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Purpose: Guava is a tropical and subtropical fruit recognized for its nutritional quality. However, o it is a climacteric fruit, that is, with high respiratory activity and ethylene production during ripening, it becomes extremely perishable under environmental conditions, requiring conservation technologies that allow its commercialization without compromising post-harvest quality during storage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant regulators (gibberellic acid – GA3 and ethephon) on ripening and quality preservation during storage at room temperature. Research method: Physiologically mature guavas (stage 3) were harvested in a commercial orchard, selected and sanitized in a chlorinated solution, and immersed in the following solutions: distilled water (control), GA3, and ethephon (150 mg.L-1) for a period of 10 minutes and subsequently stored under room temperature conditions (28 ± 2 ºC) for 12 days with physical-chemical quality assessments carried out every three days. Findings: Treatment with GA3 provided lower values ​​of mass loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and total sugars, in addition to higher values ​​of firmness and vitamin C of the fruits analyzed, while the opposite effect was observed in guavas treated with ethephon. In general, the postharvest application of GA3 delays ripening, making it possible to extend marketing for up to 9 days, on the other hand, ethephon anticipates ripening, making them fully ripe after 6 days of storage. Research limitations: There were no limitations to carrying out this research. Originality/Value: This research's results support staggering the ripening of guava over time, allowing the fruit's commercialization period to be extended.

Guava is one of the most economically important fruit crops grown in the Northeast region of Brazil. This region is characterized by a high concentration of salts in the water sources used for irrigation, necessitating the development of strategies to minimize the harmful effects of salt stress on production systems. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of priming guava seeds with H2O2 on seedling production under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Center for Agri-food Science and Technology at the Federal University of Campina Grande, located in Pombal, PB, Brazil. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed, involving a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement represented by five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw: 0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1) and three concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: 0, 25, and 50 µM). Four replications were used, with five plants per plot. Salinity in the water starting from 0.3 dS m-1 reduced growth, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, dry biomass, and Dickson’s quality index, and increased the water saturation deficit in ‘Paluma’ guava seedlings 110 days after sowing. Hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 25 µM increased the emergence speed index of seedlings, although its application at a concentration of up to 50 µM did not alleviate the adverse impacts of salt stress on ‘Paluma’ guava seedlings under an electrical conductivity of irrigation water of 3.5 dS m-1.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a member of the family Myrtaceae, is the third richest source of vitamin C after Barbados cherry and aonla. Guava has many medicinal properties associated with every plant part. Coloured guava has additional nutritive value due to its lycopene, anthocyanin, and carotenoid content, which impart colour to its pulp and serve as potential antioxidants. In this review, the various categories of pulp colour in guava, genetics of pulp colour, pigments responsible for various pulp colours, and the biosynthetic pathway of those pigments are presented in detail. The recent advances in guava show that both carotenoids and anthocyanins contribute significantly to its pulp colour. The final pulp colour of the guava depends on the relative proportion of the pigments, i.e. anthocyanins, lycopene, and other carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 infection is always accompanied by a cytokine storm that causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines is expected to be used for treating COVID-19 patients. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) was believed to have properties as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the effect of guava extract (PGE) on the ARDS rats model so that it can be used as a PGE treatment for the effects caused by ARDS. This study was conducted on 25 Sprague Dawley rats model in 5 treatment groups. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induction was carried out to create ARDS rats model. Determination of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung Interleukin-18 (IL-18), IL-12 and serum IL-1β, Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) was performed by ELISA, NOD-, LRR- and Pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NRLP3) expressions were determined by the quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) method and IL-6, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were analysed by immunohisto-chemistry assay. The results showed that PGE contained phenolic compound, daidzin and genistin. The IL-18, IL-12, Il-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, NF-kB and NRLP3 in ARDS model rats were decreased by PGE treatment. In conclusion, PGE can be used as a therapy for treating ARDS by decreasing pro-inflammatory marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A goiabeira é uma cultura importante no cenário socioeconômico da região semiárida brasileira, sendo uma fonte de geração de emprego e renda. Contudo, nesta região é comum a ocorrência de fontes hídricas com altos teores de sais dissolvidos e assim são necessárias estratégias que visem minimizar os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino nas plantas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar com peróxido de hidrogênio nas trocas gasosas, eficiência fotoquímica, crescimento e qualidade de mudas de goiabeira sob estresse salino. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação em Pombal, Paraíba, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 × 4 , referentes a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água - CEa (0,3; 1,3; 2,3; 3,3 e 4,3 dS m-1) e quatro concentrações de peróxido de hidrogênio – H2O2 (0, 25, 50 e 75 μM) com quatro repetições e duas plantas por parcela. A irrigação com água de condutividade elétrica a partir de 0,3 dS m-1 inibiu as trocas gasosas, eficiência fotoquímica e crescimento de mudas de goiabeira, aos 91 dias após a emergência. A aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio em concentrações de até 75 μM não amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino em plantas de goiabeira na fase de formação de mudas. A goiabeira cv. Paluma é classificada como sensível a salinidade da água na fase de formação de mudas, sendo o nível limiar de 0,3 dS m-1 e diminuição por aumento unitário de 11,48%.

