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Dans cet article, nous avons pour objectif de décrire un modèle interdisciplinaire de psychothérapie assistée par psychédéliques (PAP) que nous avons développé dans un cadre institutionnel aux hôpitaux universitaires de Genève. La psychothérapie assistée par psychédéliques (PAP) est une approche psychothérapeutique exploitant l'altération de l'état de conscience induite par une substance psychédélique. Cette approche, longtemps négligée pour des raisons historiques non scientifiques, fait de nouveau l'objet de recherches grâce à des résultats préliminaires importants concernant son potentiel thérapeutique dans divers troubles mentaux. En Suisse, depuis 2014, il est possible d'obtenir des autorisations médicales exceptionnelles pour traiter des patients avec du LSD et de la psilocybine. Nous soutenons que l'altération de la conscience induite par les psychédéliques est un outil thérapeutique puissant qui pourrait être développé pour appuyer la psychothérapie traditionnelle basée sur le dialogue afin de relancer le processus psychothérapeutique. In this article, we aim to describe an interdisciplinary model for psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) that we have developed at the Geneva University Hospitals, in an institutional setting. Our model integrates the collaborative efforts of psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses establishing a structured framework for administering PAP in a safe, controlled, and standardized manner. Psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) is a psychotherapeutic approach that utilizes the profound alteration of the state of consciousness induced by psychedelic substances to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This innovative approach, which has been neglected due to historical biases rather than empirical evidence, is now experiencing a renewed interest among clinicians. Contemporary research, equipped with advanced methodologies and a rigorous scientific approach, is showing significant therapeutic potential for a range of mental health disorders. In Switzerland, the legal framework authorizes the medicinal use since 2014 for exceptional authorizations for the medicinal use of LSD and psilocybin for therapeutic purposes, under strict regulations. We provide a comprehensive description of the PAP protocol implemented at the Geneva University Hospitals, beginning with its inception in September 2020. Our methodological outline includes the administrative and clinical selection criteria for patient eligibility; the preparatory sessions designed to introduce the patients with psychoeducation interventions and the analysis of intention and therapeutical objectives; the controlled administration of psychedelics in a supportive environment; and the integration sessions that follow psychedelic experiences. Our protocol emphasizes safety, ethical considerations, and the importance of a supportive therapeutic relationship throughout the process. We also describe questionnaires we use to qualify and assess the alteration in the state of consciousness, namely The Five Dimension Altered States of Consciousness (5AD-ASC) and the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ). Since the start of the program in September 2020 and up to February 2024, a total of 224 personal authorizations (114 LSD, 110 Psilocybin) have been issued to the Geneva University Hospital PAP team, for a total of 396 individual sessions. The core argument presented in this article is that the psychedelic-induced alteration of consciousness is a novel therapeutic tool, which works as a potent catalyst that can be synergistically combined with traditional dialogue-based psychotherapy. This combination has the potential to support the psychotherapeutic processes and enable breakthroughs in cases where conventional therapy has reached its limits. We discuss the implications of this approach, reflecting on both its challenges and its transformative potential within its clinical application. The conclusion of our article is an endorsement of the continued basic and clinical research on PAP. By presenting a detailed framework of the PAP process, including its preparatory, experiential, and integrative phases, we advocate for a structured and scientifically grounded exploration of its therapeutic efficacy. Our conclusion calls for a broader acceptance and integration of PAP within clinical practice, provided it is underpinned by ongoing research, ethical practice, and institutional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of psilocybin to treat alcohol use disorder is very promising, but its mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. We combined behavioural, pharmacological and gene expression analyses to decipher the mechanisms of action of psilocybin, for the first time, when injected into the brain. Male Long Evans rats underwent chronic operant ethanol self-administration before testing the effect of intraperitoneal psilocybin or