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Pseudorhombus elevatus Ogilby, 1912 Figure 5G Material examined. MALAYSIA • 1, 186 mm TL; Kedah State, Kuala Kedah, Kuala Muda Whispering Market; 05.578°N, 100.341°E; 6 Dec. 2018; Danial H. Zainal Abidin, Norli F.M.A.H. Alshari leg.; USMFC (107) 00001., Published as part of Zainal Abidin, Danial Hariz, Lavoué, Sébastien, Mohd Abu Hassan Alshari, Norli Fauzani, Mohd. Nor, Siti Azizah, A. Rahim, Masazurah & Mohammed Akib, Noor Adelyna, 2021, Ichthyofauna of Sungai Merbok Mangrove Forest Reserve, northwest Peninsular Malaysia, and its adjacent marine waters, pp. 601-631 in Check List 17 (2) on page 621, DOI: 10.15560/17.2.601

The genus Elthusa Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 from Indian waters is reviewed and three new species are described from India. A revised generic diagnosis is provided based on the type species and 13 species of Elthusa are regarded as Elthusa incertae sedis. Female stages of Elthusa fistularia sp. nov. collected from Fistularia petimba Lacepede,1803 and Elthusa pseudorhombus sp. nov. from Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus Regan, 1905 are described based on the female. Elthusa uranoscopus sp. nov. from Uranoscopus guttatus Cuvier, 1829 described from female and male. The female and male stages of Elthusa samariscii (Shiino, 1951) are redescribed and the transitional and larval (premanca and manca) stages are described. All the species were collected from the southwest coast of India. Elthusa fistularia sp. nov. is distinguished by cephalon 1.20 times wider than long; pleotelson broadly rounded, 1.70 times as wide as long, lateral margin convex; widest pleon 0.80 width of widest pereon; uropod rami subequal; and antenna 9-segmented, antennular bases moderately wide set. Elthusa pseudorhombus sp. nov. is characterized by cephalon 1.70 times wider than long; widest pleon 0.75 width of widest pereon; pleotelson 1.50 times as wide as long, evenly rounded; antenna with 10 articles, antennal bases widely separated; and uropod endopod shorter than exopod. Elthusa uranoscopus sp. nov. can be identified by cephalon 1.60 times wider than long, moderately immersed in the pereonite 1; widest pleon 0.84 width of widest pereon; pleotelson 1.80 times as wide as long posterior margin rounded, lateral margins convex; antenna 11 articled, slightly longer than antennula, greatly wider antennal bases; and uropod rami, endopod longer than exopod.

Bharadhirajan P, Mahadevan G, Murugesan P, Murugan S, Pouladi M, Abbaspour Naderi R. 2019. Relative condition factor, length-weight relationship, and growth of three-spotted flounder, Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from Parangipettai Coast, India. Biodiversitas 20: 373-379. The three-spotted flounder, Pseudorhombus triocellatus is usually caught as trawl by-catch from Parangipettai coastal waters but regrettably, limited information on its age structure and growth is available. Hence, the present study aims to understand some basic parameters of its biology and growth. A total of 759 specimens (360 males and 399 females) ranging from 4 cm to 13 cm in total length (TL) and 5.26-35.41 g in weight were collected from the trawl catches of Parangipettai and Mudasalodai landing center during January–December 2015. The estimated growth coefficient (b) value for males (2.797) was greater than 3 and for females (3.023) was less than 3. The relative condition factor (Kn) values of females were higher than males except during February, June, and September. The values of asymptotic length (L∞) obtained in this study using various methods didn’t vary significantly (P>0.05). The most appropriate values of asymptotic length (Lα) for males were 137.11 mm and for females were 141.75 mm. The most appropriate values of growth rate (K) for males were 0.397 yr-1 and for females were 0.410 yr-1. The estimated length at age 0 (t0) for males and females were 0.197 mm and 0.292 mm, respectively. The longevity (tmax) of males and females P. triocellatus were 2.04 years and 2.24 years, respectively. The result of this study provides basic information for future studies.

Objective To study the occurrence, description and prevalence of the Philometra sp. infestation in ovaries of Pseudorhombus triocellatus from two different landing centers in Tamil Nadu of southeast coast of India for a period of two years from January 2012 to December 2014. Methods The samples were collected from Parangipettai and Nagapattinam in the southeast coast of India. The prevalence and mean intensity of nematode infection and description were investigated. Results Based on light microscopical examination, this species differs from other Philometra spp. in morphological and biometrical measurements by type of the infected fish family and by the ecological distribution. The maximum prevalence (71.7%) of parasitic infestation was observed during summer 2014 in Parangipettai. The higher mean intensity was recorded during post-monsoon 2013 in Nagapattinam. The results of the ANOVA showed that there was no significant variation found prevalence and mean intensity of parasitic infestations between the stations. But there was a significant variation found between the season in the both the station. Conclusions This is the first report of Philometra sp. in the ovary of Pseudorhombus triocellatus. On the basis of nematode infestation may cause serious damage to ovary by slurping the blood, causing atrophy of developing ova, fibrosis, increasing granulocytes and hemorrhages, thus harmfully affect the fish reproduction and indirectly affect the fisher men communities.

