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As espécies do gênero Pseudoplatystoma e seus híbridos vêm se consolidando no mercado aquícola brasileiro, devido ao alto valor comercial e a sua boa aceitação no mercado, basicamente em função de uma carne com sabor pouco acentuado, textura firme, coloração clara, baixo teor de gordura e ausência de espinhas intramusculares. Entretanto, a falta de informações relacionadas aos aspectos da sua nutricão dificulta a confecção de dietas comerciais adequadas. A literatura apresenta valores de digestibilidade de nutrientes e energia para uma pequena gama de ingredientes e a exigência protéica e energética com valores variando em uma amplitude ainda muito alta. Entretanto, como esta revisão aponta, há a necessidade de mais estudos acerca da sua nutrição e alimentação. A medida que os estudos avançam e o conhecimento cresce, a fabricação de rações comerciais a partir de dados espécie específicos pode proporcinar um aumento da produtividade da criação, bem como um maior rendimento financeiro para o pisciultor.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on the productive, intestinal histomorphometry, haemato-immunological aspects, as well as evaluated the resistance of juvenile Pseudoplatystoma sp. after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Inclusion levels of the commercial probiotic were set at 0 (control), 1, 2, 3 and 4% of CALSPORIN® kg feed−1 with six replicates. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 10 and 20 for hematological analysis, and on the 20th day, samples were collected for intestinal histomorphometry, zootechnical and survival analyses. The results showed that probiotic supplementation with B. subtilis significantly improved intestinal morphology in fish from groups 1% and 2% and phagocytic activity in all supplemented groups, regardless of the applied dose. In addition, on the 20th day, improvements in non-specific immunity were observed, such as an increase in the number of monocytes (groups 2, 3 and 4%), eosinophils (group 3%), leukocytes (1%) and lymphocytes (group 4%) of the fish that received the supplemented feed. It was also possible to verify that the probiotic caused significant changes in the haemogram between the sampling periods on 0, 10th and 20th day, showing activation of specialized cells of the fish’s non-specific defense mechanism. At the end of the experimental period, supplementation of B. subtilis improved the productive indexes and survival of Pseudoplatystoma sp. after bacterial challenge.

Epistylis sp. é um parasito emergente no Brasil e é comumente encontrado em surubim Pseudoplatystoma spp. durante os estágios iniciais de produção e, portanto, requer o estabelecimento de medidas profiláticas e terapêuticas, visando o seu controle. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de sal comum para controlar Epistylis sp. em juvenis de surubim. Os peixes (n=48) foram divididos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos, e um grupo de controle, com três repetições cada. Os tratamentos consistiram de três banhos terapêuticos realizados a cada 48 horas durante 20 minutos com diferentes concentrações de sal comum: 0,0%, 1,0%, 1,5% e 2,0%. O experimento teve duração de seis dias. Vinte e quatro horas após o último banho, os peixes foram amostrados para verificar a presença do parasito e colheita de sangue. Os tratamentos de sal de 1,5% e 2,0% foram eficazes na eliminação dos parasitos em 82% e 78% dos peixes tratados, respectivamente. Os peixes submetidos ao banho de sal a 2,0% apresentaram maiores valores de hematócrito e hemoglobina (P

This study investigated larval catfish abundance and diversity in various fluvial habitats in the Amazon lowlands of eastern Ecuador. It assessed the relationship between spawning behavior and the hydrological cycle, identified a potential spawning site, and elucidated community assemblages based on larval diversity among river tributaries with differing water chemistry profiles. Sampling sites included the mainstreams of the Napo and Aguarico Rivers and lower reaches of three tributaries. Drift samples were taken before, during, and after strong, rain-induced flooding occurred. Results suggest a strong peak of larval abundances in April, coinciding with the start of the flood period. In the Napo mainstream, samples were dominated by larvae of large migratory pimelodid catfishes, Pseudoplatystoma spp., which were caught between the upriver site in the foothills (254 m a.s.l.) and the downstream Peruvian frontier (175 m a.s.l.). Back-calculations based on water velocity and larval growth rate suggest that most of these larvae originated in the lowlands between those two locations, where the riverbed transitions from rocky to sandy/silty substrate. Thus, it appears that most spawning occurred over sandy substrates rather than the rocky substrates that were dominant above the upriver site. Comparisons of samples taken by day and night at the same sites revealed significantly higher larval abundances at night; thus, larvae must either preferentially drift at night, actively avoid the nets by day, or may do diel vertical migrations (e.g., related to predation pressure or pursuit of prey items). Dominant larval taxa in the whitewater mainstreams differed from those dominating samples from a blackwater mainstream system, and catfish larval assemblages in each of those habitats were distinct from those drifting in small, blackwater tributaries. These results provide key life-history information for catfish species in the Napo River, including for important commercial species, such as Pseudoplatystoma spp. Identification and protection of discrete spawning sites, such as those identified here, are critical to conservation efforts for these species.