Guava is a world-renowned fruit of climacteric nature. It is characterized as a perishable fruit and has a short post-harvest shelf life when stored at room temperature. The objective of this work is to study the effects of coatings on the physiology and shelf life of 'Pedro Sato' guavas harvested early. For this, the effect of edible coatings based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and beeswax (BW) applied to guavas harvested green and stored for eight days at 22 °C was evaluated. Guavas were coated with HPMC+10% BW; HPMC+20% BW; HPMC+40% BW and Control-uncoated. The coatings reduced the respiration rate, inhibited ethylene synthesis and slowed the ripening process. The main benefits were the reduction in mass loss, maintenance of green color and firmness retention. The treatment with HPMC+20% BW presented the best results in maintaining the quality of the fruits, reducing the activity of the PG enzyme and delaying the ripening of 'Pedro Sato' guavas without promoting the activity of the ADH enzyme and consequently the fermentation of the fruits. fruits. The fruits treated with HPMC+20% CA showed a gain in shelf life of at least six days and despite being harvested green, no disorder affected the ripening process and its quality.

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The extraction process can play a significant role in the separation of desired bioactive compounds from plant-based material. Therefore, this study was aimed at comparing different extraction techniques on the isolation of potent phytochemicals and their antioxidant capacity in order to find the optimal extraction process. Psidium guajava leaves were selected for the study as it is known to contain diverse range of phytochemicals and used in many healthcare applications. Water was employed as the extracting solvent and four extraction methods were applied: sonication (E1, one hour, RT, 40 kHz), Soxhlet (E2, six hours, 105°C), maceration with agitation (E3, six hours, RT, 1000 rpm), and maceration with agitation upon heating (E4, six hours, 60°C, 1000 rpm). Standard tests were carried out for phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant capacity was assessed using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2'-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) radical scavenging assays. The results revealed that P. guajava contains vast number of phytochemicals. Polyphenolics, tannins, and terpenoids appeared to be higher in the extraction process E4, flavonoids, and saponins appeared to be higher in E2, and alkaloids were higher in E3. Total antioxidant capacity was greater in extraction method E4 (432.57 ± 0.51 mg Trolox Eq/g) and the IC50 value of the DPPH radical scavenging assay was low in E3 (273.81 ± 0.07 ppm), indicating higher scavenging activity. In conclusion, the quantity of phytochemicals extracted, and its antioxidant capacity vary depending on the extraction technique. According to FRAP and polyphenolic content, the extraction technique E4 gives the best antioxidative properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava (Psidium guajava L.,) die-back disease caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat., is a destructive disease, considered one of the most important and economic disease of guava. Amistar Top 325-32.5% E.C. gave the highest decreasing of linear growth and amount of growth of isolate code No., Q.K.4., followed by Camzin 50% W.P., Monceren 25% W.P. and Montro 30% E.C. Meanwhile, Ridomil Gold/Plus 42.50% W.P., Copral 50% W.P., Eminent 12.50% E.W. and Thiovat Jet 80% W.G. exhibited a lowest effect in reducing of linear growth and amount growth of B. theobromae isolate code No., Q.K.4. Amistar Top 325-32.5% E.C. was the most efficient fungicide in reduce disease incidence and disease severity infield of B. theobromae isolate code No., Q.K.4., followed by Camzin 50% W.P., Monceren 25% W.P., Montro 30% E.C. Meanwhile, Ridomil Gold/Plus 42.50% W.P., Copral 50% W.P., Eminent 12.50% E.W. and Thiovat Jet 80% W.G. showed a lowest efficient in reducing the disease incidence and disease severity. Soil drench method of fungicides application was the higher efficient method in elimination of percentage of disease incidence and disease severity followed by foliar spray application, relatively. Banaty transplant was the most susceptible cultivar to the all tested B. theobromae isolates, whereas cultivar Gizy Ahmr was the lowest susceptible with the same isolates, information about cultivar reaction of guava transplants against B. theobromae is still scanty.