Hysterothylacium zhoushanensis sp. nov. collected from the intestine of the flatfish Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker) (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the East China Sea is described and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The new species can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of remarkable lateral alae, the very short intestinal caecum, the unusually long ventricular appendix (ratio of intestinal caecum to ventricular appendix 1:8.74-23.8), the short spicules (0.58-0.81 mm long, representing 1.70-2.08 % of body length) and the number and arrangement of male caudal papillae (35-42 pairs in total, arranged as 26-32 pairs of precloacal, two pairs of paracloacal and six to eight pairs of postcloacal). In addition, the adults and the putative third-stage larvae identified morphologically of the new species are characterised by sequencing and analysing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA. The result reveals that they are homogeneous genetically, and all belong to the same species. Molecular analysis by comparing the ITS gene of H. zhoushanensis sp. nov. with these species of Hysterothylacium available in GenBank also seem to support the validity of the new species based on the morphological observation.

A study on diversity and distribution of fish communities and water qualities were carried out from January 2009 to December 2010 to cover monsoon and non-monsoon at Kuantan estuary, Pahang, Malaysia. A total of 19 species of primary marine fish belong to 12 families were recorded. Out of 311 individuals the fish fauna was dominated by Ariidae followed by Lutjanidae and Lactaridae. As such Ariidae contributes 50% of the fish caught in the study area and its diversity index (H') was 0.97. A The Ariidae family consist of four (4) species; Arius maculatus, Arius sumatranus, Arius tenuispinis and Arius thalassinus. The Ariidae family can be found in all stations as they are euryhaline (highly tolerant to salinity) and this fish family are known to be a hardy estuarine catfish. Among all species in family Ariidae, Arius thalassinus was the most dominant (23%) among all species. As such collected species showed highest species diversity (0.34) followed by Arius tenuispinis (0.25) compared to other species. Arius tenuispinis alone contributed 11.90% among the samples caught from all stations. The fishes were caught and recorded highest in September-December. Pseudorhombus quinque ocellatus, Nibea soldado, Sardinella fimbriata, Toxotes jaculatrix, Dasyatis ushiei, Setipinna taty were the least dominant in the Kuantan estuary with 9.33% of total abundance. Physico-temperatures, such as temperature (22.03-30 degrees C), Conductivity (10.342.43 mS cm(-1)), TDS (0.06-26.34 mg L(-1)), salinity (0.05-29.09 ppt), DO (6.37-8.38 mg L(-1)), pH (4.97-8.03), Chl a (0.01-1.33 microg L(-1)), nitrite (0.01-0.08 mg L(-1)), nitrate (0.60-0.88 mg L(-1)), phosphate (0.24-0.40 mg L(-1)). Nevertheless, the study envisages that the water quality and fish diversity are still conducive in the Kuantan estuary. The fish diversity of Pahang estuary was high monsoon compared to non-monsoons. The station 4 (LKIM fishing boat jetty and adjacent Hospital Kuantan) is the most polluted area due to the presence of several outskirts could be alarming for the sustainable development of fish and other aquatic organisms in Kuantan estuary in the long run.

