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River damming threatens freshwater biodiversity worldwide by isolating populations, reducing both gene flow and genetic variation, and affecting the ability of a given population to adapt to environmental changes.Herein, we employed a microsatellite DNA marker panel and a multitemporal approach to assess the effects of damming on the genetic diversity of a long‐lived species from both contemporary and historical perspectives. To accomplish this, we used the migratory catfish Pseudoplatystoma corruscans as a model and sampled it in two South American basins. We tested whether: (1) populations from dammed and undammed environments would display different levels of genetic diversity; (2) ecosystem size would influence the level of genetic diversity; and (3) projected whether fish populations would maintain their current genetic diversity in the long term.Our findings reveal that P. corruscans populations from dammed landscapes with smaller ecosystems showed smaller estimated effective population size, lower genetic diversity, and higher relatedness coefficient than in intermediate ecosystem size in both dammed and undammed environments. We also noticed changes in estimated gene flow and effective population size from both contemporary and historical perspectives, probably because of dams. Predictive genetic diversity analysis revealed a critical scenario for the long‐term persistence of P. corruscans in dammed environments with smaller ecosystem sizes.Our study suggests that anthropogenic barriers have substantially impacted genetic diversity and genetic structuring of the migratory fish P. corruscans. Thus, the formation of conservation policies is urgently needed to avoid local extinctions of this species in fragmented riverscapes. We highlighted the effectiveness of large ecosystems and connectivity between populations in conserving genetic diversity of migratory fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ready-to-cook dishes were prepared using the fillet and the belly flap area of hybrid sorubim. The chemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics of the obtained products were evaluated. Four treatments were elaborated: (T1) fillet, tomato sauce and vegetables; (T2) fillet without tomato sauce or vegetables; (T3) belly flap area with added tomato and vegetables and; (T4) belly flap area without tomato sauce or vegetables. After marinating by immersion using brine, fish cuts with and without sauce/vegetables were placed in vacuum packages and cooked. Microbiological and proximate analyses showed the products were within the standards required by current legislation. Sensory analysis showed acceptance rates above 70%. The dishes prepared with fillet and belly flap area cuts with added tomato sauce and vegetables were the most acceptable according to the sensory evaluation and purchase intention, with no difference between the types of cut. Therefore, the use of the less commercially desirable meat cut (belly flap area) is feasible in the elaboration of the ready-to-cook moqueca dishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing production and processing of fish, managing the generated waste is a growing concern. Fish processing by-products, like viscera, are rich in energy and nutrients and can be transformed into valuable raw materials, including fish silage, which represents an alternative to fishmeal. This study evaluated the quality of biological silage obtained from the fermentation of the waste of two fish species, pacu and spotted sorubim, by seven lactic acid bacteria inoculants. Cultivations were conducted using either 100% fish viscera or mixture of 90% fish viscera and 10% sugarcane molasses as the substrate at 30 or 35 °C, for 120 h, with an inoculum concentration of 6% (v/w) in the bioreactors. Results showed variations (P < 0.05) in microbiological count, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile in the silages after 5 days of fermentation. Spotted sorubim-based media supported better lactic acid bacteria growth, and the silages exhibited varying fatty acid profiles, depending on the formulation. Media inoculated with Lactobacillus brevis NRRL-B 4527 containing 90% spotted sorubim viscera and 10% sugarcane molasses at 30 °C had the highest protein content (44.6 ± 0.7% dry basys). Oleic (C18:1n-9), palmitic (C16:0), and stearic (C18:0) acids were the most abundant fatty acids. The LAB/MES ratio of 0.96 and pH final of 4.21 underline the microbial quality of this silage. [Display omitted] • Fish waste was transformed into nutrient-rich silage using lactic acid bacteria. • Pacu (P) and spotted sorubim (SS) fish viscera were the main substrates. • Sugarcane molasses (SCM) at 10% was evaluated as supplement. • Study determined nutritional composition and fatty acid profiles of silages. • Media with L. brevis (90% SS and 10% SCM at 30 °C) had the highest protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this work was to describe the host-Epistylis sp. relationship during infestation on farmed fish. Five Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and ten hybrid surubim catfish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x P. corruscans), all diseased, were used for in vivo morphological analysis of sessile peritrichs by contrast microscopy. Fragments of infected tissues were subjected to histological processing and scanning electron microscopy. Epistylis sp. caused hemorrhagic ulcer disease, and cichlids were more prone to develop infestations throughout the body surface due to the attachment of the colonies to the scales, which did not occur with pimelodids. Multifocal granulomatous dermatitis was observed, associated with the hydropic degeneration of the epithelium and to ulcerative areas of necrosis. Microscopic examination showed the presence of bacterial microflora associated to Epistylis sp. peduncles. Therefore, this species can be considered a portal of entry for opportunistic bacteria.