directly within the nucleus accumbens core or the ventral tegmental area. Transcripts from the dopaminergic system were quantified in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Psilocybin significantly reduced (by 50%) ethanol self-administration when injected 4 h before the session either intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg) or directly within the left nucleus accumbens (0.15 μg) but not the right nucleus accumbens or the left ventral tegmental area. The effect of intraperitoneal injection of psilocybin was prevented by intra-left nucleus accumbens injection of 0.3 μg of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin. In rats that self-administered ethanol but not in those self-administering saccharin, dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) mRNA was increased in both the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex by psilocybin, while dopamine D1 receptor mRNA was increased only in the prefrontal cortex. As in humans, psilocybin reduced ethanol self-administration in rats through the 5-HT2A receptor within the left nucleus accumbens, possibly through increased D2R expression. Our results open unexpected perspectives regarding the hemispheric lateralization of psychedelic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hallucinogenic mushrooms are used in France for recreational purposes, most often following festive gatherings. The clinical consequences of this consumption are not significant; They are mainly observed on a psychological level, but in certain cases, which are quite rare, require care by a health professional. However, it is important for the general practitioner to clearly determine the reasons for this type of addiction which can in certain cases be associated with other psychoactive substances which, in turn, can lead to serious organic problems, and in certain cases fatal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent evidence shows significant potential for therapies involving psychedelic substances such as psilocybin and MDMA to improve clinical outcomes for patients experiencing various mental disorders. However, research to date focuses almost exclusively on adults. I argue that adolescents should be included in research into psychedelic therapies. First, I demonstrate the pressing need for novel interventions to address the growing mental health burden of adolescents, and I draw on empirical evidence to show that research into psychedelic therapies presents an opportunity to address this shortfall. Secondly, I argue that psychedelics pose low risk to young patients, particularly relative to existing psychiatric medications. I then address two major concerns specific to adolescent contexts. First, I address the risks of using psychedelic substances at earlier stages of physiological and cognitive development. I note that the lack of understanding of the risks underscores the need for including adolescents in research. I then address the added complexity of consent in the adolescent context. I highlight some additional concerns that should be addressed in an “enhanced” informed consent process for adolescents and defend the view that capable adolescents should be able to consent to psychedelic interventions. I ultimately hold that including adolescents in emerging psychedelic research has the potential to substantiate innovative treatments that could improve their clinical outcomes, long-term mental health and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, Oregon enacted laws regulating the manufacture and use of psilocybine products in licensed facilities for supervised sessions with trained facilitators. This commentary summarizes the final rules for psilocybine services in Oregon, and provides perspectives from a clinical toxicologist on some of the issues that may arise. These include the scope of practice for non-clinical facilitators, prevention and management of adverse drug reactions, and toxicological uncertainties with regards to dose considerations for people with mental health and other medical conditions. This commentary addresses some common misperceptions relating to the program, and provides perspective on some of the challenges that clinical toxicologists may encounter as legislative reform initiatives for psilocybine move forward throughout the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we aim to highlight the specific role of nurses in the interdisciplinary model of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. We argue that the plural competencies of our profession are at the heart of future issues in psychiatry and the use of psychedelics., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Cet article propose une revue de littérature concernant les psychédéliques dits classiques (LSD, psilocybine, DMT et mescaline) et, plus précisément, leur utilisation en psychothérapie dans le champ de la dépression, du point de vue des processus de symbolisation. Après quelques éléments introductifs portant sur la dépression, nous décrivons