Guava die-back disease is a destructive disease. It causes serious yield losses and reduced guava fruits. Inspection of guava plant for die-back revealed that Beheira governorate had the highest frequencies of all isolated fungi from natural infected guava trees, followed by Alexandria, while Kafr El-Sheikh obtained the lowest frequency. Botryodiplodia theobromae gave the highest frequency of isolated fungi from natural infected guava trees during seasons 2015 and 2016, followed by Alternaria alternata, Alternaria sp., whereas Colletotrichum gloeosperiodes, Phomopsis sp., and Nigrospora sp. obtained minor frequency. The highest frequency of Botryodiplodia theobromae was observed at Beheira, followed by Alexandria governorate. Meanwhile, the lowest frequency was found at Kafr El-Sheikh. Pathogenicity test indicated that Botryodiplodia theobromae was the most pathogenic fungus. RAPD analysis of DNA by using three random primers exhibited five groups of DNA bands with first primer, six groups with second primer and five groups with the third primer and the overall similarities between isolates were arranged from 69 to 100% with P1, from 62 to 100% with P2 and from 33 to 100% with P3. The present study aimed to finding correlation between these isolates groups which resulted of RAPD, its pathogenesis and its geographical isolated locations. Ten isolates of B. theobromae represented ten locations of five governorates in Egypt were tested to evaluate the ability of pathogenesis in guava transplants cultivar Banaty at pots under experiments greenhouse conditions for artificial inoculation. The obtained results were exhibited that all tested isolates were clearly pathogenic to guava transplants and produced typical symptoms of guava die-back disease. Such isolates were differences of differed in their pathogenicity. The ten isolates were coded according to their locations by three random primers (B.W.1, A.B.2, D.S.3, Q.K.4, A.A.5, B.N.6, K.Q.7, Q.S.8, D.B.9 and K.D.10). Isolate code No. Q.K.4 was the most virulent, followed by D.S.3 and Q.S.8, respectively which isolated of Qalyoubia and Damietta governorates. Meanwhile isolates K.D.10, A.A.5, K.Q.7 were moderately pathogenic, they were isolated from Kafr El-Sheikh and Alexandria, while A.B.2 and B.N.6 were the lowest pathogenic isolates isolated from Alexandria and Beheira governorates.

Juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius) is a palm species from the Atlantic Forest whose fruits are important as a source of food to several individuals from the fauna of the region. Despite its ecological importance, juçara is found in the list of endangered species, due to the fragmentation of the forests and the illegal extraction of the heart of palm. We aimed to evaluate the inter- and intra-populational genetic diversity of E. edulis based on fruit and seed traits in forest fragments of the Espírito Santo State in Brazil. The aim was to generate information to be used in E. edulis breeding programs, or in the delineation of more efficient management and reforestation strategies. The study was carried out in 20 forest fragments and 198 fruit plants were sampled. Positive genetic association was observed between the evaluated traits, with the longitudinal diameter of the fruit (LDF) and the seed mass (SM) greatly affecting fruit mass (FM). The existence of inter- and intra-populational genetic divergence was proved. The genetic divergence found in E. edulis suggests that there is genetic material that can be explored in breeding programs and this information may also contribute to management strategies that can increase the species genetic diversity.

