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La presente investigación es el resultado de una revisión documental, la cual pretende dar a conocer los avances en relación al tema de las Terapias Asistidas con Animales (TAA) y los beneficios psicológicos derivados de su uso. Para esto, se realizó una consulta de la literatura en un rango de 10 años, tomando como fuente primaria publicaciones científicas de alto impacto en bases de datos científicas (Scielo, Dialnet, Ebsco y Redalyc, PubMed y BVS) con las que se realizó un análisis descriptivo de acuerdo a la relevancia, pertinencia y evidencias relacionadas con la TAA. Dentro de los resultados se seleccionaron 20 artículos que cumplieron con criterios específicos relacionados con la TAA y beneficios psicológicos reportados en los resultados, la metodología de esta investigación correspondió a un diseño transeccional descriptivo de tipo documental del que se pudo concluir que, en efecto las terapias asistidas con animales ofrecen un gran número de beneficios para la salud física y mental de las personas. Se determinó que los beneficios pueden estar orientados a las características particulares de cada paciente y el tipo de afecciones que este posee, siendo así la hipoterapia la más efectiva para los beneficios fisiológicos y biológicos, los animales de compañía demostraron tener un efecto positivo en las mejoras psicológicas tales como mejor funcionamiento psicosocial y emocional y las terapias con perros destacan mejoras fisiológicas pues se evidenció aumento en el desarrollo físico y disminución de alteraciones o patologías. This research is the result of a documentary review, which aims to present the advances in relation to the subject of Animal Assisted Therapies (AAT) and the psychological benefits derived from its use. For this, a literature consultation was carried out over a 10-year period, taking as a primary source high-impact scientific publications in scientific databases (Scielo, Dialnet, Ebsco and Redalyc, PubMed and BVS) with which a descriptive analysis according to relevance, pertinence and evidence related to TAA. Within the results, 20 articles were selected that meet specific criteria related to AAT and psychological benefits reported in the results. The methodology of this research corresponded to a descriptive, documentary-type transactional design from which it was possible to conclude that in effect the therapies assisted with animals offer a large number of benefits for the physical and mental health of people. It was determined that the benefits can be oriented to the particular characteristics of each patient and the type of conditions that he has, thus being hippotherapy the most effective for physiological and bodily benefits, companion animals were shown to have a positive effect on improvements Psychological such as improvements in psychosocial and emotional functioning and therapies with dogs highlight physiological improvements as there was evidence of an increase in physical development and a decrease in alterations or pathologies. Psicólogo Pregrado

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84250-5.pdf Gaze sensitivity allows us to interpret the visual perspective of others, inferring their intentions and attentional states. In order to clarify the evolutionary history of this ability, we assessed the response of free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to human gaze in three contexts: threat (Experiment 1), cooperation (Experiment 2), and competition (Experiment 3). Subjects interpreted the direct gaze of an approaching human as a sign of threat, showing a greater flight initiation distance and more threats towards the human in this condition than when the human gazed in another direction. Subjects also adapted their behavior to the attentional cues of a human who gave them food, by for example moving into his visual field. However, the macaques did not seem to take the visual perspective of a human competing with them over food, as they failed to first retrieve the food that was not visible to the human (i.e., located behind an opaque barrier). Our results support the idea that Japanese macaques can respond to a human’s gaze flexibly depending on the context. Moreover, they highlight the importance of studying animal behavior across different species and contexts to better understand the selective pressures that might have led to its evolution.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82198-0.pdf En este artículo también participan: Risma Illa Maulany, Putu Oka Ngakan y Federica Amici. In several species, rank predicts access to food, and subordinates may need specific behavioural strategies to get a share of resources. This may be especially important in despotic species, where resources are strongly biased in favour of dominants and subordinates may more strongly rely on specific tactics to maximize food intake. Here, we compared three macaque species with an experimental set-up reproducing feeding competition contest. Following our predictions, more tolerant species mostly retrieved food in the presence of others and were less dependent on specific tactics. Contrarily, subordinates in more despotic species more likely collected food (1) when dominants could not see food or (2) were attacking others, (3) while “dissimulating”, or (4) “storing food”. Our study reveals that dominance styles reliably predict the probability of using specific food retrieval tactics and provides important insights on the social conditions that might have led to the emergence of tactical deception.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79246-6.pdf En este artículo también participan: Karimullah Karimullah, Risma Illa Maulany, Putu Oka Ngakan, Andi Siady Hamzah y Bonaventura Majolo. Primates live in complex social systems with social structures ranging from more to less despotic. In less despotic species, dominance might impose fewer constraints on social choices, tolerance is greater than in despotic species and subordinates may have little need to include novel food items in the diet (i.e. neophilia), as contest food competition is lower and resources more equally distributed across group members. Here, we used macaques as a model to assess whether different dominance styles predict differences in neophilia and social tolerance over food. We provided familiar and novel food to 4 groups of wild macaques (N = 131) with different dominance styles (Macaca fuscata, M. fascicularis, M. sylvanus, M. maura). Our study revealed inter- and intra-specific differences in individuals’ access to food, which only partially reflected the dominance styles of the study subjects. Contrary to our prediction, social tolerance over food was higher in more despotic species than in less despotic species. Individuals with a higher dominance rank and being better socially integrated (i.e. higher Eigenvector centrality) were more likely to retrieve food in all species, regardless of their dominance style. Partially in line with our predictions, less integrated individuals more likely overcame neophobia (as compared to more integrated ones), but only in species with more tolerance over food. Our study suggests that individual characteristics (e.g. social integration or personality) other than dominance rank may have a stronger effect on an individual’s access to resources.