ABSTRACT Fish larvae and adults are morphologically distinct from each other and have different ecological requirements. Research on the dynamics of ichthyoplankton provides valuable information about the early stages of the life cycle of fish. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of the larval stages of three migratory species - Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) - to identify possible spawning areas in the last lotic remnant of the upper Paraná River, in the Brazilian territory. A total of 26 points were sampled monthly from October 2003 to November 2004. The PERMANOVA detected significant differences between the months only for S. brasiliensis (Pseudo-F = 3.88, p = 0.0021) and P. corruscans (Pseudo-F = 3.35, p = 0.004). Among the environmental variables, temperature was the most important and the Mantel test detected a significant correlation between temperature and the densities, only for P. lineatus (r = 0.09, p = 0.03). The species in our data chose for spawning tributaries that are not dammed, of which most are outside conservation areas. Therefore, recruitment, maintenance and possible actions aiming to recover the stocks of these species are dependent on the conservation of tributaries and floodplain lakes in the region, in addition to monitoring to prevent fishing during the reproductive period.

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O presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar o conteúdo calórico e fator de condição de uma espécie de peixe iliófaga e outra piscívora, na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná, e suas possíveis diferenças sazonais e temporais. As espécies foram amostradas entre junho de 2010 e março de 2011 e, dos indivíduos que se apresentaram no estádio de desenvolvimento gonadal em repouso, extraíram-se músculos próximos à nadadeira dorsal, os quais foram enxaguados em água destilada, e secos a 60°C. Posteriormente, foram macerados e queimados em bomba calorimétrica. Em relação aos subsistemas, a densidade energética e o fator de condição apresentaram diferenças significativas apenas para Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837), com os maiores valores constatados no subsistema Ivinhema para as duas análises. Nas análises por tipo de ambiente não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para nenhuma das espécies, tanto para densidade energética, quanto para fator de condição. Em relação ao ciclo hidrológico, foram registradas diferenças significativas para a densidade energética e fator de condição de Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829), com os maiores valores para o mês de setembro e março, respectivamente. Apesar das análises para Prochilodus lineatus não terem apresentado diferenças significativas, constataram-se os maiores valores de densidade energética e fator de condição para o mês de junho, indicando a possível influência do ciclo hidrológico no período reprodutivo das referidas espécies. Assim, conclui-se que a densidade energética e o fator de condição dos peixes podem sofrer variações sazonais e temporais, de acordo com o ambiente analisado e o ciclo hidrológico.