Brazilian fish farming is in expansion, with native species corresponding to 34.7% of its production. Catfish is one of the main farmed native species without intramuscular spines and are well accepted by the consumers. This review addresses the relationship between production and research of the main native catfish species in Brazil (Pseudoplatystoma and Rhamdia quelen) and also provides an overview of the main nutritional requirements studies with these species. It also aims to provide novel insights on nutrition research and species-specific formulations. Four main points were identified in this review: (i) surubim production is basically focused on hybrid fish, while many species have been investigated; (ii) benchmark diets in terms of nutritional composition and manufacturing technology such as extrusion or pelletization is necessary; (iii) tailored commercial diets for native species are scarce, especially when it comes to micronutrients, possibly impacting the industry with few commercial options and product lines; (iv) discrepancy between nutrition scientific research and the volume of commercial production of these species. Farming fish species with limited nutritional knowledge is possible, but it requires a common effort between the academy and the supply chain. The development of a scientific strategy in the area of nutrition aligned with the interests of the industry is essential for the expansion of the activity. La piscicultura brasileña está en constante crecimiento, con un 34,7% de esta producción proveniente de especies nativas. Entre las especies autóctonas destacan el bagre, pescado de cuero que no tienen espinas intramusculares y son bien aceptados por el mercado consumidor. Esta revisión aborda la relación entre producción e investigación de los principales bagres nativos de Brasil (Pseudoplatystoma y Rhamdia quelen) y proporciona una visión general de los principales estudios vinculados a los requerimientos nutricionales de estas especies. También tiene el propósito de apoyar nuevas investigaciones y proporcionar una recopilación de trabajos que puedan ayudar en la formulación de dietas específicas para estas especies. En esta revisión se identificaron cuatro puntos relevantes: (i) la producción de surubim se centra básicamente en peces híbridos, mientras que para la investigación existe una gran variedad en las especies utilizadas; (ii) es necesaria una adecuada estandarización de las dietas en términos de equilibrio nutricional y aspectos de fabricación como extrusión o peletización; (iii) las dietas comerciales específicas para especies nativas son escasas, especialmente cuando se trata de micronutrientes, posiblemente impactando la industria con pocas opciones comerciales y línea de productos; (iv) discrepancia entre la investigación científica sobre nutrición y el volumen de producción comercial de estas especies. La producción de pescado con conocimientos nutricionales limitados es posible, pero requiere un esfuerzo común entre la academia y la cadena de producción. El desarrollo de una estrategia científica en el área de la nutrición alineada con los intereses de la industria es fundamental para la expansión de la actividad. A piscicultura brasileira se encontra em constante crescimento, sendo que 34,7% dessa produção é proveniente de espécies nativas. Dentre as espécies nativas se destacam os bagres, peixes de couro que não apresentam espinhos intramusculares e são bem aceitos pelo mercado consumidor. A presente revisão aborda a relação entre produção e pesquisa dos principais bagres nativos do Brasil (Pseudoplatystoma e Rhamdia quelen) e traz um panorama sobre os principais estudos ligados às exigências nutricionais destas espécies. Tem ainda a finalidade de embasar novas pesquisas e fornecer um compilado de trabalhos que podem auxiliar na formulação de dietas específicas para estas espécies. Foram identificados quatro pontos relevantes nesta revisão: (i) a produção de surubim é basicamente focada em peixe híbridos, enquanto que para as pesquisas há uma variedade muito grande nas espécies utilizadas; (ii) é necessária uma adequada padronização das dietas em termos de balanço nutricional e aspectos de fabricação como extrusão ou peletização; (iii) são escassas as dietas comerciais específicas para espécies nativas, especialmente em se tratando de micronutrientes, possivelmente impactando a indústria com poucas opções comerciais e linha de produtos; (iv) discrepância entre as pesquisas científicas com nutrição e o volume de produção comercial dessas espécies. A produção de peixes com limitado conhecimento nutritional é possível, porém requer um esforço comum entre a academia e a cadeia produtiva. O desenvolvimento de uma estratégia científica na área de nutrição alinhada com os interesses da indústria é indispensável para a expansão da atividade.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of a diet supplemented with B. subtilis for a period of 10 days and to verify its effects on the zootechnical performance, hematological parameters, and intestinal histomorphometry of fish. The present study was designed to verify the effects of a commercial product containing Bacillus subtilis C-3102 for short administration period in the diet of Brazilian catfish Pseudoplatystoma sp. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of CALSPORIN® kg feed−1) and six replicates. Supplementation with B. subtilis did not influence (p > 0.05) on erythrogram and plasma glucose of fish. However, probiotic supplementation for 10 days was effective and caused beneficial changes in productive performance of the 30 g kg feed−1 group compared to the other groups. In addition, improvements in the immune system, such as an increase in the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, and total blood leukocytes were observed in the treated groups, besides increased height and width of the intestinal villi was possibly related with an improvement in nutrient absorption. This study shows the feasibility in to use short time of feeding in the Pseudoplatystoma sp. diet that improved the fish health.