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto antimicótico y antibacteriano del Psidium guajava L. al 50% y 90% sobre la Candida albicans y los Streptococcus mutans Huánuco, 2019. Métodos. Estudio experimental in vitro donde fueron incluidas 32 unidades de análisis (placas Petri con cepas de Candida albicans o Streptococcus mutans de las cuales 16 muestras correspondieron a los cuatro grupos de estudio de la cepa Candida albicans y 16 muestras para los cuatro grupos de las cepas de Streptococcus mutans, el grupo control positivo (Clorhexidina al 2 % o Nistatina 100.000 UI) y grupo control negativo (agua destilada). El efecto antimicótico y antibacteriano se determinó mediante la cuantificación del diámetro del halo de inhibición. En una ficha de observación se recolectó la información. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron la prueba de ANOVA y T de Student. Resultados. El Psidium guajava L., 90 % presentó mayor diámetro de formación del halo de inhibición media 14,40 ± 2,06 mm frente al Streptococcus mutans y una media 13,50 ± 1,50 mm frente a la Candida albicans. Respecto al Psidium guajava L., 50 % la media de diámetro del halo de inhibición fue 11,30 ± 1,76 mm y frente a la Candida albincas la media fue 8,40 ± 2,22 mm. Encontrándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) del efecto antimicótico y antibacteriano del Psidium guajava L. sobre Candida albicans y Streptococcus mutans entre los cuatro grupos estudiados (p = 0,00). Conclusión. La aplicación del enjuague bucal a base de extracto etanólico de Psidium guajava L. al 90 % tiene mayor efecto antimicótico y antibacteriano en el tratamiento de la candidiasis de la mucosa bucal.

Guava Psidium guajava L (Pg) and bhumi amla Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et Thonn (Pa) are well-known plants in traditional medicine. However, the capacity of these plants for improving the immune system of aquatic species has received less attention so far. This study aimed to investigate the effects of single supply or mixture of Pg and Pa extracts on immune responses, disease resistance and liver proteome profiles in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Fish were fed diets including basal diet 0% or one of three doses of each plant extract, either alone or in mixture, 0.08, 0.2, or 0.5% Pg, Pa or mixture (Pg:Pa, v/v) for 6 weeks. The immune parameters (respiratory burst activity (RBA); nitric oxide synthase (NOS), total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and complement activities) were examined at W3, W6 post-feeding, and after challenge test. The growth parameters and the challenge test with Edwardsiella ictaluri were done at W6. The liver proteome profiles were analyzed in W6 at 0.08 and 0.5% of each extract. The results showed that extract-based diets significantly improved growth parameters in the Pg0.2 group compared to control. The cellular immune responses in spleen and the humoral immune responses in plasma were significantly improved in a dose and time-dependent manner. Diets supplemented with single Pg and Pa extracts, and to lesser extent to combined extracts, could significantly decrease the mortality of striped catfish following bacterial infection compared to control. The proteomic results indicated that some pathways related to immune responses, antioxidant and lipid metabolism were enriched in liver at W6. Several proteins (i.e., CD8B, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, PDIA3, CASP8, TUBA1C, CCKAR, GNAS, GRIN2D, PLCG1, PRKCA, SLC25A5, VDAC2, ACTN4, GNAI2, LCK, CARD9, NLRP12, and NLRP3) were synergistically upregulated in mixture of Pg and Pa-based diets compared to control and single dietary treatments. Taken together, the results revealed that single Pg and Pa extracts at 0.2 and 0.5% and their mixture at 0.08 and 0.5% have the potential to modulate the immune mechanisms and disease resistance of striped catfish. Moreover, the combination of Pg and Pa in diets suggested positive synergistic effects liver proteome profile related to immune system processes.