Objetivou-se comparar o desempenho produtivo e custos de produção de exemplares de pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, estocados em dois sistemas de criação: semi-intensivo (viveiro escavado, VE) e intensivo (tanque-rede, TR). Trezentos (300) peixes, com um ano de idade, foram estocados, sendo 150 em um VE (médias de peso e comprimento: 1,48±0,46kg e 57,31±6,42cm) e 150 divididos em três TR (médias de peso e comprimento: 1,27±0,34kg e 55,05±4,11cm). Foram alimentados com ração extrusada de 15mm (diâmetro) 40% PB e 3110kcal ED kg-1, ajustada mensalmente à quantidade de ração. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da água, observados durante o experimento, foram temperatura = 24,08°C±3,23; pH=6,89±0,39 e oxigênio dissolvido = 7,57±0,97mg L-1. Os reultados obtidos dos valores médios finais dos comprimentos (VE=74,07±4,34cm; TR=70,33±5,02cm) e pesos dos peixes (VE=3,41±0,58kg e TR=2,94±0,60kg) indicaram desempenho semelhante nos dois sistemas. As médias do fator de condição (0,09-0,036); ganho em peso diário (9,29g dia-1 - 8,95g dia-1); conversão alimentar (3,09-4,15); consumo total de ração (29,60g dia-1 - 74,16g dia-1); índice de crescimento (0,219-0,215) e sobrevivência (97,33-90,67%) para VE e TR, respectivamente. Houve interação significativa entre os sistemas de criação e mês (PThe objective of this study was to compare the growth performance and cost of production of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans stocked in two culture systems: semi-intensive (ponds, P) and intensive (cage, C). From three hundred (300) one-year-old fish, one hundred fifty (150) were stocked in one pond (mean weight and length 1.48±0.46kg and 57.31±6.42cm), one hundred fifty (150), distributed in three cages (mean weight and length 1.27±0.34kg and 55.05±4.11cm). The fish were fed with extruded commercial ration with 15.0mm floating pellets containing 40% crude protein (CP) and, 3,110Kcal of digestible energy (DE), adjusted monthly. The parameters of water were: temperature = 24.08°C; pH=6.89; dissolved oxygen = 7.57mg L-1. The values of mean final length (P=74.07±4.34cm; C=70.33±5.02cm) and final weight (P=3.41±0.52kg; C=2.94±0.60kg) they showed similar development in both systems. Means of factor condition - K - (0.009-0.036); daily weight gain - DWG - (9.29g day-1-8.95g day-1); feed conversion- FC - (3.09-4.15); Total ration consume - TRC - (29.6g day-1-74.16 g day-1); growing index - IC - (0.219-0.215); survival - S - (97.33-90.67%) for P e C, respectively. Through the variance of analysis can be verified that there are significative interactions of the parameters between the culture systems and months (P

The specimens of surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix and Agassiz, 1829), an important food fish with high commercial value in the Upper São Francisco River, were collected downstream from the Três Marias Dam, in the municipality of Três Marias, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Thirty-six individuals were examined and among the parasites, four species of Digenea were found: Witenbergia witenbergi Vaz, 1932 and Tylodelphys sp. (metacercarie), both with prevalence above 10%, followed by Acanthostomum gnerii (Szidat, 1958) and Acanthostomum sp.. The total length of the hosts did not influence the parasite prevalence. Witenbergia witenbergi occurred only in female hosts and the abundance of Tylodelphys sp. was higher in the males. These Digenea were recorded for the first time in P. corruscans, and their known geographic distribution has been expanded to the São Francisco Basin in Brazil.Espécimes de surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix e Agassiz, 1829), importante peixe na pesca profissional e de maior valor comercial, do Alto Rio São Francisco, foram coletados à jusante da barragem de Três Marias, município de Três Marias, Minas Gerais. Foram examinados 36 indivíduos e dentre outros parasitos, foram encontradas quatro espécies de Digenea: Witenbergia witenbergi Vaz, 1932 e Tylodelphys sp. (metacercárias) ambas com prevalência superior a 10%, seguidas por Acanthostomum gnerii (Szidat, 1958) e Acanthostomum sp.. O comprimento total dos hospedeiros não influenciou a prevalência e a abundância parasitária. Witenbergia witenbergi ocorreu apenas em hospedeiros fêmeas e a abundância de Tylodelphys sp. foi mais elevada nos hospedeiros machos. Esses Digenea foram registrados pela primeira vez em P. corruscans e tiveram sua distribuição geográfica conhecida ampliada para a bacia do São Francisco, Brasil.