Infections caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri are one of the biggest problems in the catfish industry in North America and have been reported in fishes around the world. E. ictaluri was detected in juvenile pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans—a Brazilian catfish—in a farm in Paraná State, Brazil; diseased animals showed ascites and neurological signs of infection, with more than 50% mortality. Exotic invasive species susceptible to this bacterium have been reported in this area. We assessed the susceptibility of pintado to E. ictaluri with experimental infection via intraperitoneal and immersion methods as well as a cohabitation experiment with Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and African walking catfish Clarias gariepinus, 2 exotic invasive species. All pintados challenged by intraperitoneal and immersion routes and those cohabiting with infected C. gariepinus died within 17 d of the challenge. Mortality of Nile tilapia reached 71.42% after the intraperitoneal and 35.71% in the immersion challenges within 28 d, whereas African walking catfish showed zero mortality. Observed clinical signs were comparable to those in the farm and those described in the literature as enteric septicemia of catfish. With this study, we demonstrated the susceptibility of P. corruscans to E. ictaluri, as well as interspecies transmission of this bacterium.

The ontogeny of the digestive capacities in fish is species-specific and its knowledge is essential for understanding the nutritional requirements of fish larvae. While the Amazon basin contains the world's highest fish biodiversity, the molecular basis of the early digestive physiology has not yet been reported in any Amazonian fish species. In order to increase basic knowledge on the molecular ontogeny of the digestive system of a commercially important Amazonian fish species, six digestive enzyme genes (α-amylase, phospholipase A2, lipoprotein lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin) were isolated and identified, and their expression analyzed from 3 to 24 days post fertilization (dpf) in Pseudoplatystoma punctifer, a catfish species with high potential for aquaculture diversification. The present results, together with those previously obtained on the development of the digestive enzyme activity, showed that gene expression and enzymatic activities are synchronized and that the enzymatic machinery of P. punctifer was completely prepared for the onset of exogenous feeding (4 dpf, 6 mm total length, TL) and had reached its maturity between 10 and 13 dpf (11–14 mm TL). This indicated that the transition from the larval to the juvenile mode of digestion had been completed and they were suitable for weaning under culture conditions. Furthermore, the gene expression analyses suggest that this species displays an omnivorous behavior with a preference towards carnivory during early development. The present study provides the first comprehensive ontogenetic analysis of the digestive function from a molecular point of view of a species of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, and contributes to the development of feeding strategies in the context of South American aquaculture diversification. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

The Neotropical catfish genus Pseudoplatystoma comprises eight species of large size, widely distributed in South American basins. The endangered species P. magdaleniatum is endemic to Magdalena basin (Colombia), experiences high fishing pressure and its population genetics is relatively unknown. To study the genetic status and structure of P. magdaleniatum, 25 species-specific polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using next-generation sequencing and then tested in samples collected in the Magdalena-Cauca basin. Based on 15 of these loci, P. magdaleniatum showed a high number of alleles per locus (9-10), high values of observed (0.762-0.798) and expected (0.770-0.791) heterozygosities, recent reduction of population size and gene flow. These findings constitute a baseline to measure potential changes in genetic diversity and structure of this commercially important species in a basin undergoing high anthropogenic activities. RESUMEN El género de bagres neotropicales Pseudoplatystoma comprende ocho especies de gran tamaño, ampliamente distribuidas en las cuencas de Suramérica. La especie en peligro de extinción P. magdaleniatum es endémica de la Cuenca del Magdalena (Colombia), experimenta una alta presión pesquera y su genética poblacional es relativamente desconocida. Para estudiar el estado y estructura genética de P. magdaleniatum, se desarrollaron 25 loci microsatélites polimórficos especie específicos utilizando secuenciación de próxima generación y se evaluaron en muestras recolectadas en la Cuenca del Magdalena-Cauca. Con base en 15 loci, P. magdaleniatum mostró un alto número de alelos por locus (9-10), valores altos de heterocigosidad observada (0.762-0.798) y esperada (0.770-0.791), reducción reciente del tamaño poblacional y flujo génico. Estos hallazgos constituyen una línea de base para medir cambios potenciales en la diversidad y estructura genética de esta especie comercialmente importante en una cuenca sometida a altas actividades antropogénicas.