Esta tesis doctoral pertenece al Programa en Ciencia y Tecnología de la Salud de CEINDO - CEU Escuela Internacional de Doctorado. Tesis - Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera (Valencia), Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, leída el 24-01-2020.

PsycINFO Codes: 2360 Motivation and Emotion; 2560 Psychophysiology The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between human-directed empathy (HDE) and animal directed empathy (ADE), an under known and investigated relationship. Previous studies indicated a weak association, and there was scarce information about the factors that could explain one and the other forms of empathy as well as their convergence or divergence. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on HDE and ADE, how they develop, relate, and what factors influence them together or separately. Chapter 2 presents the study of the adaptation and validation for the Portuguese population of the Animal Empathy Scale. Chapter 3 reports an investigation in which predictors of HDE and ADE were explored in two populations (Lusophone and Anglo-Saxon), showing that the two forms of empathy are influenced by different predictors. The study also confirms the existence of a weak correlation between HDE and ADE. Chapter 4 reports an experimental study with presentation of emotional stimuli in videos, where participants showed some capacity to correctly identify the emotional valence in distinct species (humans, chimpanzees and dogs), also exhibiting an electromyographic activity congruent with the emotions exhibited in the stimuli of the target species, especially when it came to dogs and humans. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses the results, their limitations and contexts, seeking to provide clues for future studies on the one hand, and also to draw some guidelines for the practice of those who work with animals.

Tesis - Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera (Valencia), Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, leída el 10-07-2017.

A relação entre o homem e seu animal de estimação tem sido objeto constante de entusiasmadas discussões na Antrozoologia, na Psicologia e no Direito. O presente artigo busca refletir, com supedâneo em percepções teóricas advindas da literatura jurídica e estudos teóricos e empíricos da antrozoologia, sobre alguns pontos da relação entre humanos e animais de companhia, sobretudo no tocante a cães e gatos de estimação como membros da família multiespécie. Assim, graças ao aperfeiçoamento e a compreensão do vínculo homem-animal, paulatinamente, o Direito vem reconhecendo a influência dos benefícios das novas configurações da família multiespécie para o bem-estar de ambos.

In this paper we analyze the research conducted by Spanish scientists in the last decades in the field of animal behavior. With this objective in mind we have constructed a database composed of 614 scientific papers published between 1970 and 1989 in 182 referred national and international journals. Analysis of this data base by means of bibliometric techniques provides information concerning trend s in the publication of scientific papers, journals and languages chosen for publication of research results, researchers and their working centers, and topic s and zoological groups investigated.Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es analizar la investigación realizada por los autores españoles en el campo del comportamiento animal en las últimas décadas. Para ello hemos confeccionado una base de dato s formada por 614 artículos publicados entre 1970 y 1989 en 182 revistas científicas nacionales y extranjeras. Su análisis por medio de técnicas bibliométricas nos ha permitido obtener información acerca de la tendencia seguida en la publicación de los artículos científicos, las revistas y los idiomas elegidos para la publicación de los resultados de las investigaciones, los investigadores y sus centros de trabajo, y los temas y grupos zoológicos investigados.