The survival and the growth of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans larvae exposed to four photoperiods: light:dark (LD) 0:24, LD 10:14, LD 14:10, and LD 24:0, in a brackish water (5‰) culture were analyzed. Larvae were fed with Artemia sp. nauplii at a 500 nauplii/larvae/day ratio. Survival on day 5 was inversely related to the length of photoperiod. From days 5 to 10, intermediate photoperiods resulted in a better survival, although LD 0:24 and LD 14:10 resulted in similar survival on day 10. Larvae presented higher weight at intermediate photoperiods. The results suggested that photoperiod requirements shifted during early development of P. corruscans larvae.A sobrevivência e o crescimento de larvas de surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, submetidas a quatro fotoperíodos: luz:escuro (LE) 0:24, LE 10:14, LE 14:10 e LE 24:0 em água salinizada (5‰) foram avaliadas. As larvas foram alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia sp. na proporção de 500 náuplios/larva/dia. Após cinco dias de experimento, a sobrevivência apresentou relação inversa ao aumento do fotoperíodo. Entre o quinto e o 10º dia, houve tendência de maior sobrevivência nos fotoperíodos intermediários, mas foram registradas sobrevivências semelhantes no intervalo entre LE 0:24 e LE 14:10 no 10º dia. As larvas apresentaram maior peso nos fotoperíodos intermediários. Os resultados sugerem que a exigência de fotoperíodo das larvas de P. corruscans sofre mudanças durante o cultivo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and growth of pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, post-larvae (PL) submitted to seven salinities: S1: 0; S2: 1.7; S3: 3.3; S4: 5; S5: 6.7; S6: 8.3 and S7: 10‰ distributed in a complete randomized design with three replicates. PL were stocked in 5-l round plastic containers at a density of 15 PL/liter and maintained in the dark. The water was salinized with iodine-free sodium chloride (NaCl). PL were fed six times a day with 500 Artemia sp. nauplii/PL. Survival was high up to salinity 1.7‰, both on the fifth and on the tenth day of experiment, but decreased quickly in salinities above 5‰. Better growth rates were observed in salinities 0 and 1.7‰, however, high growth observed in freshwater was due to cannibalism. Results showed that pintado larviculture would be suitable in 1.7‰ salinity water.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de pós-larvas (PL) de pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, submetidas a sete salinidades: S1: 0; S2: 1,7; S3: 3,3; S4: 5; S5: 6,7; S6: 8,3 e S7: 10‰, distribuídas num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. As pós-larvas foram estocadas em recipientes plásticos circulares com volume de 5 litros, numa densidade de 15 pós-larvas/litro e mantidas em fotoperíodo escuro. A água de cultivo foi salinizada com cloreto de sódio (NaCl) não-iodado. As pós-larvas foram alimentadas seis vezes ao dia na proporção de 500 náuplios de Artemia sp/PL/dia. A sobrevivência apresentou crescimento mais acentuado até a salinidade de 1,7‰, tanto no quinto como no décimo dia de experimento, decrescendo bruscamente em salinidades superiores a 5‰. Os maiores valores de crescimento foram observados nas salinidades de 0‰ e 1,7‰, porém, o elevado crescimento observado em água doce foi decorrente do canibalismo. Pelos resultados obtidos, recomenda-se o cultivo de pós-larvas de pintado em água salinizada a 1,7‰.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de larvas de surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, em cinco densidades de cultivo: 15, 35, 55, 75 e 95 larvas/L, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com três repetições. Utilizou-se água salinizada (5%) para o cultivo. As larvas foram mantidas em ambiente sem luz e alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia sp. na proporção de 500 náuplios/larva/dia. Ao final do experimento (10o dia), a sobrevivência apresentou tendência de redução com oaumento da densidade de estocagem, mas não se verificou relação entre o crescimento e a densidade. As concentrações de amônia não ionizada e de nitrito apresentaram variação diretamente proporcional ao aumento da densidade e podem ter influenciado a sobrevivênciafinal. A maior sobrevivência (52,0 ± 9,3%) foi registrada em cultivo com 15 larvas/L, sendo que essa densidade não produziu efeito negativo sobre a qualidade da água.The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival and the growth of surubim Pseudoplatystoma corruscans larvae in five stocking densities: 15, 35, 55, 75 and 95 larvae/L, distributed in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. Brackish water (5%) was used in the cultivation. The larvae were cultivated without light and fed with 500 Artemia sp. nauplii/larvae/day. At the end of the experiment (10th day), the survival showed tendency to reduction with the increase of the stocking density, but a relationship between growth and density was not registered. The concentrations of non-ionized ammonia and nitrite varied proportionally to density increase and those concentrations probably influenced the final survival. The highest survival (52.0 ± 9.3%) was registered at 15 larvae/L, a density that did not produce negative effect on the quality of water.