This study was performed to explore the efficacy of combining more than one postharvest treatment in maintaining some quality attributes and reducing fungal pathogenicity in cold-stored guava fruits. The investigated postharvest treatments included the control, CaCl2 (4%), lemongrass oil (2 dm3 kg−1), gamma (γ) irradiation (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 kGy), 0.4 kGy γ irradiation + CaCl2 (4%), and 0.4 kGy γ irradiation + lemongrass oil (2 dm3 kg−1). The studied physiochemical attributes included weight loss, decay percentage, fruit firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and vitamin C content. Different fungal species were also isolated from decayed fruits and were identified as Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani and Rhizopus stolonifer. The severity of infection for the different fungi was determined, and an in vitro antifungal assay was conducted for lemongrass oil. All the investigated treatments generally reduced decay and water loss percentages, and controlled TSS, TA and vitamin C decrements that occurred during cold storage. On the other hand, higher irradiation doses generally increased fruit softness, and the 0.4 kGy γ dose did not contribute to the overall fruit quality when coupled with CaCl2 and lemongrass oil, compared to CaCl2 and lemongrass oil treatments alone.

Psidium guajava L. is a source of phenolic compounds (PC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility and kinetics of the release of PC from guava fruit by using an in vitro digestion model. Similar percentages of bioaccessibility were observed in whole guava (WG) (64.79%) and seedless guava (SG) (67.69%), and the release rates of PC were 10.55 and 8.70 mg/min, respectively. Gallocatechin was the major compound identified in the bioaccessible fraction, and guavinoside B was the major component in the non-bioaccessible fraction. Procyanidin B and guajaverin were detected for the first time in WG and SG. These data show that PC are significantly released from the food-matrix in both samples, allowing them to be absorbed in the small intestine. Higher proportion of certain PC (guavinoside A or guavinoside B) was observed in the non-bioaccessible fraction of WG, which could be related with different biological effects.

Because it is a simple and low-cost process, natural drying, using solar energy and low-cost equipment, becomes a viable and accessible alternative for small rural producers. Guava is a climacteric and highly perishable fruit. The description of the drying process is extremely important to obtain good quality products. This work aimed to develop a low-cost, direct-exposure solar dryer prototype for guava dehydration, in addition to evaluating the efficiency of the process and the physical-chemical quality of the final product. The prototype was developed using alternative and lowcost materials. The efficiency of the process was evaluated through the drying kinetics and the temperature gain of the dryer. The raw material and the final product were evaluated for physical-chemical parameters and color. The drying process made it possible to dry the guava fruits within 15 hours, with an average temperature increase of 19.7°C. The Handerson and Pabis model was the one that best fit to predict the process. Solar drying led to a significant reduction in pH and water content. Regarding acidity and soluble solids content, a significant increase was observed after drying. Regarding vitamin C, there was an increase of about 500% in the concentration in relation to the content of fresh guava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a widely-consumed tropical fruit that can be industrially processed and generate several food products. However, about 30% of the total volume of processed guava is lost as processing waste, a homogenous fraction containing peels, seeds, and residual pulp. The valorization of the discard fraction is necessary in upcycling due to its richness of bioactive components. Therefore, the phenolic composition and biological activity of guava's processing waste and its pulp counterpart were investigated. Guava's pulp (22.32 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and waste (21.99 mg GAE/g) contained similar levels of total phenolic content (TPC), with the majority of phenolics occurring in the free and esterified forms. Besides, a strong positive correlation was observed between TPC and the antioxidant activity of extracts. Through HPLC-UV-MS-TOF analysis, 27 phenolic compounds were identified across the pulp (25) and waste (18) portions, with a predominance of gallic, vanillic, and ellagic acids and their derivatives. While free and esterified phenolic fractions showed higher efficiency as α-glucosidase inhibitors (84.94–98.85%), pancreatic lipase was better inhibited by the insoluble-bound phenolics in the extracts (41.55–43.31%). Guava waste's insoluble-bound phenolics strongly protected supercoiled DNA against hydroxyl radicals (80.09%). Oxidation protection by guava phenolics was also observed towards human LDL-cholesterol (10.82–22.98%), an indication of their potential cardioprotective effect. As such, guava processing waste demonstrates nutraceutical potential and should be considered as a value-added ingredient in functional foods and other related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of saline water in irrigation causes osmotic and toxic effects and nutritional imbalance in plants, leading to morphophysiological modifications in the leaves and compromising the production of photosynthetic pigments, which negatively reflects in the growth and development of the crops. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity on the content of photosynthetic pigments and leaf morphophysiology of guava seedlings cv. ‘Paluma’ under nitrogen (N) fertilization. A randomized block design was used, testing five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity - ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1) and four N doses (541.1, 773.0, 1,004.9, and 1,236.8 mg of N dm-3 of soil) in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme with three replicates and five plants per plot. The contents of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of the guava seedlings cv. ‘Paluma’ were inhibited by the increase in irrigation water salinity at 190 days after emergence, and the salt stress was lessened with the N dose of 1,004.9 mg dm-3 up to an ECw level of 1.2 dS m-1. Leaf morphophysiology of guava seedlings was not compromised by irrigation water salinity up to 1.5 dS m-1, and the highest values were obtained in plants fertilized with 541.1 mg of N dm-3.