Fish skin colouration has been widely studied because it involves a variety of processes that are important to the broad field of the developmental biology. Mathematical modelling of fish skin patterning first predicted the existence of morphogens and helped to elucidate the mechanisms of pattern formation. The catfishes of the genus Pseudoplatystoma offer a good biological study model, since its species exhibit the most spectacular and amazing variations of colour patterns on the skin. They present labyrinths, closed loops (or cells), alternate spots and stripes, only spots and combinations of these. We have extended a well known mathematical model to study the skin of Pseudoplatystoma. The basic model is a two component, non-linear reaction diffusion system that presents a richness of bifurcations. The extended model assumes that there are two interacting cell/tissue layers in which morphogens diffuse and interact giving rise to the skin colouration pattern. We have found that by varying only two parameters we are able to accurately reproduce the distinct patterns found in all species of Pseudoplatystoma. The histological analysis of skin samples of two species of this genus, with different patterns, revealed differences on the disposition of the colouration cells that are consistent with our theoretical predictions. Fil: Scarabotti, Pablo Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto Nacional de Limnología. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto Nacional de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Govezensky, Tzipe. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Bolcatto, Pablo Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Barrio, Rafael Ángel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México

Pseudoplatystoma (Bleeker, 1862) species are of commercial importance in the region of Rondônia, however studies with the species are scarce, so the objective of the research was to carry out a diagnosis of the composition and structure of the parasite communities of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) and P. tigrinum (Valenciennes, 1840) of the river basin Jamari, Ariquemes - RO, Brazil. During the period from November / 2016 to February / 2018, 50 specimens of P. tigrinum and 51 specimens of P. fasciatum were collected. Of the total sampled fish, 45 specimens of P. tigrinum and 51 specimens P. fasciatum were parasitized by at least one species of parasite presenting a prevalence level of 90% and 100%, respectively. In the parasitic infrapopulations of P. tigrinum, the groups with the highest prevalence rates were nematodes, with larvae being the largest representative of the group, followed by monogenean Vancleaveus ciccinus Kritsky, Thatcher e Boeger, 1986 and for P. fasciatum the parasite helminths that presented the highest prevalence level were the Cestoda groups: Megathylacus sp. Woodland, 1934; Harriscolex sp. Rego, 1987; Monticellia sp. La Rue, 1911; Nominoscolex sp. Woodland, 1934; Nematoda: larvae; Eustrongylides sp. Jägerskiöld, 1909; Cucullanus sp. Müller, 1777; Contracaecum sp. Railliet Henry, 1912 and Monogenea: Vancleaveus ciccinus One species showed a negative correlation between total length and average abundance for P. tigrinum, while P. fasciatum correlation was positive for three species. The comparison of abundance averages by sex for P. tigrinum showed no significant difference between groups, for P. fasciatum a significant difference was observed among the individuals parasitized by Peltidocotyle sp., Monticellia sp., Nominoscolex sp. where females showed higher average abundance in relation to males.

The present study proposes to characterize the parasites isolated during the initial phase of production in fish farms located in Mato Grosso do Sul in the central-western region of Brazil, using histopathology analysis and molecular techniques. A total of 340 hybrid surubim fish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum × P. corruscans) from four farms were examined during the co-feeding phase. Histopathology analysis showed that 10.9% (n = 37) of the fish were infected with parasites. Branchitis, lifting epithelium, hypertrophy of epithelial cells, lamellar fusion, aneurisms and infection in the bone tissue of the gill filament was observed. The parasite species was determined by amplification of the 18S rRNA gene followed by sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences indicates a close relationship (99.6%) with Henneguya pseudoplatystoma reported to be infecting the hybrid Pseudoplatystoma. This study demonstrates the occurrence of H. pseudoplatystoma in hybrid surubim (P. reticulatum × P. corruscans) during the co-feeding phase in fish farms in Mato Grosso do Sul. Also, molecular techniques provide a faster and sensitive method to identify fish parasites, and may assist in the development of new management techniques aimed at improving the sanitary conditions contributing to the reduction of mortality rates in these animals.

The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of the Weibull model to predict the moisture and salt contents and their diffusion coefficients, during the salting of catfish slices using mixtures of NaCl, KCl, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 . The effective water and salt diffusion coefficients (D e ) were determined using the normalized Weibull model. The high coefficients of determination (R 2 > 0.99) and low mean relative error (MRE< 10%) suggest that Weibull model is suitable and accurate for predicting both moisture and salt contents and determining De. Values of the scale parameter of Weibull model for fractional amount of moisture and salt contents ranged from 0.665 to 0.761 d and from 0.640 to 0.887 d, respectively; while values of shape parameter ranged from 0.467 to 0.669 and from 0.511 to 1.218, respectively. Values of De for water ranged approximately from 1.13 x 10 -10 to 1.81 x 10 -10 m2/s while values for salt ranged from 0.63 x 10 -10 to 1.80 x 10 -10 m2/s.

