with adversity. Redemption has been viewed as a cultural master narrative in North America, providing individuals with a socially valued script for narrating challenging life experiences. Presently little research has examined the presence and function of the redemption narrative outside of North American contexts. The aim of this qualitative study, therefore, was to identify themes in U.K. individuals’ narratives of trauma and adversity to gain insight into the content of the master narrative for meaning-making in the U.K. Sixty-five participants (57 females, Mage = 21.97, SD = 7.24) with little to no experience of lifetime adversity were recruited into an online survey. Participants answered open-ended questions adopting the perspective of a survivor from a selected U.K. national tragedy, focusing on how they felt survivors could recover from trauma. We identified 2 themes in our thematic analysis that were relevant to recovery: recuperation and redemption. Recuperation was most commonly reported, it was described as a gradual lessening of symptoms over time and the ability to cope with the lasting emotional and physical scars. Our findings suggest that redemption is not necessarily the dominant cultural script in the U.K. for guiding recovery in the aftermath of trauma. (APA PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

The present study explores the impact of religiosity during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020). The focus is on associations between religiosity, coronavirus anxiety, and preventive behavior. Participants were 1,182 U.S. citizens (50% female;20-83 years of age). Highly religious participants scored higher on the somatic component of coronavirus anxiety (emotionality) but lower on the cognitive component (worry). With regard to preventive behavior, highly religious participants reported more unreasonable behavior (e.g., avoiding 5G networks, hoarding toilet paper) than participants with low religiosity;at the bivariate level, there were no differences in reasonable behavior (e.g., physical contact avoidance, frequent handwashing). A comprehensive mediation model showed emotionality-mediated associations between religiosity and unreasonable behavior (positive indirect effect) but also worry-mediated associations between religiosity and reasonable behavior (negative indirect effect). The results remained stable when controlling for relevant sociodemographic variables. The discussion centers on religiosity, information processing, and rationality during a global health crisis situation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

The objective of this study was to describe the psychological and quality of life outcomes in demobilized Colombian ex-combatants.A cross-sectional study was conducted on 58 ex-combatants from the Colombian government's reintegration program. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was measured by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. We applied the Beck-II Depression Inventory, Resilience Scale, Everyday Discrimination Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Short Version (WHOQOL-BREF) for measuring symptoms of depression, resilience, discrimination, and quality of life, respectively.The prevalence of PTSD was 63,8%, principally on ex-combatants with ≤10 years in the reinstatement program. Females with primary/elementary school, extremely low social status, unipersonal family type, family income1 minimal wage, and symptoms of depression showed a higher prevalence ratio (1.30). The mean scores of depression symptoms, resilience, and quality of life were systematically poorer in the group with PTSD. Significant differences were found Resilience scale domains Personal Competence (p = .043) and Acceptance of Self and Life (p = .012), WHOQOL-BREF Psychological (p = .029) and Environment domains (p = .015).Colombian ex-combatants with PTSD attending a reinstatement program presented a higher frequency of depression symptoms, lower quality of life, and lower resilience than those without PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective Police officers typically face multiple potentially traumatic events and consequently have a higher conditional probability of developing PTSD. Although most police officers with PTSD benefit from first-line treatment, it is unknown whether recommended intensification of treatment for low responders is effective and which factors contribute to response. This study aimed to examine the treatment response of a day clinic for police officers with PTSD and identify predictors of treatment response. Method Between 2009 and 2019, routine outcome monitoring measurements consisting of PTSD symptom severity and general psychological distress were administered at two timepoints among 102 patients undergoing a day clinic treatment consisting of trauma-focused therapy, sociotherapy, and psychomotor therapy. Hierarchical regression was used to assess whether change in PTSD symptom severity was associated with baseline PTSD and depression severity, gender, age, and eligibility for a recognition procedure. Results Significant improvements in PTSD symptom severity were found over the course of the treatment (d = .59), with 47% of patients showing statistically reliable improvement in their symptoms. The only significant predictor of treatment response was eligibility for a recognition procedure, with the total model explaining approximately 10% of the variation in treatment response. Conclusions Intensifying treatment for police officers with PTSD who do not respond to previous trauma-focused treatment appears beneficial for a substantial number of patients. However, eligibility for a recognition procedure may negatively impact treatment response. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Veterans Health Administration (VHA) continues to expand the mental health (MH) workforce to meet increasing demand for services. In the present study, longitudinal unbiased recursive partitioning models (conditional inference trees) were created to identify optimal cutoffs for outpatient staffing ratios associated with success on VHA's measures of quality, access, and satisfaction. Quarterly Staff-to-Patient Ratios (SPRs), defined as the number of full-time equivalent providers per 1,000 veterans receiving outpatient mental health care, were calculated for 12 quarters from fiscal years 2016-2018. Associations between VHA metrics associated with quality, access, and satisfaction were evaluated in relation to the overall outpatient SPR. The root node identified an overall outpatient SPR of 7.39 as the split for optimal MH performance. Root nodes associated with metrics addressing population coverage, continuity of care, and experience of care identified SPRs of 7.87, 6.81, and 7.42, respectively. In all analyses, the lowest SPRs were associated with the lowest performance on VHA MH metrics, while the highest SPRs were associated with the highest performance. Analyses support VHA's current recommended minimum outpatient SPR of 7.72 as a reasonable target to provide high-quality care, access, and satisfaction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol expectancies are well-established determinants of alcohol consumption. Traditionally, expectancies were assessed using self-report questionnaires. However, researchers have increasingly begun to explore the use of pictographic assessments, for example, the revised Alcohol Expectancy Task [rAET]. The current research aimed to examine the factor structure of the task in relation to the hypothesised expectancy dimensions, participants' endorsement of these dimensions, and whether rAET scores are associated with drinking patterns. The rAET presents participants with several illustrated scenarios in which people are displaying emotions, following the Circumplex Model of Affect. For each scenario, participants select which type of drink the person presented in the illustration was most likely to have drunk. The rAET was administered online to a convenience sample (n = 1,192, female: 50.7%, Mage = 36.8, SD = 13.7). The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated adequate fit of the hypothesised four-factor model. Mean comparisons demonstrated that positive expectancies were more pronounced than negative expectancies, and a distinction between arousal and sedation expectancies was found. Results of a structural equation model found that positive sedation and positive arousal were related to high drinking frequency. There were no links between usual quantity of alcohol use or binge drinking. It appears that the rAET can be successfully used to assess alcohol expectancies in terms of the emotions that are expected to occur from alcohol consumption. Future research is needed to establish the tool's assessment properties in different settings, and its utility in predicting alcohol consumption in different age groups, particularly children and young adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE This study examines how demographic factors (i.e., age, employment, or income) and personal life experiences (i.e., witnessing intimate partner violence [IPV] in childhood, number of violent partners, violence perpetration, or stressful life events) are related to IPV frequency across types of IPV (i.e., physical assault, psychological aggression, or sexual coercion) in a racially diverse sample. METHOD Participants included 126 women recruited from community organizations in the Mid-South, United States who experienced IPV in the past 6 months (Mage = 32.90, SD = 6.82). The majority of the sample self-identified as Black or African American (66%) and reported an annual income below $20,000 (73%). Three linear regressions were run to assess relations between age, employment status, annual income, witnessing IPV in childhood, number of violent partners, violence perpetration, and stressful life events for each type of IPV; all three models also accounted for the other forms of IPV. RESULTS Psychological aggression was significantly associated with a higher income as well as more frequent physical assault and sexual coercion. Physical assault was linked with younger age, lower income, not witnessing IPV in childhood, IPV perpetration, more psychological aggression, and more sexual coercion. Sexual coercion was associated with more stressful life events, having multiple violent partners, higher psychological aggression, and higher physical assault. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that interventions should target mutable demographic factors and screen for personal life events to reduce IPV frequency and revictimization across types of IPV. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE: Police officers experience many traumatic events over the course of their career, often resulting in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and associated psychological distress. Studies have investigated the efficacy of interventions aimed at reducing symptoms of PTSD experienced by police officers, but lacking are studies investigating the impact of PTSD on positivity, a construct we define as a latent variable estimated using self-report measures of optimism, gratitude, self-compassion, and mindfulness. The present study carried out a path analysis of a model testing the hypothesis that PTSD would be associated with increased psychological distress and decreased positivity, both of which influence well-being. The model also evaluated associations between constructs that could be modified through interventions to increase well-being-associations between posttraumatic growth, social support, physical activity and psychological distress, positivity, and well-being. METHOD: Police officers (n = 506) completed an online survey that included self-report measures of the constructs included in the model being tested. RESULTS: The model tested produced fit indices of root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .089; comparative fit index (CFI) = .960; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = .93; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = .041 and R² = .79. Results found that neither PTSD or psychological distress had a direct effect on well-being. Psychological distress indirectly influenced well-being by lowering levels of positivity, while positivity was associated with higher scores on the measure of well-being. CONCLUSIONS: The implication of the results is that interventions aimed at enhancing positivity could be expected to improve well-being in police officers and offering traditional therapies together with positivity enhancing therapies may have additional benefits over either alone. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE In this study, we tested direct pathways from trauma exposure to trauma symptomatology and risky and self-destructive behavior and indirect pathways through two cognitive and affective mechanisms: (a) world assumptions and (b) emotion dysregulation. METHOD A sample of 270 undergraduate students with an average age of 20.02 years participated in the study (204 women, 65 men, and one participant choosing not to disclose). Participants completed self-report measures assessing trauma exposure, trauma symptoms, emotion dysregulation, world assumptions, and lifetime and past-month engagement in any of 38 risky and self-destructive behaviors. RESULTS The direct path from trauma exposure to trauma symptoms was significant, and so was the indirect effect of self-worth assumptions on this association. The indirect pathway between trauma symptoms and risky and self-destructive behavior in the past month was significant through difficulties with impulse control when distressed. Trauma symptoms had an indirect effect on the association between trauma exposure and lifetime and past-month engagement in risky and self-destructive behavior, while the direct pathway from trauma exposure to lifetime engagement remained significant. CONCLUSION We offer theoretically and empirically supported integrative pathways that explicate some aspects of trauma exposure's negative sequelae with potential areas for intervention. Clinical Impact Statement: Trauma exposure is widespread and is associated with negative views about oneself and the world and with difficulties in managing one's emotions, which in part is associated with individuals' risk for developing psychopathology and engaging in risky and self-destructive behaviors. The findings inform optimal time for intervention and prevention efforts targeting trauma exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE The primary aims of this study were to identify latent profiles of acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms and to evaluate postconcussive symptom differences across the identified profiles as measured by the Acute Stress Disorder Scale and the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation, respectively. METHOD Participants (N = 315) in the current study were predominantly active-duty (75.0%), enlisted (97.8%) males (97.4%) serving in the U.S. Army (87.8%). Approximately, half of the sample reported being married or engaged (51.1%) and was on average 25.94 (SD = 6.31) years old. Participants were referred to the Air Force Theater Hospital, 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing, Joint Base Balad, Iraq, to be evaluated as part of routine clinical assessment for neurocognitive and psychological symptoms following exposure to a blast. RESULTS A 3-profile solution was identified as the most parsimonious and best-fitting model based on statistical model fit indices. Blast injured service members in Profile 3 had greater ASD total and subscale severity compared to the other 2 subgroups, with effect size estimates largely differing by hyperarousal and reexperiencing symptoms. Furthermore, Profiles 2 and 3 were more likely to demonstrate postconcussive symptoms compared to Profile 1. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide novel information on heterogenous ASD symptom profiles during the acute phase following a blast injury and highlight the relationship between psychological and physical symptoms. Classification of blast-injured service members may help identify at-risk individuals who would benefit from further clinical care and mitigate long-term psychological and neurocognitive issues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective The presence of the COVID-19 and racism pandemics underscored the need for a basic model of advocacy for psychologists and budding psychologists. We offer a new model of action to be easily replicated, particularly during times of crisis, with aims to impact change locally and beyond the therapeutic space. Method The D.C. Psychological Association (DCPA) actively responded to the double pandemics of COVID-19. Using a posthoc qualitative analysis four steps were identified: organizing, providing support and education, and engaging in advocacy (O-SEA Approach), which all centered the specific skill set of psychologists and psychologists-in-training. Results Measures of success included the following: increased membership and engagement of members, development of relevant programming to providers and the community, community attendance of events, statements indicating knowledge gained by providers, new connections with local organizations and officials, and local legislative change. Conclusions The O-SEA Approach provides a framework for local advocacy that can empower psychologists to contribute their expertise in tangible and impactful ways. This model seeks justice for all people through elevating the voices of the unjustly marginalized, providing support and education to mental health providers and the community, and advocating for policy that is grounded in culturally relevant research. The O-SEA Approach can be successful in these aspirations and be applied in communities across the nation. Clinical Impact Statement: The permanence of racism in the United States is evident throughout history when examining America's social, economic, and political systems. Racism's reverberations are present locally, in the nation's capital, through its policing techniques and gentrification, among other insidious manifestations. COVID-19's global impact has been reported to have particularly deleterious effects on Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) through impacting housing, food, and income security while simultaneously underscoring the lack of access to health resources. This demanded a response by mental health professionals. Consequently, the D.C. Psychological Association made efforts to organize, support, educate, and advocate for the local community through what is called the O-SEA Approach. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

While previous research has indicated that alcohol use is associated with difficulties in emotion processing and socioemotional functioning, less is known about the effects of cannabis on these functions. The purpose of this review article is to provide the current state of knowledge on the effects of cannabis on emotion processing with regard to behavioral, physiological, and neural responses. This narrative review synthesizes previous research investigating the effects of cannabis on emotion processing across studies that have utilized a number of experimental approaches to determine both the acute and chronic effects of cannabis on emotion processing. Limitations of current research and steps for future directions are discussed. Existing research has shown that cannabis use is associated with difficulties in emotion processing, such as impairments in correctly identifying emotions and problems with emotion differentiation. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have produced mixed findings, but have considered a number of variables, such as participant sex, and comorbid depression. In addition, while there are mixed findings for the effects of cannabis on amygdalar brain activity across functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, several studies indicate that cannabis use is linked with decreased brain response in the frontal lobe while viewing emotional stimuli. To our knowledge, this is one of the first critical review articles focused on an emerging research area of cannabis and emotion processing. Synthesizing the existing findings in this developing research field is important for future prevention and intervention studies focused on promoting healthy socioemotional functioning in cannabis users. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

It is projected that by 2045, racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S. will become the majority. Unfortunately, the numbers of racial/ethnic minority psychologists have not kept up with population trends. This discrepancy poses challenges for many psychology training sites, including the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). There is a lack of data on what factors are important for psychology applicants, including racial/ethnic minority trainees when they are considering internship and postdoctoral training sites. This quality improvement project surveyed 237 VA psychology trainees (59% psychology interns, 32.5% psychology postdoctoral fellows, 69.6% White, 9.3% multiracial, 6.8% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 5.1% Black/African American, 4.2% Latinx American, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% Middle Eastern) to study what factors are important when considering training sites. Results indicated that overall, racial/ethnic minority and White trainees endorsed similar primary factors when considering training programs. Site related factors (e.g., perceived workload, training opportunities) and future work related factors (e.g., ease of licensure, obtaining a first job) were top considerations regardless of race/ethnicity. The groups diverged in secondary factors with racial/ethnic minorities desiring infusion of diversity in training