Objective: This research has studied the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity from extract ethanol of Psidium Guajava L and also determine both the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity correlation. Methods: The extraction processes of guava leaf use ethanol solvents with the different concentration that are ethanol 96%, 80%, 50% 20% and also water. The guava leaf extract was obtained will be identified the phytochemical component and determined the total phenol content using Folin Ciocalteu method and also verified their antioxidant activity to DPPH. Results: Generally, the extracts of Psidium Guajava L. contain some active compounds as phenol content, saponin, flavonoid, and alkaloid. However, the effect of solvent in the extraction lead the active compound from Psidium Guajava L is different. The water extract of Psidium Guajava L does not contain any active compound like ethanol extract of Psidium Guajava L. Whereas, the water extract of Psidium Guajava L has less amount total phenolic content and less potency of antioxidant activity than the ethanol extract of Psidium Guajava, possessing as good antioxidant. Conclusion: This research has indicated that the different solvents can lead and result in the different species of the active compounds. The 80% ethanol extract of Psidium Guajava L has the highest antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 7.73±0.7 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ceres is the property of Revista Ceres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Introduction: Determination of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by immature fruits furthers our understanding of plant–pest interactions and by fruits in a ripe state concerns food quality. Objectives: To apply headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐QTOF/MS) to compare the volatiles emitted by different parts of guava (Psidium guajava L. cv. “Media China”) at different maturation stages. Methodology: HS‐SPME combined with GC‐QTOF/MS was used to characterise the VOCs of entire guavas in the orchard and under laboratory conditions. For chemical analysis X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, refractometry, titration, complexometry, diode array detector high‐performance liquid chromatography (DAD‐HPLC) and refractive index detector (RI)‐HPLC were used. Results: The guava variety was rich in potassium and poor in sodium. A total of 44 VOCs were identified in different phenological stages and parts of the fruits. Release of VOCs was influenced by the temperature in the plantation, and transformation of innate fruit VOCs started immediately after cutting. Conclusion: The most abundant VOC released by the immature fruit in the plantation overnight was (S)‐limonene, and it concentrated in the outer skin (pericarp). The esters ethyl benzoate, ethyl octanoate, butyl‐2‐methylbutanoate, ethyl hexanoate, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, and ethyl butanoate were emitted by ripe whole fruits. During ripening ethyl benzoate reached a maximum production after three to five days, while the formation of the aldehydes benzaldehyde, hexanal and trans‐2‐hexen‐1‐al started thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Pruning guava trees at different times is an important management tool that allows year-long staggering of fruit production. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the phenological characteristics, yield and fruit quality of the 'Paluma' guava tree at different pruning times in Botucatu, SP. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments, four replicates and a useful experimental plot plant. The treatments consisted of four different pruning times, August 27, September 11, September 26 and October 11. The following phenological phases were evaluated: branch establishment, flowering, early fruiting, fruit ripening and harvesting. It was determined the number of flower buds, fixed fruits and fixation index fruit were determined. The fruit growth curve was obtained by measuring the transverse and longitudinal diameter. At the time of harvest, the number of fruits per plant, yield and productivity were measured. In the harvested fruits, the fresh mass, the transverse and longitudinal diameter, the flesh and core thickness, the flesh and core mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH were determined. The 'Paluma' guava trees pruned in August showed higher phenological stage durations than the other pruning times; however, those pruned in early September showed higher fixation index fruit, fruit yield and better physical characteristics. The guava trees pruned in August showed lower titratable acidity values and higher soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacity of the guava agroindustrial waste as a functional additive in broiler feed to improve the performance and meat quality of boilers. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and six replicates with 12 birds. Treatments included different levels of guava byproduct in the feed: 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%. We evaluated the performance of broilers at 7 and 21 days old. At 21 days old, two birds from each experimental unit were euthanized for intestine histologic evaluation (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and breast and deboned thigh samples were collected for analyzes of pH, colorimetry (L*, a*, and b*), and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). The use of guava byproduct in the diet at 7 days old did not affect feed intake and feed conversion of the birds. However, the body weight and weight gain increased linearly with the inclusion of the byproduct. At 21 days old, the guava byproduct did not depress the performance of birds. There was no effect of treatments on villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum of the birds. The inclusion of guava byproduct resulted in lower crypt depth and linear increase in villus:crypt ratio of the ileum. There was no significant difference in pH and colorimetry of the breast and thigh. With increasing inclusion of byproduct, TBARS value was reduced to 0.72%, indicating greater lipid stability in thigh meat in this inclusion amount. Guava byproduct can be used as an alternative antioxidant additive in broiler feed because it does not depress the productive performance and improves thigh meat quality of boilers.

The aim of this research was to evaluate population fluctuations in Anastrepha striata (Diptera: Tephritidae) for two commercial guava orchards, cultivars Paluma and Japanesa, in an area of savanna, in Boa Vista, in the State of Roraima, Brazil, and relate these to plant phenology, relative humidity (%), temperature (°C) and rainfall in the region, from December 2011 to November 2012. The fruit flies were captured using McPhail traps, with 300 ml of 30% passion fruit juice as food bait, which was renewed every week at the time the flies were collected and taken to the Entomology Laboratory of the Federal University of Roraima to be sorted, counted, separated by sex and placed into a 70% alcohol solution for later identification of the species A. striata. The population fluctuations of the pest were calculated using the MAD index (Fly / Trap / Day) and the values for temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and cumulative rainfall (mm). The correlation between the number of females and the climatic variables was calculated by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Using the Student t-test, the contribution of climatic factors to the population of A. striata was verified by multiple regression analysis. The greatest MAD indices for the Paluma cultivar are in April, August and September, and for the Japonesa cultivator, in April, May and July, coinciding with the fruiting period of the guava. Relative humidity has a positive influence on population fluctuations in A. striata. = Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a flutuação populacional de Anastrepha striata (Diptera: Tephritidae) em dois pomares comerciais de goiabeira das cultivares Paluma e Japonesa, em área de savana, em Boa Vista, Roraima, além de relacioná-la com a fenologia das plantas, umidade relativa do ar (%), temperatura (°C) e pluviosidade da região, no período de dezembro de 2011 a novembro de 2012. A captura das moscas-das-frutas foi realizada por meio de armadilhas McPhail, cujo atrativo alimentar foi composto por 300 mL de suco de maracujá a 30%, sendo semanalmente renovado, ocasião em que as moscas foram coletadas e conduzidas ao Laboratório de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Roraima para triagem, contagem, separação por sexo e acondicionamento em solução de álcool 70%, para posterior identificação da espécie A. striata. Calculou-se a flutuação populacional da referida praga através do índice MAD (Mosca/Armadilha/Dia) e dos valores de temperatura (ºC), umidade relativa (%) e precipitação pluviométrica acumulada (mm). A correlação entre o número de fêmeas e as variáveis climáticas foi calculada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Utilizando o teste “t” de Student, a contribuição dos elementos climáticos sobre a população de A. striata foi verificada por meio da análise de regressão múltipla. Os maiores índices MAD na cultivar Paluma ocorrem nos meses de abril, agosto e setembro, enquanto na cultivar Japonesa ocorrem nos meses de abril, maio e julho, coincidindo com o período de frutificação das goiabeiras. A umidade relativa interfere positivamente na flutuação populacional de A. striata.