les principales caractéristiques des psychothérapies assistées par psychédélique et les résultats des essais cliniques modernes. Nous en présentons ensuite la phénoménologie et en proposons un éclairage théorique au croisement des neurosciences et de la psychanalyse, avant de conclure sur les perspectives ouvertes par cette thérapie. Les résultats déjà obtenus suggèrent qu'une seule dose, prise dans un environnement étayant, peut être suffisante pour produire des effets thérapeutiques significatifs et objectivables dès la prise de psychédéliques et au moins six mois après celle-ci. La réponse clinique dépend de l'intensité phénoménologique initiale de l'expérience et de la capacité du sujet à laisser advenir des reviviscences traumatiques. Elle dépend également de la présence et de l'intensité de vécus de nature mystique caractérisés par un sentiment de dissolution du moi et d'unité avec le monde. La thérapie assistée par psychédéliques semble favoriser l'émergence des processus primaires et la levée des mécanismes de défense. Les psychédéliques catalyseraient ainsi la relance des processus de symbolisation, favorisant notamment l'intégration de certains conflits psychiques ainsi que le remaniement de relations d'objets pathogènes. Sur le plan neurobiologique, ces processus seraient sous-tendus par une diminution de l'activité du réseau du mode par défaut – parfois considéré comme lié à certaines fonctions du Moi – associée à une dimension entropique du fonctionnement cérébral. Ces différents éléments participeront d'une diminution de la symptomatologie dépressive, en particulier des ruminations. Ces effets thérapeutiques nécessitent néanmoins un cadre clinique particulièrement contenant et un positionnement clinique plus engagé qu'à l'accoutumée afin d'accompagner dans les meilleures conditions ces potentiels effets de transformation psychique. Les études déjà menées sur cette thématique soulignent le caractère très prometteur des psychédéliques dans la prise en charge de la dépression et de ses formes résistantes. Ces substances semblent opérer comme un catalyseur des processus de symbolisation qui nécessite néanmoins, pour se déployer pleinement, un accompagnement psychothérapique plus global à la croisée de la psychiatrie, la psychologie clinique, des neurosciences et de la psychanalyse. This article proposes a literature review focused on the so-called "classic" psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and mescaline) and, more specifically, on their use in the psychotherapy of major depressive disorders and the way they affect symbolization processes. After some introductory remarks on psychedelics and depressive disorders, we describe some modern clinical trials, and then explore the peculiar phenomenology occurring in the psychedelic experience, as well as its therapeutic effects on depressive symptoms. The underlying mechanisms are discussed from a perspective at the crossroads of cognitive neurosciences and psychoanalysis. We conclude with some reflections on the crucial role of the setting. The results already obtained suggest that a single dose, taken in a supportive environment, may be sufficient to produce significant and immediate therapeutic effects, which are still present six months after the dose, although less so for some patients. Clinical response depends on the subjective aspects of the individual experience. More specifically, it seems correlated with the ability to "let go" and to allow autobiographical memories to emerge, along with the intense emotions they carry. It also relies on the presence and intensity of mystical-type experiences, characterized by feelings of "ego dissolution," unity with everything, transcendence of space and time, and ineffability. Psychedelic-assisted therapy seems to promote the emergence of primary processes and the lifting of defense mechanisms. Psychedelics would thus catalyze the resumption of symbolization processes, favoring in particular the integration of unconscious conflicts as well as the remodeling of pathogenic object relationships. On the neurobiological level, these processes would be underpinned by a decrease in the activity of the default mode network – sometimes considered the primary biologic substrate of the Freudian ego –, associated with an increase in brain entropy and in neuroplasticity. These different elements entail a decrease in depressive symptomatology, particularly ruminations. Common factors identified as the cause of positive changes in classical psychotherapies appear naturally amplified in the psychedelic experience, which requires the containing function of a therapist and a supportive clinical setting to allow a resumption of symbolic processes. To ensure the perpetuation of the observed transformations, which often exceed the simple withdrawal of symptoms, an extended psychotherapeutic monitoring would be appropriate. The psychedelic substance acts as a catalyst, allowing an access to otherwise inaccessible unconscious materials, which can then be processed both