more than White applicants and White applicants considering quality of life factors such as extracurricular opportunities and convenience of daily living more important than racial/ethnic minority applicants. Qualitative data indicated applicants perceived VA training sites to be more welcoming and offer more opportunities for learning about diversity than non-VA sites. Recommendations for recruiting psychology trainees in general, and then specifically for racial/ethnic minority applicants are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine for Syrian refugee women in Turkey the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy (CA-CBT). METHOD Participants were randomly allocated to receive either CA-CBT (n = 12) or treatment-as-usual (TAU; n = 11). We used the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL) to assess posttraumatic stress symptoms and anxious-depressive distress. CA-CBT was delivered through seven weekly group sessions. RESULTS CA-CBT had a large effect on PTSD (HTQ d = 1.17) and nearly medium effect sizes for anxious-depressive distress (HSCL d = .40). There were also low drop-out rates and an absence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Because CA-CBT greatly reduced PTSD symptoms as compared with TAU and had a low drop-out rate, no adverse events, and was deliverable in a short treatment frame (seven sessions) and in a group format, we conclude that the treatment is effective, acceptable, and feasible and has the potential for scalability. Clinical Impact Statement: A Syrian version of CA-CBT was effective (large effect sizes for the HTQ), feasible, and potentially scalable (easy application, conducted with trained facilitators, short-term therapy, group format), and acceptable (as evidenced by very low drop out and no adverse events). Thus, the Syrian version of CA-CBT appears to be a valuable psychological intervention for traumatized Syrian refugees, particularly given the lack of effective treatments for this group. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE In nationally funded research in the U.S., ethnicity and race are measured with checkbox questions, the limited categories of which may yield significant missing data and low salience to available categories, particularly among adults of color. How adolescent-generated data compare to these limited categories, and how adolescents, not just those of color, describe their culture are understudied. In our sample, we asked the following: (a) how do adolescents' ethnicity/race and culture identifications compare?, (b) how do adolescents' open-ended ethnicity/race and checkbox ethnicity/race labels compare?, and (c) how do adolescents' ethnicity/race labels compare to available categories for identification on the National Institutes of Health's (NIH's) demographic form? METHOD Data from 76 adolescents (64.5% female, Mage = 15.78 years) were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS White adolescents were as likely as adolescents of color to identify with cultural labels, and most adolescents described culture differently than race/ethnicity. White adolescents' open-ended and checkbox labels overlapped more (38.8%) than adolescents of colors' (22.5%). Only 17% of adolescents' open-ended race/ethnicity identification labels and 54% of their checkbox identifications were available on the NIH's demographic form. CONCLUSIONS As measurement of demographic data is reduced to few options that favor privileged identities, innovative methods to measure individuals' identities are warranted. Using tools that do not reflect individuals' identity labels may increase error and reflects structural problems of research inequity. Our findings provide initial evidence of this methodological issue in a sample of adolescents. Building inclusive demographic tools from individuals' self-descriptors that remain feasible and practical for use can diminish inequity associated with describing "diverse" populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired parenting, child mental health problems, and family dysfunction. Public service agencies, such as child welfare, may serve as critical points of entry to services for families impacted by caregiver PTSD; however, assessment of trauma and PTSD among caregivers is not always systematically incorporated into service planning. The Structured Trauma-Related Experiences and Symptoms Screener for Adults (STRESS-A) was developed to address barriers to screening and assessment by providing an easy-to-administer tool for use by clinically and nonclinically trained professionals. The current study evaluated the reliability and validity of the STRESS-A among fathers and mothers (N = 1245) referred by child protective services (CPS) to receive an intervention to reduce domestic violence. Methods Caregivers enrolled in the intervention completed the STRESS-A, along with measures of co-occurring mental health concerns. Results The STRESS-A demonstrated satisfactory internal reliability across the full sample and within maternal and paternal subsamples. Construct validity was supported by well-fitting models of the DSM-5 symptom structure. Convergent validity was supported by strong correlations with scores on measures of commonly occurring comorbid symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety). Measurement invariance testing revealed that PTSD symptom factor loadings may not be equivalent between mothers and fathers when using the DSM-5 four-factor, DSM-IV three-factor, or one-factor models. Conclusion The study supports the STRESS-A as a reliable and valid tool for measuring PTSD symptoms in caregivers with current domestic violence and CPS involvement. Findings indicate further research investigating symptom structure differences between mothers and fathers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