[Six species of Chondracanthidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) parasitic on flatfishes of Taiwan are reported. They are ectoparasites attaching to the host's gill filaments. The species of parasites and their hosts are: Bactrochondria formosana n. sp. on Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch, 1787); B. longitruncus (Yamaguti, 1939) on P. japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846); B. tuase n. sp. on P. blochii (Bleeker, 1851); Ceratochondria brevicollis (Kroyer, 1863) on Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) and P. oligodon (Bleeker, 1954); Heterochondria longicephalus (Yu & Wu, 1932) on P. arsius, P. neglectus Bleeker, 1865, and P. oligodon; and Heterochondria sp. on P. oligodon. Chondracanthus cynoglottidis Thompson & A. Scott, 1903 is moved to the genus Heterochondria Yu, 1935. Literature search on the flatfish-parasitizing chondracanthids revealed that (1) flatfishes of the Far East do not carry species of Chondracanthus on the one hand and rarely harbour species of Acanthochondria, on the other; (2) although Bothidae is the most speciose family, only one of its 163 members carries a chondracanthid parasite; (3) Paralichthyidae carry the heaviest burden of chondracanthid parasites, with 22 species of its members carrying 17 species of chondracanthids; and (4) Pseudorhombus of the family Paralichthyidae carry nine species of chondracanthids classified in five genera (Bereacanthus, Ceratochondria, Heterochondria, Pseudoblias, and Pseudochondracanthus), and all of them are parasitic on the host's gill filaments. Six especes de Chondracanthidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) parasites de poissons plats de Taiwan sont rapportees ici. Ce sont des ectoparasites se fixant sur les filaments branchiaux de leur hote. Les especes de parasites et leurs hotes sont : Bactrochondria formosana n. sp. sur Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch, 1787) ; B. longitruncus (Yamaguti, 1939) sur P. japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) ; B. tuase n. sp. sur P. blochii (Bleeker, 1851) ; Ceratochondria brevicollis (Kroyer, 1863) sur Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) et P. oligodon (Bleeker, 1954); Heterochondria longicephalus (Yu & Wu, 1932) sur P. arsius, P. neglectus Bleeker, 1865, et P. oligodon ; et enfin, Heterochondria sp. sur P. oligodon. L'espece Chondracanthus cynoglottidis Thompson & A. Scott, 1903 est transferee dans le genre Heterochondria Yu, 1935. Les recherches dans la litterature sur les Chondracanthidae parasitant les poissons plats revelent que (1) les poissons plats d'Extreme-Orient, d'une part, ne portent pas d'especes de Chondracanthus et d'autre part, abritent rarement des especes d'Acanthochondria; (2) bien que la famille des Bothidae soit la famille la plus riche en especes, seul un de ses 163 membres porte un parasite Chondracanthidae ; (3) les Paralichthyidae portent la plus lourde charge en parasites Chondracanthidae, avec 22 de ses especes portant 17 especes de Chondracanthidae ; et (4) Pseudorhombus, de la famille des Paralichthyidae porte neuf especes de Chondracanthidae actuellement classees en cinq genres (Bereacanthus, Ceratochondria, Heterochondria, Pseudoblias et Pseudochondracanthus) et tous parasites sur les filaments branchiaux de l'hote., Six species of Chondracanthidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) parasitic on flatfishes of Taiwan are reported. They are ectoparasites attaching to the host's gill filaments. The species of parasites and their hosts are: Bactrochondria formosana n. sp. on Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch, 1787); B. longitruncus (Yamaguti, 1939) on P. japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846); B. tuase n. sp. on P. blochii (Bleeker, 1851); Ceratochondria brevicollis (Kroyer, 1863) on Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) and P. oligodon (Bleeker, 1954); Heterochondria longicephalus (Yu & Wu, 1932) on P. arsius, P. neglectus Bleeker, 1865, and P. oligodon; and Heterochondria sp. on P. oligodon. Chondracanthus cynoglottidis Thompson & A. Scott, 1903 is moved to the genus Heterochondria Yu, 1935. Literature search on the flatfish-parasitizing chondracanthids revealed that (1) flatfishes of the Far East do not carry species of Chondracanthus on the one hand and rarely harbour species of Acanthochondria, on the other; (2) although Bothidae is the most speciose family, only one of its 163 members carries a chondracanthid parasite; (3) Paralichthyidae carry the heaviest burden of chondracanthid parasites, with 22 species of its members carrying 17 species of chondracanthids; and (4) Pseudorhombus of the family Paralichthyidae carry nine species of chondracanthids classified in five genera (Bereacanthus, Ceratochondria, Heterochondria, Pseudoblias, and Pseudochondracanthus), and all of them are parasitic on the host's gill filaments. Six especes de Chondracanthidae (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) parasites de poissons plats de Taiwan sont rapportees ici. Ce sont des ectoparasites se fixant sur les filaments branchiaux de leur hote. Les especes de parasites et leurs hotes sont : Bactrochondria formosana n. sp. sur Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch, 1787) ; B. longitruncus (Yamaguti, 1939) sur P. japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) ; B. tuase n. sp. sur P. blochii (Bleeker, 1851) ; Ceratochondria brevicollis (Kroyer, 1863) sur Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) et P. oligodon (Bleeker, 1954); Heterochondria longicephalus (Yu & Wu, 1932) sur P. arsius, P. neglectus Bleeker, 1865, et P. oligodon ; et enfin, Heterochondria sp. sur P. oligodon. L'espece Chondracanthus cynoglottidis Thompson & A. Scott, 1903 est transferee dans le genre Heterochondria Yu, 1935. Les recherches dans la litterature sur les Chondracanthidae parasitant les poissons plats revelent que (1) les poissons plats d'Extreme-Orient, d'une part, ne portent pas d'especes de Chondracanthus et d'autre part, abritent rarement des especes d'Acanthochondria; (2) bien que la famille des Bothidae soit la famille la plus riche en especes, seul un de ses 163 membres porte un parasite Chondracanthidae ; (3) les Paralichthyidae portent la plus lourde charge en parasites Chondracanthidae, avec 22 de ses especes portant 17 especes de Chondracanthidae ; et (4) Pseudorhombus, de la famille des Paralichthyidae porte neuf especes de Chondracanthidae actuellement classees en cinq genres (Bereacanthus, Ceratochondria, Heterochondria, Pseudoblias et Pseudochondracanthus) et tous parasites sur les filaments branchiaux de l'hote.]