A aquisição de repertórios discriminativos relacionais generalizados representa uma capacidade discriminativa complexa na interação de qualquer espécie com o ambiente, tendo sido considerada por muito tempo como exclusivamente humana. Existem poucas pesquisas sobre essa capacidade em primatas-não humanos na modalidade auditiva, e menos ainda sobre seu repertório discriminativo multimodal, que caracteriza grande parte do comportamento discriminativo complexo do ser humano. Este estudo investigou a possibilidade de um macaco-prego (Cebus apella) aprender a responder adequadamente a estímulos sonoros distintos, através de um procedimento de discriminação simples. O sujeito foi exposto a cinco pares de estímulos sonoros: cada par era sempre composto por um som com predominância de freqüências altas e outro de freqüências baixas, sendo um com função de estímulo positivo (S+) e o outro de estímulo negativo (S-). O critério adotado para a apresentação de um novo par de estímulos foi a obtenção de uma taxa de respostas para o (S-) igual ou inferior a 25% do valor da taxa ao (S+), por cinco sessões consecutivas. O sujeito atingiu o critério para os cinco pares de estímulos. Discutem-se os efeitos de learning set e as propriedades físicas dos estímulos neste desempenho, assim como as diferenças procedimentais com relação a estudos anteriores. Estes resultados sugerem a possibilidade de se utilizar o macaco-prego como um modelo animal em pesquisas sobre repertórios discriminativos complexos. The acquisition of generalized discriminative relational repertoires represents a complex discriminative capability in the interaction on any species with its environment, having, for much time, being considered to be exclusively human. There are few researches on this capability in non-human primates in the auditory modality, and even less about their multimodal discriminatory repertoire, which characterizes much of the complex discriminative human behavior. This study investigated the possibility of a capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) to learn to respond appropriately to different acoustic stimuli by the use of a simple discrimination procedure. The subject was exposed to five pairs acoustic stimuli: each pair was always composed of one sound with a predominance of high frequencies and another of low frequencies; one of them with a function of positive stimulus (S +) and the other of negative stimulus (S-). The criteria adopted for the presentation of a new pair of stimuli was the achievement of a rate of response for the (S-) equal of inferior more than 25% of the rate for the (S +), for five consecutive sessions. The subject reached the criteria for all five pairs of stimuli. The effects of learning set and the physical properties of the stimuli are discussed, as well as procedural differences in regard to previous studies. These results suggest the possibility of using capuchin monkey as an animal model in research on complex discriminative repertoires.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2008. Modelos animais têm sido muito utilizados no estudo de mecanismos neuropsicológicos que envolvem os transtornos da ansiedade, assim como o efeito comportamental de novos compostos ansiolíticos. Porém, estudos de animais com diferentes níveis de ansiedade não têm sido muito utilizados. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos comportamentais da administração sistêmica do ansiolítico serotonérgico ipsapirona em ratos com altos, normais e baixos níveis de reações de defesa submetidos a dois diferentes testes de ansiedade: o labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e o teste de condicionamento da resposta de congelamento (CRC). Para isso, foram utilizados animais de duas gerações consecutivas de linhagens que vêm sendo selecionadas de acordo com sua resposta de congelamento no teste de CRC no laboratório de psicologia da PUC-RJ, denominados Carioca de Baixo Congelamento (CBC) e Carioca de Alto Congelamento (CAC). Os resultados do teste de CRC indicaram diferenças comportamentais entre os animais controle e as linhagens selecionadas geneticamente, onde a linhagem CAC mostrou níveis de ansiedade mais elevados. Tais resultados não se repetiram no LCE, apesar de ter sido identificada uma tendência para tal. A ipsapirona administrada agudamente teve efeito ansiogênico e mais significativo na linhagem CBC. Adicionalmente, a resposta ao tratamento farmacológico foi significativamente influenciada pelo nível de ansiedade dos animais. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho indicam um possível efeito diferencial da droga sobre as linhagens desenvolvidas no teste de CRC, que pode estar relacionado ao nível de ansiedade específico dos ratos testados. Além disso, o uso de animais selecionados geneticamente pode ser uma importante ferramenta no desenvolvimento de novos compostos ansiolíticos/ansiogênicos. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Animal models have been extensively employed to study the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders, as well as the behavioral effects of putative/novel anxiolytics. However, little attention has been given to the use of animals with different anxiety-like traits. In the present study, male Wistar rats of two consecutive generations, selectively bred for either high or low anxiety-like behavior, were submitted to either a 5- HT1A-receptor agonist ipsapirone (2,5mg/Kg; i.p.) or saline (i.p.) treatment and tested in the conditioned freezing procedure and in the elevated plus maze (EPM). The rat lines were developed according to their fear-induced context-conditioned freezing behavior at the PUCRJ laboratory and were named Carioca de Alto Congelamento (CAC) and Carioca de Baixo Congelamento (CBC), with high and low levels of freezing, respectively. The animals reacted differently, according to the anxiety-like trait, in the conditioned freezing test, with a significant increase in freezing behavior in the CAC rats. Differences in the EPM test were not significant but followed the same trend as for the previous test: CAC animals showing higher levels of anxiety behaviors than CBC rats. Acute ipsapirone administration significantly increased anxious-like behavioral parameters, with a more accentuated response in the CBC rats. In addition, response to the drug treatment was found to be significantly influenced by the level of anxiety. Taken together, the present results indicate a possible differential effect of the drug on the different strains of rats in the conditioned freezing procedure, which may be related to the specific high/low anxiety-like trait in the animals tested. Furthermore, the use of selectively bred animals may provide a unique approach for screening novel anxiolytic/anxiogenic compounds.