One of the key life history assumptions is that mortality rates are positively associated with fast life history dynamics. Since the COVID-19 pandemic has elevated mortality rates throughout the world, we tested this assumption using reproductive motivation (desired number of children and desired age of first reproduction) as a key output measure using a repeated cross-sectional design. We assessed reproductive motivation in Serbian young adults before the pandemic started (N = 362), during the pandemic-caused state of emergency (the peak of the epidemic's first wave: N = 389) and after the state of emergency (i.e., after the first wave: N = 430). Furthermore, in the third time-point we measured experiences during the state of emergency and additional measures of reproductive motivation (reasons for and against parenthood). Subsamples were matched by sex, education, and the sampling procedure. We found the between-group differences which are congruent with life history theory: the desired age of first reproduction was lowest after the state of emergency compared to the 2 previous time-points. However, there were no differences in the desired number of children. Furthermore, the analysis of the links between experiences during the epidemic and reproductive motivation yielded the results which are incongruent with life history theory-adverse experiences during the state of emergency were negatively related to the reproductive motivation. Since the findings were only partially in accordance with life history theory, we discuss possible reasons which may explain the heterogeneity of results. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement One of the key assumptions of life history theory is that elevated mortality rates should produce faster life history dynamics which should reflect in higher fertility. This hypothesis is important not only for understanding evolutionary processes in an ecological context but also for predicting demographic trends as well. This assumption was tested by examining the links between COVID-19 epidemic and reproductive motivation (desired number of children and desired age of first reproduction) in young adults. The results showed mixed support for the life history predictions and provide useful guidelines for future studies in this topic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a portable neuroimaging technique that may serve as a methodological tool for studying how sociocultural contexts can shape the human brain and impact cognition and behavior. The use of fNIRS in community-based research may (a) advance theoretical knowledge in psychology and neuroscience, particularly regarding underrepresented ethnic-racial communities; (b) increase diversity in samples; and (c) provide neurobiological evidence of sociocultural factors supporting human development. The review aims to introduce the use of fNIRS, including its practicalities and limitations, to new adopters inquiring how sociocultural inputs affect the brain. The review begins with an introduction to cultural neuroscience, and a review on the use of fNIRS follows. Next, benefits and guidelines to the design of fNIRS research in naturalistic environments (in the community or in the field) using a cultural lens are discussed. Strengths-based and community-based approaches in cultural neuroscience are recommended throughout. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

PURPOSE The current study tested the predictor roles of psychological hardiness, perceived stress, time passed through the traumatic event(s), and gender and age on posttraumatic growth in individuals who experienced traumatic events in different ways. METHOD A total of 1,132 participants were included in seven samples of individuals who had experienced trauma in different ways, such as those who experienced the trauma directly (n = 159); those who witnessed trauma (n = 50); those who have a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 172); those who were both directly traumatized, and witnessed trauma (n = 103); those who were both directly traumatized and had a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 261); those who both witnessed the trauma and have a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 131); and those who directly experienced, witnessed the trauma, and have a relative who had experienced trauma (n = 256). RESULTS Results have shown that an individual's commitment, which is one subfactor of hardiness and stress level experienced after traumatic events, predicted posttraumatic growth in those who have experienced trauma directly only. However, commitment was a single predictor in persons who have learned of the traumatic events experienced by their relative or close friend. Similarly, commitment and challenge predicted posttraumatic growth in individuals who experienced direct trauma and learned from their relative or close friend's traumatic experience and in persons who witnessed and learned about a relative or close friend. Additionally, these two factors were a significant predictor in a sample of those that experienced three ways of trauma simultaneously. CONCLUSION It seems that regardless