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Psidium guajava L. is a source of phenolic compounds (PC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility and kinetics of the release of PC from guava fruit by using an in vitro digestion model. Similar percentages of bioaccessibility were observed in whole guava (WG) (64.79%) and seedless guava (SG) (67.69%), and the release rates of PC were 10.55 and 8.70 mg/min, respectively. Gallocatechin was the major compound identified in the bioaccessible fraction, and guavinoside B was the major component in the non-bioaccessible fraction. Procyanidin B and guajaverin were detected for the first time in WG and SG. These data show that PC are significantly released from the food-matrix in both samples, allowing them to be absorbed in the small intestine. Higher proportion of certain PC (guavinoside A or guavinoside B) was observed in the non-bioaccessible fraction of WG, which could be related with different biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reliable, simple and accurate method was developed to simultaneously determine 13 bioactive phenolic compounds in guava ( Psidium guajava L.) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The proposed methodology was fully validated and proven successful in the analysis of methanolic extracts of lyophilized whole guavas at two maturation stages: green and ripe. The quantification of phenolic compounds revealed that the highest concentrations (mg 100 g − 1 DW) in all samples were: gallic acid (2.43–7.28); chlorogenic acid (1.83–10.75); ellagic acid (5.72–30.60); catequin (1.09–13.09) and rutin (5.09–45.02). Total polyphenol content (55–516 mg GAE 100 g − 1 ); total flavonoid content (35.26–75.19 mg QE 100 g − 1 ); antioxidant capacity in DPPH and ABTS assays (5.22–5.62 and 17.63–18.74 TEAC·100 g − 1 DW, respectively) were also determined, and can be related to the diverse range of phenolics detected. The results (TPC and TFC) for most green samples were higher than for ripe samples. There were no significant differences for antioxidant activity between the samples analyzed. Applying Pearson correlation test, the results indicate a significant positive correlation between the variables. The exploratory evaluation of guava samples was performed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The bioactive phenolics that most contributed to the variability between green and ripe fruits were: rutin, catequin, and: elagic, syringic, cafeic, transcinamic and p-coumaric acids. Neural Network Analysis (NNA) was applied for more insights about cluster separation and the influence of each variable. The parameters evaluated for NNA indicated good separation in two clusters: green and ripe fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foi verificada a dinâmica populacional de Triozoida limbata (Hemiptera: Triozidae) e de Costalimaita ferruginea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e suas correlações com a população de seus inimigos naturais em pomar orgânico e pomar convencional de goiaba. Os experimentos foram realizados em dois pomares distintos de goiaba, na safra agrícola de 2010/2011. Para o monitoramento das pragas e dos inimigos naturais, foram instaladas cinco armadilhas adesivas amarelas em cada pomar. Para obter a correlação entre as densidades populacionais das pragas com os inimigos naturais, foram utilizadas análises de correlação linear de Pearson (SAS). A densidade populacional de T. limbata manteve-se baixa, com pico no mês de outubro, em pomar orgânico de goiaba. A principal praga no pomar convencional de goiaba foi T. limbata, com diversos picos populacionais. Os danos ocasionados por T. limbata, em folhas novas da goiabeira, foram mais pronunciados no pomar convencional. Houve baixa densidade populacional de C. ferruginea em ambos os pomares, porém com um pico populacional no mês de outubro, no pomar orgânico. A espécie C. ferruginea ocasionou danos de maiores proporções em folhas novas de goiabeira, no pomar orgânico. A maior densidade populacional de inimigos naturais foi constatada em pomar orgânico de goiaba, que apresentou correlação positiva entre T. limbata e o coccinelídeo predador Scymnus spp.