Fish larvae and adults are morphologically distinct from each other and have different ecological requirements. Research on the dynamics of ichthyoplankton provides valuable information about the early stages of the life cycle of fish. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of the larval stages of three migratory species--Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) -- to identify possible spawning areas in the last lotic remnant of the upper Paraná River, in the Brazilian territory. A total of 26 points were sampled monthly from October 2003 to November 2004. The PERMANOVA detected significant differences between the months only for S. brasiliensis (Pseudo-F = 3.88, p = 0.0021) and P. corruscans (Pseudo-F = 3.35, p = 0.004). Among the environmental variables, temperature was the most important and the Mantel test detected a significant correlation between temperature and the densities, only for P. lineatus (r = 0.09, p = 0.03). The species in our data chose for spawning tributaries that are not dammed, of which most are outside conservation areas. Therefore, recruitment, maintenance and possible actions aiming to recover the stocks of these species are dependent on the conservation of tributaries and floodplain lakes in the region, in addition to monitoring to prevent fishing during the reproductive period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and ten specimens of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Pimelodidae) and 582 specimens of Schizodon borelli (Anostomidae) collected in the high Paraná River were analyzed. On necropsy 74% of P. corruscans were found to be parasitized; proteocephalidean cestodes presented the greatest number. With regard to S. borelli, the percentage of parasitism reached 19.42% and the nematode Cucullanus pinnai was the most abundant. The absence of correlation between the endoparasitic diversity and the standard length of the two host species indicates that each one presents homogeneity in alimentary behaviour during all its life time, permiting the uniform recruitment of the same species of endoparasites during all its ontogenetic development. Independence of diversity values in relation to sex of P. corruscans and S. borelli evidences that the ecological relationships are similar between males and females in these species. Both host's infrapopulations presented a typical overdispersed pattern of distribution with isolationist characteristics.

It is described Megathylacus travassosi sp. n., parasite of Pseudoplatystoma corrusccans (Agassiz,1829), a pimelodid fish caught in Itaipu reservoir and Paraná river, Brazil. Nomimoscolex sudobim Woodland, 1935 is redescribed and for the first time referred parasitising P. corruscans. The list of proteocephalid cestodes of genus Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker, 1862, with its geographic distribution is given.

O exame das brânquias de 240 espécimes de peixes do rio Paraná, região de Porto Rico, Paraná, Brasil, mostrou que cinco espécies possuíam pequenos cistos, cuja observação revelou constituírem plasmódios de Henneguya spp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Myxobolidae). Neste trabalho são referidas as características morfológicas e morfométricas das formas observadas.

Foram analisadas amostras sangüíneas de seis exemplares de Pseudoplatystoma corruscans. As amostras foram coletadas por punção caudal e foram determinados os valores e as médias de hematócrito, leucócrito, eritrócitos e leucócitos e das concentrações protéicas plasmáticas. O plasma sangüíneo foi submetido a eletroforese, para determinação das diferentes frações protéicas. A partir de extensões sangüíneas coradas com métodos rotineiros, cinco tipos celulares puderam ser distinguidos sob microscopia ótica. A média das células sangüíneas totais foi de 1.29 x 106 células.ml-1, enquanto que a concentração protéica média do plasma sangüíneo foi 11.82g.l-1, constituindo-se de cinco frações principais. Essas características hematológicas foram estabelecidas no intuito de se obter um primeiro quadro hematológico da espécie, no qual serão baseados estudos mais aprofundados.