of the ways of exposure, hardiness, specifically commitment, plays a crucial role in individual's transforming traumatic experiences into growth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVES Racism and discrimination drive racial and ethnic health disparities, and are robust markers for a host of health outcomes in People of Color and Indigenous Peoples (POCI). A comprehensive understanding of possible causal pathways by which racism and discrimination lead to POCI's health disadvantages is a critical step toward reducing disparities and promoting health equity. Experimental methods can help researchers delineate these causal pathways. In this manuscript, we illustrate how virtual reality (VR) can be used by researchers in experimental studies to advance discrimination science. METHOD We summarize current findings on the health effects of discrimination. We describe common methodological approaches that have been employed in discrimination science and discuss some of their limitations. Arguments for the potential benefits of using VR to advance discrimination science are provided. RESULTS VR has the potential to facilitate ecologically valid experiments that examine individuals' responses to racism and discrimination-related experiences in real-time. CONCLUSIONS VR offers scientists an innovative method that can be used in experimental studies to help delineate how racism and discrimination might lead to health problems in POCI. Still, VR is new to discrimination science; thus, research is necessary to empirically delineate the advantages and possible disadvantages of using VR in studies on discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: Recently, research has focused both on the influence of institutional racism and how the Global Majority, which includes Black, Indigenous and People of Color, heal from processes related to racial and other forms of oppression. We propose a framework of healing research methodologies that is situated within emerging diversity science trends. This framework specifically is designed to apply diversity science principles to develop research that is culturally relevant and can help explain intragroup processes related to healing from institutional racism. Methods: Drawing from the diversity science, liberation and critical research methodologies, and psychological healing practices literature, we propose a healing research methodologies framework. Results: The healing research methodologies framework consists of six critical components: maintains social justice ethics, adopts liberation methodologies, implements healing methods, embraces interdisciplinary approaches, catalyzes action, and promotes community accessibility. Conclusions: We offer recommendations to guide future diversity science healing research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been primarily recognized as a result of experiencing a single life crisis. The current study investigated how PTG may be attributed to experiences of a multitude of highly stressful life events, and how PTG is correlated with PTSD symptoms, the severity of the event, and the total number of childhood traumas experienced. METHOD Adolescents (N = 139) participated in a survey that assessed six major life events of childhood trauma and rated the severity of each event, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and PTG. RESULTS The majority of adolescents attributed their PTG experiences to one event, despite experiencing multiple traumas. However, experiencing more events was associated with greater PTSS and some forms of PTG such as changed priorities, increased self-reliance, and establishing a new path in life. Results from regression analyses also showed that trauma severity and PTSS were linearly correlated with PTG, and thus, a curvilinear relationship was not identified. CONCLUSIONS Cumulative traumatic events may lead to increases in a sense of personal growth, while also increasing distress, in nonclinical adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Abstract. Background: This PRISMA scoping review explored worldwide research on family-based treatments for suicide prevention. Research on this topic highlights the importance of facilitating familial understanding of a suicidal individual. Aim: The review sought evidence of outcomes of trials in which both the patient and family member in the intervention arm attended the same sessions at which suicide was openly discussed. Method: To explore this topic, the authors searched for randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials using Medline (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Social Services Abstracts (EBSCO), and Web of Science on July 8, 2020. Results: Ten different studies were included that spanned five treatment modalities. Specifically, of the interventions in these 10 articles, 40% employed some sort of cognitive-behavioral therapy, 20% examined attachment-based family therapy, 20% used family-based crisis intervention, and the remaining 20% were distinct interventions from one another. Additionally, several of these articles demonstrated rigorous study methodology and many of the articles reported significant improvements in suicidal ideation or behaviors. Conclusion: Several important research gaps were identified. While this approach has been largely understudied, and to date has been primarily researched in adolescent populations, family interventions have great potential for treatment and prevention of suicidality.