Mitochondrial DNA typing of 52 fish eggs collected in Sendai Bay and off Johban revealed ten haplotypes of the 225–251 bp region of 16S ribosomal DNA. Comparing with known sequences of fishes, we identified them as Trachurus japonicus (Carangidae), Pagrus major, Evynnis japonica (Sparidae), Paralichthys olivaceus, Pseudorhombus sp. (Paralichthidae), Pennahia argentata (Sciaenidae) and Platycephalus sp. (Platycephalidae). The occurrence of Trachurus japonicus and sparid eggs in the study area indicates significant extensions to the ranges of their spawning sites northward. Our method is useful for identifying fish eggs that are difficult to diagnose by morphology, and to uncover cryptic fish egg assemblages in the field.

Cephalic lateral line canals in two pleuronectiforms, Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus (Paralichthyidae) and Engyprosopon grandisquama (Bothidae), were studied and their homologies between the ocular and blind sides assessed on the basis of position and innervation patterns. A blind side canal, comprising small ossicles in a line lateral to the upper eye floor, was confirmed as the infraorbital line because the canal was not innervated by a ramus associated with the upper nasal (i.e., the superficial ophthalmic ramus innervating the supraorbital line). Consequently, the ramus innervating the canal was identified as the buccal ramus (associated with the infraorbital line). The blind side frontal forming the posterior half of the upper eye floor was identified as that part bearing the anteriormost otic canal in the ocular side, hypertrophy of the blind side component being evident. The supraorbital line of the blind side was represented by the upper nasal only in E.grandisquama.

The Pseudorhombus dupliocellatus belongs to family Paralichthyidae of Pleuronectiformes. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. dupliocellatus is determined and described. The mitogenome is 16 621 bp in length and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, a control region, and a L-strand replication origin. The arrangement of the mitogenome is identical to that of the typical teleost. The overall base composition is 26.9%, 25.3%, 31.0%, and 16.8% for A, T, C, and G, respectively, with a slight bias on A+T content (52.2%). The phylogenetic tree of 13 species all in Pleuronectiformes demonstrated that P. dupliocellatus, as well as the other Paralichthyidae fishes containing Paralichthys olivaceus and Pseudorhombus cinnamoneus, clustered in a clade and had a closer relationship with Pleuronectidae species than Bothidae ones. This study is expected to contributing to the systematic evolution of Paralichthyidae and further Pleuronectiformes.

Fish were collected from over bare sand in nearshore shallow waters at three sites that varied in the extent to which they were exposed to wave activity and which were located within a 45-km stretch on the lower west coast of Australia. Sampling was undertaken within a 4-6-week period in each season. The volumetric contributions of different prey to the stomach contents and the mouth characteristics of four species, i.e. Sillago bassensis and Sillago vittata (Sillaginidae), Spratelloides robustus (Clupeidae) and Pseudorhombus jenynsii (Bothidae), were determined. Overall, the dietary compositions of the four species differed significantly from each other and those of fish at both the three different sites and in four consecutive seasons were also significantly different. In comparison with S. bassensis, the morphologically similar S. vittata fed to a relatively greater extent on polychaetes than zooplankters, presumably reflecting in part its greater ability to extend its upper jaw downwards towards the benthos. S. robustus typically targeted calanoid copepods in the plankton, whereas P jenynsii fed on larger benthic prey taxa, reflecting the large differences in mouth morphology and feeding behaviour of these species. Although the diets of S. bassensis and S. vittata were strongly influenced by habitat type and season, the former variable was slightly more important for both of these species. However, the reverse applied with S. robustus. Season strongly influenced the dietary composition of P. jenynsii at the one site at which it was regularly caught. The diets of the two Sillago species and P. jenynsii underwent pronounced size-related changes, which would help distribute the food resources among the individuals of the different size classes of each of these species. In contrast, all size classes of S robustus fed predominantly or exclusively on calanoid copepods at all sites and in all seasons, except at the most sheltered site in winter when these zooplankters were not found in samples taken from the water column. The seasonal and habitat variations recorded in the diets of the fish species in this study imply that these species are able to feed opportunistically, a characteristic that would be of particular value to fish that live in nearshore waters where the relative abundance of the different prey types varies with habitat type and season.