O ascorbil polifosfato (AP) foi utilizado como fonte de vitamina C em dietas artificiais para alevinos de pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) durante três meses. Em uma dieta basal (0 mg de AP/kg de ração), foram adicionados 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 e 2500 mg de AP/kg. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos (P > 0,01), quanto às variáveis de desempenho (ganho de peso, comprimento total, taxa de crescimento específico e conversão alimentar) e hematológicas. Entretanto, o grupo que recebeu a dieta isenta de vitamina obteve os piores resultados (P < 0,01) nas variáveis de infestação parasitária e ocorrência de deformidades. Dentro dos níveis de inclusão de AP, não foram encontrados efeitos de regressão polinomial para as variáveis estudadas, a não ser para os resultados de consumo de ração. Assim, pelos resultados obtidos, o nível de 500 mg de AP/kg foi suficiente para prevenir a ocorrência de deformidades e infestações parasitárias, possibilitando o melhor desenvolvimento dos alevinos.

Os saltos de Guaíra, também denominados Sete Quedas, constituíam até 1982 uma barreira para a dispersão de peixes migradores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se populações de Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Osteichthyes, Pimelodidae) eram isoladas pelos saltos de Guaíra. Amostras provenientes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná (PL), do reservatório Itaipu (IT) e de jusante de Yacyretá (YA), foram comparadas por RAPD. O FST de Lynch foi significativo entre PL e IT (0,090) e PL e YA (0,112). O fluxo gênico estimado (Nm) variou de 2,0 entre PL e YA a 8,1 entre IT e YA, e a distância genética de Nei de D = 0,0638 entre PL e YA a D = 0,0174 entre IT e YA. Estes resultados indicam existência de diferenciação genética e que, possivelmente, Sete Quedas isolavam reprodutivamente as populações. Sugerem, também, a possibilidade de áreas diferentes de desova, impedindo parcialmente a homogeneização genética das populações IT e PL.

O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a abundância natural do isótopo estável de carbono (13C) de alguns componentes alimentares e determinar sua contribuição no crescimento de juvenis de pintado, em condições laboratoriais. Foram utilizados 150 peixes com peso vivo médio de 1,39 g, que permaneceram em dois tanques-rede com volume útil unitário de 125L, durante 60 dias. A cada 10 dias foram coletadas amostras de água para análise de fitoplâncton e zooplâncton. Cladocera foi o item dominante na análise de conteúdo estomacal, seguido de Chironomidae e Copepoda. Foi coletada amostra de peixes ao início e final do experimento para determinação do sinal isotópico. Foram obtidos valores médios de -20,94; -15,36 e -18,81 δ 13C‰ para o fitoplâncton, Cladocera e Chironomidae, respectivamente. Cladocera foi a principal fonte de carbono e contribuiu com uma média de 89,24% do carbono na alimentação dessa espécie, enquanto que Chironomidae contribuiu com 10,76%. O δ 13C demonstrou ser efetivo como marcador de carbono (C) ao longo da cadeia alimentar, uma vez que o consumidor reflete isotopicamente sua dieta.

O presente trabalho objetivou a produção e caracterização de um anticorpo monoclonal (PST 33) reativo com os timócitos e linfócitos T de surubim híbrido. PST 33 foi produzido por meio de imunização de camundongos com timócitos de surubim e moléculas isoladas das membranas celulares destas células. PST 33 mostrou-se reativo com a maioria dos timócitos e com linfócitos T periféricos. Por citometria de fluxo foi possível quantificar os linfócitos T no sangue periférico (34,1%), baço (36,6%), rim (19,1%) e timo (87,5%). Esse marcador reagiue com uma molécula de 215 kDa expressa na maioria dos linfócitos T. Seu uso em imunohistoquímica permitiu também a localização de linfócitos T no timo e baço, demonstrando assim o seu potencial para estudar a ontogenia do sistema imune dos surubins. Em imuno-electron microscopia PST 33 reagiu com células de aparência linfocítica. Morfologicamente essas células apresentaram-se como pequenos linfócitos de elevada relação núcleo/citoplasma

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de larvas de surubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans , em cinco densidades de cultivo: 15, 35, 55, 75 e 95 larvas/L, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com três repetições. Utilizou-se água salinizada (5%) para o cultivo. As larvas foram mantidas em ambiente sem luz e alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia sp. na proporção de 500 náuplios/larva/dia. Ao final do experimento (10o dia), a sobrevivência apresentou tendência de redução com o aumento da densidade de estocagem, mas não se verificou relação entre o crescimento e a densidade. As concentrações de amônia não ionizada e de nitrito apresentaram variação diretamente proporcional ao aumento da densidade e podem ter influenciado a sobrevivência final. A maior sobrevivência (52,0 ± 9,3%) foi registrada em cultivo com 15 larvas/L, sendo que essa densidade não produziu efeito negativo sobre a qualidade da água.