La historia del Laboratorio de Aprendizaje Animal que me propongo presentar pretende los siguientes objetivos: • Poner en conocimiento la naturaleza del Laboratorio en términos de sus objetivos y funciones. • Mostrar su desarrollo, a veces un tanto tortuoso y al acecho de sus opositores, pero lleno de entusiasmo y persistencia, denotado en sus protagonistas primarios, los estudiantes. • Demostrar sus beneficios académicos en términos de los aprendizajes y las incidencias en otros ámbitos de los usuarios. Su desarrollo constituye un entramado de personas, actividades y circunstancias que interactuaban unas veces en favor y otras en contra, pero cuyo resultado final ha sido un robustecimiento de su estructura, funcionamiento y beneficios académicos.

In this paper we analyze the research conducted by Spanish scientists in the last decades in the field of animal behavior. With this objective in mind we have constructed a database composed of 614 scientific papers published between 1970 and 1989 in 182 referred national and international journals. Analysis of this data base by means of bibliometric techniques provides information concerning trend s in the publication of scientific papers, journals and languages chosen for publication of research results, researchers and their working centers, and topic s and zoological groups investigated. Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es analizar la investigación realizada por los autores españoles en el campo del comportamiento animal en las últimas décadas. Para ello hemos confeccionado una base de dato s formada por 614 artículos publicados entre 1970 y 1989 en 182 revistas científicas nacionales y extranjeras. Su análisis por medio de técnicas bibliométricas nos ha permitido obtener información acerca de la tendencia seguida en la publicación de los artículos científicos, las revistas y los idiomas elegidos para la publicación de los resultados de las investigaciones, los investigadores y sus centros de trabajo, y los temas y grupos zoológicos investigados.

Este artigo descreve a trajetória pessoal e profissional do Prof. Walter Hugo de Andrade Cunha, introdutor da Psicologia Animal e da Etologia no Brasil, e os caminhos do desenvolvimento e desdobramentos dessa área a partir daí, em termos de ensino e de pesquisa. Foram utilizados, como fontes, depoimentos do Prof. Cunha e de alguns de seus alunos, e arquivos relativos à produção de pesquisa da área e ao destino profissional dos egressos do curso de pós-graduação formados pelo Prof. Cunha e por seus orientandos. Procura-se evindenciar as relações entre história pessoal e profissional, ilustrar a história da evolução de seu pensamento e do método de ensino-orientação criado por ele e demonstrar o impacto de seu trabalho na difusão da Psicologia Animal e da Etologia no Brasil. O artigo inclui duas bibliografias, relativas à produção pessoal do Prof. Cunha e à sua produção como orientador.

La constatación del uso sistemático de instrumentos por los chimpancés en su habitat natural ha planteado el problema de la aplicación del término cultura a un primate no humano. Una de las características de la cultura es la aparición de variantes conductuales en grupos separados. El propósito de este trabajo es revisar, con los datos disponibles en la actualidad, la hipótesis formulada por Sabater Pi (1974b) de que existen tres zonas culturales en los chimpancés e intentar identificar el origen ecológico y/o social de estas diferencias.