spontaneously and within the therapeutic relationship. Considering the data discussed in this review, we emphasize the need for further research exploring the potential of this treatment, which also offers the hope of a renewed dialogue between psychiatry and psychology, neurosciences and psychoanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current scientific literature supports classical psychedelic efficacy in many psychiatric disorders. However, less attention has been given to the neurological effects of these substances. The aim of this medical thesis was to conduct a systematic review examining the neuroimaging correlates of the effects of psychedelics., Method: We performed an electronic research through Medline and Science Direct databases. A comprehensive search yielded 460 articles published up to May 2022. After a cautious screening process, we selected 49 scientific papers for further analysis., Results: Major findings included reduced functional network integration, increased between-network functional connectivity, and expansion of functional connectivity patterns repertoire under psychedelics. Thalamic gating and emotional processing were also impaired. These results positively correlated with symptom improvement in pathological populations., Conclusion: To this day, our knowledge concerning psychedelic effects remains partial. Several neurocognitive theories have been developed in recent years to model psychedelic phenomenology, but no unifying theory has emerged. Studies involving larger populations investigating various psychiatric disorders, including several neuroimaging modalities and considering medium- and long-term effects, would be necessary to deepen current knowledge., (Copyright © 2024 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Résumé L’histoire des neuroleptiques n’est que la partie émergée d’un iceberg de recherches, celui de la naissance de la Psychopharmacologie en France, dont plusieurs épisodes sont moins connus ou oubliés. Dans cet article, l’auteur relate les expérimentations des psychodysleptiques (mescaline, LSD25 et psilocybine), de 1950 à 1967, à l’Hôpital Sainte-Anne dans le Service de Psychiatrie Universitaire de Jean-Delay. Ces expérimentations se voulaient des « essais cliniques », à visée de recherches psychologiques et psychothérapeutiques. Cet article renvoie à une période de l’histoire de la psychiatrie, entre disparition de l’auto-expérimentation médicale classique et la naissance de la Psychopharmacologie, entre la publication du Code de Nuremberg (1948) et le vote de la loi du 31 décembre 1970 sur les toxicomanies. The history of neuroleptics is only the emerging part of an iceberg of research, the birth of Psychopharmacology in France, several episodes of which are less known or forgotten. In this article, the author describes the experiments of psychodysleptics (mescaline, LSD25 and psilocybin), from 1950 to 1967, at Hôpital Sainte-Anne in the Department of Psychiatry University of Jean-Delay. These experiments were intended as “clinical trials” aimed at psychological and psychotherapeutic research. This article refers to a period in the history of psychiatry, between the disappearance of classical medical self-experimentation and the birth of Psychopharmacology, between the publication of the Nuremberg Code (1948) and the voting of the law of 31, December 1970, on Addictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of the serotonin system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been elucidated by experiments with hallucinogens. Application of a hallucinogen to humans leads to changes in perception, cognition, emotions and induction of psychotic-like symptoms that resemble symptoms of schizophrenia. In rodent studies, their acute administration affects sensorimotor gating, locomotor activity, social behavior and cognition including working memory, the phenotypes are considered as an animal model of schizophrenia. The complexity and singularity of human cognition raises questions about the validity of animal models utilizing agonists of 5-HT2A receptors. The present study thus investigated the effect of psilocin on memory acquisition, reinforced retrieval and memory consolidation in rats. Psilocin is a main metabolite of psilocybin acting as an agonist at 5-HT2A receptors with a contribution of 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors. First, we tested the effect of psilocin on the acquisition of a Carousel maze, a spatial task requiring navigation using distal cues, attention and cognitive coordination. Psilocin significantly impaired the acquisition of the Carousel Maze at both doses (1 and 4 mg/kg). The higher dose of psilocin blocked the learning processes even in an additional session when the rats received only saline. Next, we examined the effect of psilocin on reinforced retrieval and consolidation in the Morris water maze (MWM). The dose of 4 mg/kg disrupted reinforced retrieval in the Morris water maze. However, the application of a lower dose was without any significant effect. Finally, neither the low nor high dose of psilocin injected post-training caused a deficit in memory consolidation in the MWM. Taken together, the psilocin dose dependently impaired the acquisition of the Carousel maze and reinforced retrieval in MWM; however, it had no effect on memory consolidation.