A piscicultura brasileira se encontra em constante crescimento, sendo que 34,7% dessa produção é proveniente de espécies nativas. Dentre as espécies nativas se destacam os bagres, peixes de couro que não apresentam espinhos intramusculares e são bem aceitos pelo mercado consumidor. A presente revisão aborda a relação entre produção e pesquisa dos principais bagres nativos do Brasil (Pseudoplatystoma e Rhamdia quelen) e traz um panorama sobre os principais estudos ligados às exigências nutricionais destas espécies. Tem ainda a finalidade de embasar novas pesquisas e fornecer um compilado de trabalhos que podem auxiliar na formulação de dietas específicas para estas espécies. Foram identificados quatro pontos relevantes nesta revisão: (i) a produção de surubim é basicamente focada em peixe híbridos, enquanto que para as pesquisas há uma variedade muito grande nas espécies utilizadas; (ii) é necessária uma adequada padronização das dietas em termos de balanço nutricional e aspectos de fabricação como extrusão ou peletização; (iii) são escassas as dietas comerciais específicas para espécies nativas, especialmente em se tratando de micronutrientes, possivelmente impactando a indústria com poucas opções comerciais e linha de produtos; (iv) discrepância entre as pesquisas científicas com nutrição e o volume de produção comercial dessas espécies. A produção de peixes com limitado conhecimento nutritional é possível, porém requer um esforço comum entre a academia e a cadeia produtiva. O desenvolvimento de uma estratégia científica na área de nutrição alinhada com os interesses da indústria é indispensável para a expansão da atividade.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of mango meal, a non-starch polysaccharide, as a carbohydrate source on the metabolism plasticity and performance indicators for hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum x P. corruscans), a tropical carnivorous fish. Juveniles (±14.5g initial weight) were fed 3% of total biomass for 60 days in four experimental diets replacing 0, 33, 66 and 100% of the cornmeal. Growth by final weight was evaluated, but statistical differences (p

Sorubim fillets are products with great commercial potential that meet the current preferences for fish consumption. Hybrids of these species have gaining popularity for industrial fish farming. The aim of this work was to characterize fillets obtained from the crosses between Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (dot and comma hybrid sorubim) and the crosses between Pseudoplatystoma spp. x Leiarius marmoratus (real hybrid sorubim) in terms of physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory analyzes. The fillets of real hybrid sorubim presented high moisture (77.90%) and protein (17.20%) and low lipid (3.20%) contents compared to the dot and comma hybrid sorubim (75.66, 21.36, and 1.90%, respectively). The variation in the constitution of the real hybrid sorubim had affected other parameters, e.g. it increased the texture evaluated in terms of shear strength (0.58 kgf, against 0.46 kgf for the dot and comma hybrid sorubim fillet), and the reduced sensory acceptation / purchase intention, which are related to the reduced fat content. Purchase intention analysis indicated that the filets of dot and comma hybrid sorubim would be purchased by 95% of the population, while the fillets of the real hybrid sorubim would be purchased for less than 80% of the population. Los filetes de sorubim son productos con gran potencial comercial que responden a las preferencias actuales de consumo de pescado. Los híbridos de estas especies están ganando popularidad en la piscicultura industrial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar los filetes obtenidos de los cruces entre Pseudoplatystoma corruscans y Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (sorubim híbrido punto y coma) y los cruces entre Pseudoplatystoma spp. x Leiarius marmoratus (sorubim híbrido real) en términos de análisis físicos, químicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales. Los filetes de sorubim híbrido real presentaron alto contenido de humedad (77,90%) y proteína (17,20%) y bajo contenido de lípidos (3,20%) en comparación con el sorubim híbrido punto y coma (75,66, 21,36 y 1,90%, respectivamente). La variación en la constitución del sorubim híbrido real había afectado otros parámetros, por ejemplo aumentó la textura evaluada en términos de resistencia al cizallamiento (0,58 kgf, contra 0,46 kgf para el filete de sorubim híbrido punto y coma), y la menor aceptación sensorial / intención de compra, que están relacionadas con la reducción del contenido de grasa. El análisis de intención de compra indicó que los filetes de sorubim híbrido punto y coma serían comprados por 95% de la población, mientras que los filetes del sorubim híbrido real serían comprados por menos del 80% de la población. Os filés de sorubins são produtos com grande potencial comercial que atendem às preferências atuais de consumo de pescado. Os híbridos dessas espécies estão ganhando popularidade na piscicultura industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os filés obtidos a partir dos cruzamentos entre Pseudoplatystoma corruscans e Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (sorubim híbrido ponto e vírgula) e os cruzamentos entre Pseudoplatystoma spp. x Leiarius marmoratus (híbrido de sorubim real) em termos de análises físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Os filés de sorubim híbrido real apresentaram alto teor de umidade (77,90%) e proteína (17,20%) e baixo teor de lipídios (3,20%) em relação ao sorubim híbrido ponto e vírgula (75,66, 21,36 e 1,90%, respectivamente). A variação na constituição do sorubim híbrido real afetou outros parâmetros, por exemplo aumentou a textura avaliada em termos de resistência ao cisalhamento (0,58 kgf, contra 0,46 kgf para o filé de sorubim híbrido ponto e vírgula) e a redução da aceitação sensorial / intenção de compra, que estão relacionados ao reduzido teor de gordura. A análise da intenção de compra indicou que os filés de sorubim híbrido ponto e vírgula seriam comprados por 95% da população, enquanto os filés de sorubim híbrido real seriam comprados por menos de 80% da população.