We examined whether pintado catfish (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) can discriminate between scents of non-injured conspecifics stressed by a predator or by confinement and how fish use this information in the trade-off between feeding and predator avoidance. In the confinement stress condition, fish ingested the food, whereas in the predator stress condition, fish did not eat. This finding and comparisons of the latency to food ingestion and the time spent swimming between the confinement and predator-stress conditions indicated that pintado catfish can discriminate between conspecifics stressed by a predator or confinement using chemical cues, and use this information for adjusting the trade-off between food intake and predator avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new species of the genus Henneguya (Henneguya multiplasmodialis n. sp.) was found infecting the gills of three of 89 specimens (3.3%) of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and two of 79 specimens (2.6%) of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum from rivers in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of the spores obtained from one plasmodium from the gills of P. corruscans and other one from the gills of P. reticulatum, respectively, resulted in a total of 1560 and 1147 base pairs. As the spores of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. resemble those of Henneguya corruscans, which is also a parasite of P. corruscans, sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene of the spores of H. corruscans found on P. corruscans caught in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland was also provided to avoid any taxonomic pendency between these two species, resulting in 1913 base pairs. The sequences of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. parasite of P. corruscans and P. reticulatum and H. corruscans did not match any of the Myxozoa available in the GenBank. The similarity of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. obtained from P. corruscans to that from P. reticulatum was of 99.7%. Phylogeny revealed a strong tendency among Henneguya species to form clades based on the order and/or family of the host fish. H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. clustered in a clade with Henneguya eirasi and H. corruscans, which are also parasites of siluriforms of the family Pimelodidae and, together with the clade composed of Henneguya spp. parasites of siluriforms of the family Ictaluridae, formed a monophyletic clade of parasites of siluriform hosts. The histological study revealed that the wall of the plasmodia of H. multiplasmodialis n. sp. were covered with a stratified epithelium rich in club cells and supported by a layer of connective tissue. The interior of the plasmodia had a network of septa that divided the plasmodia into numerous compartments. The septa were composed of connective tissue also covered on both sides with a stratified epithelium rich in club cells. Inflammatory infiltrate was found in the tissue surrounding the plasmodia as well as in the septa. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to compare the growth performance and cost of production of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans stocked in two culture systems: semi-intensive (ponds, P) and intensive (cage, C). From three hundred (300) oneyear- old fish, one hundred fifty (150) were stocked in one pond (mean weight and length 1.48±0.46kg and 57.31±6.42cm), one hundred fifty (150), distributed in three cages (mean weight and length 1.27±0.34kg and 55.05±4.11cm). The fish were fed with extruded commercial ration with 15.0mm floating pellets containing 40% crude protein (CP) and, 3,110Kcal of digestible energy (DE), adjusted monthly. The parameters of water were: temperature = 24.08°C; pH=6.89; dissolved oxygen = 7.57mg L-1. The values of mean final length (P=74.07±4.34cm; C=70.33±5.02cm) and final weight (P=3.41±0.52kg; C=2.94±0.60kg) they showed similar development in both systems. Means of factor condition - K - (0.009-0.036); daily weight gain - DWG - (9.29g day-1-8.95g day-1); feed conversion- FC - (3.09-4.15); Total ration consume - TRC - (29.6g day-1- 74.16 g day-1); growing index - IC - (0.219-0.215); survival - S - (97.33-90.67%) for P e C, respectively. Through the variance of analysis can be verified that there are significative interactions of the parameters between the culture systems and months (P<0.05). The produced weight of fish was R$ 8.76 (US$ 2.85) and R$ 8.73 (US$ 2.33) for P and C. Although P showed best performance during the period and economic vantage, the growing index demonstrated that both systems had similar development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different salinities and prey concentrations on Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Prochilodus costatus and Lophiosilurus alexandri larviculture. For each species, the larvae were reared at a density of 15 larvae/l in 27 2-l aquaria. The experiments