Copyright of Psychiatria Polska is the property of Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genus Psilocybe contains iconic species of fungi renowned for their hallucinogenic properties. Recently, Psilocybe also included non-hallucinogenic species that have since been shifted to the genus Deconica. Here, we reconstruct a multigene phylogeny for Psilocybe, Deconica, and other exemplars of the families Hymenogastraceae and Strophariaceae sensu stricto (s. str.), using three nuclear markers (nLSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and rpb1). Our results confirm the monophyly of Deconica within Strophariaceae s. str., as well as numerous robust infrageneric relationships. Psilocybe is also recovered as a monophyletic group in the Hymenogastraceae, in which two principal lineages are recognized, including several nested subgroups. Most sections of Psilocybe following classifications based on morphological features are not supported in these analyses. Ancestral character state reconstruction analyses suggest that basidiospore shape in frontal view and spore wall thickness, commonly used to characterize sections in Deconica and Psilocybe, are homoplastic. Chrysocystidia, sterile cells located in the hymenium, evolved on at least two occasions in the Strophariaceae s. str., including in a novel lineage of Deconica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: In this paper, I theorize that the Egyptian White and Triple Crowns were originally primordia of the entheogenic Psilocybe (Stropharia) cubensis, which an Egyptian tale known as Cheops and the Magicians allegorically explained grew on barley, and that Osiris was the God of spiritual rebirth because he personified this and other entheogenic mushrooms. I go on to theorize that the plant known commonly as the Eye of Horus, which the Egyptians included in cakes and ales designed to spiritually rebirth the living and the dead, was an entheogenic mushroom cap entirely analogous, if not identical, to Soma. Finally, I explain why so many scholars failed to discern these identities and relationships for so long. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In 1996 samples of suspicious honey preparations were confiscated at the Dutch-German border. The labels on the 50 ml jars indicated that the honey contained Stropharia cubensis (better known as Psilocybe cubensis). The jars were filled with honey with a ca. 1 cm layer of fine particles on the top. The particles were collected and subjected to microscopic and chemical analysis. By microscopy mushroom tissue (plectenchym) and spores typical for the genus Psilocybe were identified in all samples. The HPLC analysis with atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry and diode array detection revealed psilocine but psilocybine was not found. The quantitative analysis was very difficult due to the matrix problems. A search showed that the honey with Psilocybe can be purchased in Dutch coffee shops without any limitations although psilocine and psilocybine belong to listed substances according to Dutch law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkaloids of the third magic mexican drug 'Ololiuqui' - chemically closely related to LSD 25 - were studied in normal subjects in a laboratorysituation. A standardized method (developed and applied before in testing other psychotomimetic drugs) included the following procedure: A short interview taken every 45 min was registered on sound-movie and then analyzed for changes in expression and motor behaviour. A battery of psychometric tests also given every 45th minute was studied for trend-changes over time. Finally, symptoms reported by the subjects were divided into 8 categories, reflecting a spectrum going from autonomic side-effects to psychotic symptoms and alteration of consciousness. The results indicate that the effect of the two major compounds, d-lysergicacid-amide and d-iso-lysergic-acid-amide, determine the effect of the total alkaloids of Ololiuqui. With d-lysergic-acid-amide the clinical picture was one of intoxication with strong autonomic side-effects; with d-iso-lysergic-acid-amide euphoria synesthesia and altered time experience were observed. In small doses the response to total-alkaloids resembled that of d-iso-lysergic-acid-amide; in higher doses it resembled that of d-lysergic-acid-amide, i.e. a heavy intoxication with reduced consciousness and autonomic side-effects. Overall, there was little difference between the total alkaloids and the compounds of Ololiuqui. Psychometric tests taken at each 45-min-phase also reflected the progressive intoxication: the performance in each of the five tests measuring the ability to concentrate was