Pattern formation processes in non-integer order systems are increasingly becoming the subject of activity considered by many scientists and engineers for scenarios associated with spatial heterogeneity or anomalous diffusion. The major drawback encountered is the computation of the Caputo and Fabrizio fractional operator which leads to non-locality issues or memory problems in time. We formulate efficient numerical schemes which are based on the novel finite difference method and the spectral algorithms are developed for solving time-fractional reaction-diffusion equations. The proposed technique is showcased by solving the fractional BVAM model in one-, two- or three-dimensional spaces, to explore the dynamic richness of pattern formation with the concept of fractional derivatives. Experimental results obtained mimicked various Pseudoplatystoma catfish structures involving the tiger sorubim in Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum, spotted sorubim in Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, the barred sorubim in Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, spotted and vertical bar structures in Pseudoplatystoma punctifer species, many other unrecognized patterns are classified as Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum species. Experimental results are given for different values of fractional power to address any points or queries that may occur.

In this study, fish oils were extracted from mechanically deboned Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and hybrid sorubim ( Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x P. fasciatum ) meats. Low-temperature (40 °C) heating and filtration method were used. These oils were evaluated to determine their oxidative and hydrolytic stability during 180 days of storage at −18 °C. The results indicated that storage conditions preserved the quality of both oils for 105 days. Thereafter, the oils gradually underwent hydrolytic and oxidative degradation, reaching acidity indices of 1.67±0.04 and 2.67±0.03 mgKOH/g, and peroxide values of 4.89±0.03 and 3.24±0.05 meq/kg in Nile tilapia and hybrid sorubim oils, respectively.

We report feeding studies on hybrid fish (carnivorous × omnivorous) to determine the interactions between protein sources during diet selection trials. We also examined behavioural rhythms (feeding and locomotor activity) using a self-feeding system mounted with a feeder connected to an infrared photocell. Twenty fish (28.20 ± 0.05 g) were distributed in four aquariums (50 L each). First, the system was tested to evaluate the adaptation of catfish (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum × Leiarius marmoratus) to self-feeding (step I). During this 28-day period, feeding and locomotor activity rhythms were recorded. In the second step, to analyse protein self-selection, a group of 20 fish (19.10 ± 0.05 g) was released in the aquaria. The hybrid catfish were given free access to diets (soya bean meal protein (SP) vs. bovine liver protein (BP)) through two self-feeders. The same procedure was used for (SP) vs. fish meal protein (FP). The catfish learned to activate the feeders to demand a daily feed amount equivalent to 1.8% of their body weight. The fish performed most of their actions (89.0% feeding activity and 94.1 0% locomotor activity) in the night. The diet choice by the catfish became clearer with a significantly lower intake of BP (0.37 g per 100 g body weight, 24.6%) vs. SP (1.06 g per 100 g body weight, 75.4%) and SP (0.61 g per 100 g body weight, 38.9%) vs. FP (0.91 g per 100 g body weight, 61.1%). These findings should be considered when discussing feeding behaviour, nutritional targets and protein sources for future aquaculture feeds.

This study evaluated the control of streptococcosis outbreaks in Brazil, isolated from diseased sorubim and identified as Lactococcus garvieae by genetic sequencing. This report determined the potential for lactococcosis control in sorubim Pseudoplatystoma sp. with two vaccines: an aqueous-based, whole-cell inactivated vaccine (bacterin) and an oil-adjuvanted bacterin. Their efficacy was evaluated at 30 days post-vaccination (d.p.v.) by challenge with L. garvieae, and the antibody production response at 15, 30 and 60 d.p.v. and the non-specific immune response were compared amongst treatments. High protection levels (P