were conducted in a 3×3 factorial design, with three prey concentrations, three water salinities and three replicates each. P. corruscans larvae showed total mortality in freshwater and better growth and survival in slightly salt water (2‰ salinity). The salt addition also resulted in better survival of P. costatus. On the other hand, water salinity did not affect L. alexandri survival. The survival was similar for the different prey concentrations for the three species studied. The length, weight and specific growth rate in three species were significantly influenced by prey concentrations and/or water salinity. In L. alexandri and P. costatus larviculture the un-ionized ammonia levels increased significantly with increasing prey concentrations, but did not show water salinity influence. The prey concentrations had an important role in the P. costatus and L. alexandri growth, but without survival effect for the three species. Slightly salt water can be used in culturing these different stenohaline species promoting better growth and/or survival while compared to freshwater larviculture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper describes the parasite Henneguya corruscans n. sp. which infects the gills of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans Spix and Agassiz, 1829 found in the Paraná River, Brazil. The parasites belong to the interlamellar-epithelial type as defined by Molnár (2002) [Molnár, K., 2002. Site preference of fish myxosporeans in the gills. Dis. Aquat. Org. 48, 197–207]. The spores examined had thin, smooth walls with symmetric valves; the total length of the spores was 27.6 (25–29)μm. The spore body was ellipsoidal in frontal view and biconvex in lateral view and they measured 14.3 (13–15)μm long by 5μm wide and 4μm in thickness. The polar capsules were small and elongated, equally sized, with a rounded posterior extremity and tapering anteriorly, and they corresponded more or less the half the length of the spore body; they were 6.8 (6–7)μm long by 2μm wide, and the polar filament formed 5–6 coils obliquely to the axis of the polar capsule. The tail was 13.7 (12–15)μm long and bifurcated shortly after the end of the spore body. The importance of the infection for the farming of P. corruscans is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We investigated interaction of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, paired with either a predator, spotted sorubim, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, or a nonpredator, threespot leporinus, Leporinus friderici. Fish behaviors were quantified 5 min before pairing and 15 min during pairing (a heterospecific fish introduced into the Nile tilapia aquarium). Distance from the heterospecific fish, frequency, and time spent in dorsal-fin display, and frequency of agonistic interactions were registered. Agonistic interaction occurred mainly between Nile tilapia and threespot leporinus. Pairing increased frequency and time spent in dorsal-fin display, mainly when tilapia was paired with the threespot leporinus. Tilapia kept further away from spotted sorubim than from threespot leporinus. We concluded that Nile tilapia discriminates a predator from a harmless nonpredator allopatric heterospecific, suggesting a genetically-based ability. The dorsal-fin display is interpreted as both anti-predatory (displayed to the predator spotted sorubim) and intimidator behavior (displayed to the threespot leporinus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study which evaluated the survival and growth of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans larvae exposed to different photoperiods. The study found that survival on day 5 was inversely related to the length of photoperiod. It suggested that photoperiod requirements shifted during early development of P. corruscans larvae. It concluded that intermediary photoperiods provided better growth in weight, suggesting that larvae photoperiod requirements shifted from continuous darkness at the beginning of the development to a condition with intermediate light availability.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the survival and growth of larvae (L) of pintado, Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, fed different Artemia sp. proportions: 50, 200, 350, 500, 650, 800, and 950 Artemia nauplii per larva per day, in a complete randomized design. Water salinity was 1.7%o, and larviculture lasted for a period of 15 days, which was divided into three individual 5-day trials. Larvae were stocked at a density of 15 per liter and kept in the dark. The concentrations of unionized ammonia-N and nitrite-N were directly proportional to the increase in prey density (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed increased survival and growth rates up to 200, 350, and 500 nauplii/L/day, for the first, second, and third trials, respectively. These results indicate that larval food intake is related to ontogenetic development stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]