increasingly reduced, as compared to placebo-subjects, during the time of observation. This is in contrast to observations on Psilocybin: here the psychometric results were worst after the first 45-min-phase, whereas changes in expression and motor behaviour were greatest in the last of the phases, i.e. after 2-3 hours. Not only are there no phase-dependent alterations with qualitative modification of the effects in Ololiuqui as compared with Psilocybin; in addition there was little evidence of typical alteration in consciousness and hallucinations as typically seen with psychotomimetic drugs like LSD 25 and Psilocybin. In conclusion, Ololiuqui tested in normal subjects in a standard laboratorysituation lacks the characterictics of the typical psychotomimetic drugs. It resembles more drugs like scopolamine and ibogalin, inducing a toxic-psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Psychedelics are powerful psychoactive substances. Natural psychedelics have been used for millennia by human civilizations, in particular in Latin America, while synthetic psychedelics were discovered in the 50s, giving rise to a lot of research before they were prohibited. More recently, their therapeutic properties have been studied especially to help patients with psychiatric conditions, psychological distress or substance use disorders. This article is a systematic review of the literature which aims to provide an overview of all studies that assessed the efficacy of psychedelics, i.e. psilocybin, ayahuasca and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), on psychiatric diseases and addictions., Methods: We conducted this literature review following the PRISMA recommendations. MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Scopus were searched from January 1990 to May 2020 with the following keywords "(ayahuasca OR psilocybin OR lysergic acid diethylamide) AND (depression OR anxiety OR major depressive disorder OR bipolar disorder OR anxiety disorder OR substance use disorder OR dependence)"., Results: Twenty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Five articles studied psychedelic efficacy in the treatment of life-threatening diseases related to anxiety and depression: four were randomized controlled crossover trials (three with psilocybin for a total of 92 patients, and one with LSD, n=12), and one was a long-term follow-up study. Eleven articles explored the efficacy of psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive episodes: two were open-labeled trials (one with ayahuasca, n=17, one with psilocybin, n=20), one was a randomized controlled trial using ayahuasca against placebo (n=29), and the others were long-term follow-up studies or assessed more precise dimensions of the depressive disorder, such as suicidality, emotion processing or personality traits. Eight articles studied the efficacy of psychedelics in the treatment of addictions: two were open-labeled studies using psilocybin (one in alcohol use disorder, n=10, and one in tobacco use disorder, n=15), and the others were long-term follow-up studies or retrospective observational descriptive studies on alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabis, and psychostimulants. One study explored the efficacy of psilocybin in obsessional-compulsive disorder (n=9). Overall, these studies found a quick and important response after psychedelic administration that lasted for several months, even after a single dose. However most of these studies were descriptive or open-label studies conducted on small size samples. No severe adverse events occurred., Conclusions: Psychedelics are promising treatments for anxiety, depression and addiction, their efficacy is quick and sustainable, and they are well tolerated. These effects need to be confirmed in larger studies and compared to standard care., (Copyright © 2021 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The hypothesis of monoaminergic deficiency has long dominated the conceptual framework for the development of new antidepressant strategies, but the limits of conventional antidepressant treatments targeting monoaminergic signaling have motivated the search for new antidepressant pathways. The success of ketamine in the management of depressive disorders has provoked a renewed interest in hallucinogenic substances such as psilocybin targeting the serotonergic signaling 5HT 2A and neurosteroid allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors such as brexanolone. Unlike conventional treatments, these modulators of glutamatergic, serotonergic and GABAergic systems exert a rapid antidepressant effect ranging from 24hours to a week. Apart from their clinical interest and the fantasized search for a "miracle" molecule that jointly meets the expectations of patients and clinicians, these new targets could lead to the identification of potential new biomarkers for the development of rapid-acting antidepressants and redefine therapeutic strategies in mood disorders., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)