The South American continent is known for its high production and exports in fisheries and aquaculture, but has not reached its full potential in fish farming. The latest data on fish production in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela were explored in this review. Aspects of biology, production, market and health of the species most produced in South America are described in detail. These species include the round fish (Colossoma spp., Piaractus spp. and hybrids) and catfish (Pseudoplatystoma spp. and hybrids), in addition to the promising pirarucu Arapaima gigas, yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae and silver catfish Rhamdia quelen. Among the countries mentioned, Chile and Brazil are two of the largest intensive fish producers in the world. Chile relies primarily on marine fish, whereas Brazil is prominent for continental production. Special emphasis is given to the black pacu Colossoma macropomum because it is a commonly farmed fish in South American countries and offers several desirable productive characteristics (domesticated, omnivorous and easy to reproduce). Furthermore, this fish has the greatest potential to compete economically with tilapia production in South America. The production of native fish is currently overtaking the production of exotic species in some countries, which is considered a milestone for South American aquaculture. Regarding diseases, the main pathogens are similar to those observed throughout the world, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, different species of monogeneans and trichodinids, and the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. Local pathogens, such as the parasites Perulernaea gamitanae and Goezia spinulosa, are also concerning.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar a viabilidade econômica da implantação de uma piscicultura de grande porte no Estado de Mato Grosso, com 174 ha de lâmina d´água em sistema de tanques escavados, utilizando 30 % dessa área com criação do pintado da Amazônia Pseudoplatystoma spp. e 70 % com criação de peixes redondo (espécies e híbridos do gênero Colossoma e Piaractus). Os dados foram coletados diretamente no setor produtivo, em que estão sendo construídos 73 tanques escavados, com sistemas de abastecimento e drenagem individual. Foram determinados ciclo de criação de 12 meses e os seguintes indicadores zootécnicos, para os peixes redondo e pintado, respectivamente: biomassa de estocagem final média de 0,799 kg/m-2 e de 0,802 kg/m-2, conversão alimentar aparente de 1,80 e 1,90, taxa de sobrevivência de 75 % e de 86 %, peso médio final dos peixes de 1,8 kg e de 2,0 kg. Para obtenção do custo total médio de produção do quilograma dos peixes, foi utilizada a metodologia do custo total de produção (CTP). Para análise de rentabilidade foram utilizados os seguintes indicadores: receita bruta (RB), lucro (L), margem de contribuição (MC), valor presente líquido (VPL), período de retorno do capital (PRC) e taxa interna de retorno (TIR). Para instalação da piscicultura serão investidos R$ 8.688.933,24. O custo total médio do quilograma do peixe, produção total e preço de comercialização dos peixes redondo e do pintado da Amazônia serão, respectivamente: R$ 3,51 e R$ 5,14; 972.797 kg e 418.639 kg, R$ 4,00 e R$ 7,00, o qual totalizará lucro de R$ 1.251.628,29 ao ano (US$ 1= R$ 2,23 cotação média em Julho de 2014). Os resultados do VPL, PRC e TIR para o horizonte de 15 anos são, respectivamente, R$ 7.239.606,49; 4,03 anos e 23,4 %. Foi realizada análise de sensibilidade com diversos cenários desfavoráveis, ainda assim todos apresentaram viabilidade econômica.

The risk imposed upon society by consumption of foods contaminated with metals and metalloids is an environmental problem attributed to the increasing number of mining extraction activities currently underway in Colombia. The aim of the current study was to determine concentrations of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and a metalloid arsenic (As) found in the species of most consumed fish species by citizens of Bogota D.C. (Colombia), and the consequent potential risk to human health was also calculated. Muscle samples of 8 fish species were obtained from 203 individuals collected through 2014. The highest metal concentrations detected were as follows: Pb in Oncorhynchus sp. (0.0595 mg/kg), Cd and Hg in Pimelodus sp. (0.0072 and 0.0579 mg/kg, respectively), and As in Scomberomorus sp (0.0471 mg/kg). Further, the levels of metal accumulation from consumption of fish were calculated utilizing the metal pollution index (MPI), with elevated values noted in Pseudoplatystoma sp (0.06 mg/kg), followed by Scomberomorus sp. and Centropomus sp. (0.05 and 0.04 mg/kg, respectively). The multiple species exposure index (Em.j) denotes the level of exposure associated with consumption of various contaminated fish species, and this level occurred in decreasing order as follows: AsPbCdHg. The multiple chemical exposure index (Ej.m), which accounts for exposure to multiple metals, identified Prochilodus sp. as the species displaying the highest level of exposure per consumption (8 × 10(-6) mg/kg-d). The target hazard quotient (THQ) for human health indicated high levels for Hg and Cd in Prochilodus sp. (0.026 and 0.005, respectively), Pb in Oncorhynchus sp (0.025), and As in Pseudoplatistoma sp. and Centropomus sp. (0.023). Data emphasize the need for adequate nationwide public policies that promote assessment of exposure levels and potential adverse health risks associated with dietary consumption of different fish species in Colombia.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 This study evaluated the supplementation of vitamin C in diets for Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (surubim) juveniles. The effects of high concentrations of vitamin C were evaluated through the histological skin alterations regarding the structure of epidermis and collagen deposition. Ascorbic polyphosphate (AP) was used as a source of vitamin C in the diet of the surubim juveniles at concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg of AP/kg diet added to a basic diet (control; 0 mg AP/kg diet). After 90 days, six animals per treatment were euthanized and fragments of skin were sampled. The histological cuts were stained with hematoxilin - eosin (HE), Masson tricromic (TM), and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS). The epidermis showed disarrangement of the club cells in fish from control group and in fish fed with the 2000 and 2500 mg of AP/kg of diet. The treatment with 2500 mg of AP/kg of diet also caused the lowest epidermis height. However, no morphological skin alterations were observed on treatments 500, 1000, and 1500 mg of AP/kg of diet. Thus, decreases in epidermis height and changes in club cells arrangement can be recognized as new clinical signs of hypervitaminosis C in that fish, hindering skin development. EMBRAPA-Tabuleiros Costeiros Laboratório de Enzimologia Departamento de Bioquímica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Faculdade de Ciências Agrarias Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD) Curso de Agronomia Centro Universitário da Fundação Educacional de Barretos Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal

Pseudoplatystoma 1. Body with several dark-brown blotches...... P. corruscans 1’. Body with several dark-brown loop-like transverse bars.................................................................. P. reticulatum, Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 85, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395

Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix, Agassiz, 1829) Fig. 30 Body deep; greatest depth contained 5.8 to 6.3 times in SL; head length 2.4 to 3.2, anal-fin base length 8.4 to 8.8, adipose-fin base length 10.7 to 14.4, maxillary-barbel length 2.4 to 2.9 in SL; snout length 2.0 to 2.2, horizontal orbital diameter 9.5 to 10.8, least interorbital width 4.4 to 4.8 in HL; orbital diameter 4.4 to 4.8 in interorbital width. Mouth subterminal, premaxilla slightly longer than dentary dentigerous tooth plates in both premaxilla and dentary. Dorsal fin with 7, pectoral fin with I,9, pelvic fin with 7 and anal fin with 12-15 rays. Ground color dark-grey above lateral line, whitish below; several dark-brown blotches on body. Hyaline fins with few black spots (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 860.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. São Francisco basin and Paraná-Paraguay system., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 85, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889 Fig. 30 Body deep; greatest depth contained 5.5 to 6.0 times in SL; head length 2.6 to 2.7, anal-fin base length 8.0 to 8.9, adiposefin base length 11.0 to 13.0, maxillary-barbel length 2.2 to 2.5 in SL; snout length 2.0 to 2.3, horizontal orbital diameter 10.0 to 10.8, least interorbital width 4.0 to 4.9 in HL; orbital diameter 2.4 to 2.5 in interorbital width. Mouth subterminal; dentigerous tooth plates in both premaxilla and dentary. Dorsal fin with 7, pectoral fin with I,8 or 9, pelvic fin with 7 and anal fin with 14-17 rays. Ground color dark-grey above lateral line, whitish below; dark-brown loop-like transverse bars from posterior opercular flap to caudal peduncle. Dorsal and anal fins with black spots; pectoral and pelvic fins dark-grey dorsally, pale ventrally, with few black spots (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 800.0 mm. Distribution. Central Amazon and rio Paraná basins. Remarks. Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum was identified as P. fasciatum by Graça, Pavanelli (2007). Buitrago-Suárez, Burr (2007), in a taxonomic study of Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker, 1862, restricted the distribution of P. fasciatum to the Guyana region and proposed the new identification for the specimens from the rio Paraná basin. Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum is a non-native species from the upper rio Paraná, and its occurrence can be associated with the functioning of the Canal da Piracema, a fish ladder that connects the region downstream from the Itaipu Dam to the region upstream from the dam., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 85, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64.","Buitrago-Suarez UR, Burr BM. Taxonomy of the catfish genus Pseudoplatystoma Bleeker (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) with recognition of eight species. Zootaxa. 2007; 1512: 1 - 38."]}

The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of Sorubim lima was first reported by next-generation sequencing method. The entire length of mitochondrial genome is 16,539 bp and the nucleotide composition was made up of 32.1% A, 24.9% T, 28.0% C, and 15.0% G, indicating an A + T (57.0%)-rich feature. With the exception of 8 tRNA genes and NADH6, mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand, which was similar to that in other vertebrates. The results showed that the species of Pimelodidae were gathered in the same branch. The phylogenies indicate monophyly of the genus Pseudoplatystoma, Pimelodus and Sorubim.