Heavy metal contents varied with different species of demersal fishes (such as Megalops cyprinoides, Pseudorhombus dupliciocellatus, Sillago sihama, Acanthopagrus australis, Terapon jarbua, Acanthopagrus latus, Cephalopholis miniata, Lutjanus bohar, Scarus forsteni, and Siganus guttotus) and pelagic fishes (Sphyraena jello and Sphyraena forsteri) caught from the southwestern (Erhjin Chi, a seriously polluted area) and southeastern (Green Island, a relatively unpolluted area) coast of Taiwan in August of 1997 and February of 1998. the orders of heavy metal concentrations (dry weight) in demersal fishes were: copper (over 100 μg g−1), T.jarbua ≫ A. australis > M. cyprinoides > P. dupliciocellatus; zinc (over 500 μg g−1), L. bohar > T. jarbua > P. dupliciocellatus > S. sihama; lead (over 4 μg g−1), P. dupliciocellatus > S. guttotus; nickel (over 5 μg g−1), S. guttotus > S. sihama; chromium (over 20 μg g−1), P. dupliciocellatus > L. bohar > T. jarbua; arsenic (over 1 μg g−1), A. australis > M. cyprin...

Summary The length–weight relationships (LWRs) for six little-known fish species collected in the northern Persian Gulf (south of Iran) are presented, namely, Plicofollis dussumieri, Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer, Cynoglossus bilineatus, Cynoglossus arel, Solea elongata, and Pseudorhombus elevates.

Se efectúa una descripción osteológica del lenguado Hippoglossina macrops, presente en el Pacífico suroriental. Se analizaron ejemplares capturados en la zona de Valparaíso y Tomé (Chile), de longitudes totales entre 11 y 32 cm. Las observaciones fueron realizadas a partir de disecciones de ejemplares conservados en formalina y de especímenes coloreados para huesos y cartílago. Se comparó las descripciones osteológicas con ejemplares de H. montemaris. En general, la osteología de Hippoglossina macrops posee los caracteres dados para el suborden Pleuronectoidei, presentando caracteres diagnósticos de Paralichthyidae, siendo los más importantes: la cresta del supraoccipital inclinada hacia el lado nadiral; metapterigoides relacionado con el borde superior del cuadrado por cartílago y en su extremo posterior con el cartílago hiosimpléctico; subopercular con prolongación ascendente posterior presentándose a sus lados superficies no osificadas que dan uniformidad al hueso; cuarto hueso abdominal en su porción presenta fusión de los dos primeros pterigióforos anales. Dentro de la familia Paralichthyidae, H. macrops comparte caracteres de Pseudorhombus y Paralichthys. Los especímenes de H. montemaris, no muestran diferencias morfológicas con H. macrops, dudando sobre la validez de esta especie.

The first marine fish digeneans recorded from Shark Bay, Western Australia are described from the flatfish Pseudorhombus jenynsi. Macvicaria dampieri n. sp. differs from the other members of the genus in its undivided, straight, saccular seminal vesicle, and the definition of the genus is extended to include this feature. The following new combinations are made: Macvicaria branchiostegi (Yamaguti, 1937) [originally Plagioporus] and M. cynoglossi (Madhavi, 1975) [originally P.]. Cainocreadium alanwilliamsi n. sp. is distinguished by the variable anterior extent of its excretory vesicle, which reaches to a level ranging between the posterior margin of the ventral sucker and just into the forebody, and by its relatively short forebody.

The larval developmental stages of five of the eight species of Psettodes and Pseudorhombus known from the shelf waters of the central Great Barrier Reef are described and illustrated. The species treated include Psettodes erumei (3.3-13.0 mm body length, BL), Pseudorhombus arsius (2.9-11.5 mm BL), P. elevatus (3.4-100 mm BL), P. diplospilus (4.2-12.6 mm BL) and P. spinosus (2.5-12.7 mm BL). Meristic characters were reliable for identifying larvae only if full complements of these characters had been acquired. Smaller larvae were identified on the basis of pigmentation and head spination or spinulation patterns. The settling sizes of these larvae were estimated based on the stage of eye migration.