OBJECTIVE Bilingual experiences are diverse, vibrant, and multidimensional. Yet, prior research has often homogenized bilingualism and based outcomes upon monolingual norms. Framing monolinguals as the norm distorts the reality of bilingual experiences. To promote a more diverse and inclusive study of bilingualism, we propose a theoretical and methodological paradigm shift. Bilinguals exist in different networks, cultural contexts, and individual and societal settings, all of which may lead to differential cognitive and linguistic outcomes that will be lost if left unexamined. Bilingual interactional contexts occur within extensive environmental and ecological systems, and may lead to different outcomes based on experiences within these systems. We seek to recognize these interactional contexts and how, as researchers, we can strive to better understand the complexities of bilingual populations. METHOD We propose incorporating more diverse theoretical frameworks-including raciolinguistics, an intersectional resiliency perspective, and an ecological approach-so that researchers can begin to think about how bilingual experiences are shaped before study participants enter the lab. Included also are methodological considerations that will improve our understanding of bilinguals' intersectional experiences. We offer suggestions for becoming more diverse and inclusive in our research. CONCLUSION We encourage scientists to take a more holistic and nuanced approach to understanding how individual and contextual factors affect our study populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

People with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, and gender expression are at greater risk for trauma, discrimination, and victimization than heterosexual and cisgender populations. Trauma-informed care (TIC) provides a framework for providing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ +) mental health services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)'s principles of TIC guide practitioners to create safety, trust, transparency, collaboration, and empowerment in helping relationships, and to ensure that services have cultural and gender relevance. This article first explores the role of trauma in contributing to behavioral health concerns presented by LGBTQ + clients. The application of TIC to mental health counseling and social services for LGBTQ + clients will then be described, with specific suggestions for translating TIC principles into affirmative practice. Through the lens of trauma, clinicians can improve clinical case conceptualization and effective treatment strategies for LGBTQ + clients. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

OBJECTIVES One of the most underrepresented public health populations is the U.S. Deaf community-a minority group of 500,000 + individuals who communicate using American Sign Language (ASL). Research on Deaf health outcomes is significantly lacking due to inaccessible research procedures and mistrust of researchers that stems from historical mistreatment of Deaf people (i.e., Audism). METHODS Following the Truth and Reconciliation Model, we hosted three Deaf community forums between October and November 2016 across New England. We invited attendees to share their experiences in the research world and make recommendations about how researchers can better include Deaf people in their studies. A select group of hearing researchers served as representatives of the research community and to issue a formal apology on behalf of this community. RESULTS Forum attendees (n = 22; 5% racial/ethnic minority; 59% female) emphasized the following themes: Research conducted within general population samples is not an activity in which Deaf people can or will be included; a general mistrust of hearing people, including hearing researchers; researchers' frequent failure to communicate study results back to the Deaf community or the community-at-large; and a tendency of researchers to directly benefit from data provided by Deaf participants, without making any subsequent efforts to return to the community to give back or provide useful intervention. CONCLUSIONS Many injustices and forms of mistreatment are still ongoing; therefore, we recognize that our team's efforts to foster an open dialogue between the research community and the Deaf community must be an ongoing, iterative practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Problemas de comportamento são comuns em indivíduos com transtorno neurocognitivo maior (TNM) e estão associados à altos níveis de estresse dos cuidadores e à decisão sobre institucionalização desses idosos. Apesar de sua importância, existem poucos artigos sobre avaliações em manejo de comportamentos problemas envolvendo a população idosa, com referencial analítico comportamental. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar um levantamento bibliográfico nas base de dados PsycInfo e Scielo acerca de pesquisas empíricas em Análise do Comportamento Aplicada sobre avaliação e manejo de comportamentos problemas em idosos com TNM, publicadas em revistas com avaliação por pares. A busca pelas palavras chave resultou em 73 artigos, dos quais 15 foram considerados para análise. Os comportamentos alvo envolveram vocalizações disruptivas; agressão física ou verbal; deambulação; e outros. As pesquisas apresentaram intervenções eficazes para redução de comportamentos problemas. Foram discutidas questões acerca das avaliações, assim como da viabilidade de implementação das intervenções.

Autolesão não suicida são ações intencionais de causar dano ao próprio corpo, sem a intenção suicida e sem propósitos sociais ou culturalmente aceitos. Já os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs) são definidos como crenças centrais e amplas que provocam emoções negativas e comportamentos disfuncionais. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar através de uma revisão sistemática de artigos nacionais e internacionais se existe uma relação entre autolesão não suicida e EIDs. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados: SciELO, PePSIC, Index Psi, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Science Direct e PsycINFO (APA), com os descritores: “early maladaptive schemas”, “schema therapy”, “schemas” e “esquemas iniciais desadaptativos”, “Non-suicidal self-injury”, “NSSI”, “self-harm”, “self-injury” e “autolesão”. Para análise final foram selecionados 5 artigos. Apesar das pesquisas sugerirem uma relação entre autolesão e EIDs, os resultados ainda são inconclusivos e necessitam de mais investigação empírica com amostras diversas.