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Anatomy is a key knowledge area in chiropractic and is formally offered in the undergraduate component of chiropractic education. There is the potential for loss of anatomy knowledge before the opportunity to apply it in a clinical setting. This study aimed to determine whether chiropractic clinicians retain a level of anatomy knowledge comparable to that of chiropractic students and to compare chiropractors' self-rating of their anatomical knowledge against an objective knowledge assessment tool. A previously validated multiple-choice test was utilized to measure retention of limb musculoskeletal (MSK) knowledge in Australian chiropractors. One hundred and one registered chiropractors completed the questionnaire and responses were scored, analyzed, and compared to scores attained by undergraduate and postgraduate chiropractic students who had previously completed the same questionnaire. The results indicated that practitioners retained their anatomy knowledge, with a significantly higher total mean score than the undergraduate group [total mean score = 36.5% (±SD 13.6%); P < 0.01] but not significantly different to the postgraduate group [total mean score = 52.2% (±SD 14.1%); P = 0.74]. There was a weak positive correlation between chiropractors' self-rated knowledge and test performance scores indicating the effectiveness of this Australian chiropractic group in self-assessing their anatomy knowledge. This study found that Australian chiropractors' knowledge of MSK anatomy was retained during the transition from university to clinical practice and they accurately evaluated their own test performance.

Many medical schools practice commemorative ceremonies to honor body donors. Attitudes of medical education stakeholders toward these ceremonies have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to explore anatomy students' attitudes toward commemorations at a multicultural institution which has not introduced these ceremonies yet. A survey was carried out on different groups of anatomy students that were exposed and not yet exposed to human remains. The survey was used to record basic demographic data from the respondents, ask if they would support the establishment of an anatomy commemoration and in which format. A total of 756 anatomy students participated in the survey (response rate 69.8%). The majority (76.3%) were in favor of introducing a commemoration for donors. The associations of students' gender, attitude toward body donation, and level of exposure to human remains with attitudes toward commemoration for donors were identified (P < 0.05), whereas ethnicity and religion seemed to have no influence on attitudes (P > 0.05). Most students believed that anatomy staff and students should organize the commemoration. There was a preference for the commemoration to be secular with revealed identities of donors, and not recorded for social media. The support for the establishment of commemorations transcended cultural and religious differences and confirmed students' respectful attitude toward donors. Anatomy commemorations seem to have potential not only to engage students with one another, and donor families, but also to pave the way for students to become life-long ethical and empathetic learners and practitioners.

Background: Computed tomography‐guided transthoracic biopsy (CT‐TTB) is the 'gold standard' biopsy for lung nodules. Radial‐endobronchial ultrasound (R‐EBUS) bronchoscopy is another recommended biopsy but carries a lower diagnostic yield. Addition of cryobiopsy with R‐EBUS (Cryo‐Radial) has shown promising results. There are no studies comparing CT‐TTB with Cryo‐Radial biopsy. Aim: The co‐primary aims were the diagnostic yeild and safety. The secondary aim: ability to test epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Methods: A randomised controlled, multicentre exploratory study was conducted at three tertiary hospitals. Patients with nodules >1 cm on CT of the chest were randomised to CT‐TTB or Cryo‐Radial. With Cryo‐Radial, patients had 1–3 cryo‐biopsies in addition to at least one R‐EBUS biopsy through the 2.6 mm guide sheath. Results: Forty‐eight patients were randomised: 22 to CT‐TTB and 26 to Cryo‐Radial. Sixteen in the CT‐TTB and 20 in the Cryo‐Radial received the allocated biopsy. The diagnostic yield was CT‐TTB 93.8% (15/16) versus Cryo‐Radial 85% (17/20) P = 0.61 and the odds ratio was 0.37. For 5/13 (38%), a diagnosis was solely made on cryobiopsy. Eleven (78%) of 14 in CT‐TTB versus 7/10 (70%) Cryo‐Radial were suitable for EGFR testing P = 0.66, with odds ratio 0.63. Pneumothorax occurrence was 44% (7/16) in CT‐TTB versus 4.2% (1/24) in Cryo‐Radial. Two (12.5%) of 16 CT‐TTB required chest drain insertion. Conclusion: Cryo‐Radial is comparable in diagnostic yield and ability to perform EGFR testing with a significantly lower risk of pneumothorax, compared with CT‐TTB. Cryo‐Radial has the additional advantage of mediastinal staging during the same procedure with Linear‐EBUS and is a promising first‐line tool in the diagnostic method of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatomy is a key knowledge area in chiropractic and is formally offered in the undergraduate component of chiropractic education. There is the potential for loss of anatomy knowledge before the opportunity to apply it in a clinical setting. This study aimed to determine whether chiropractic clinicians retain a level of anatomy knowledge comparable to that of chiropractic students and to compare chiropractors' self‐rating of their anatomical knowledge against an objective knowledge assessment tool. A previously validated multiple‐choice test was utilized to measure retention of limb musculoskeletal (MSK) knowledge in Australian chiropractors. One hundred and one registered chiropractors completed the questionnaire and responses were scored, analyzed, and compared to scores attained by undergraduate and postgraduate chiropractic students who had previously completed the same questionnaire. The results indicated that practitioners retained their anatomy knowledge, with a significantly higher total mean score than the undergraduate group [total mean score = 36.5% (±SD 13.6%); P < 0.01] but not significantly different to the postgraduate group [total mean score = 52.2% (±SD 14.1%); P = 0.74]. There was a weak positive correlation between chiropractors' self‐rated knowledge and test performance scores indicating the effectiveness of this Australian chiropractic group in self‐assessing their anatomy knowledge. This study found that Australian chiropractors' knowledge of MSK anatomy was retained during the transition from university to clinical practice and they accurately evaluated their own test performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable and valid assessment of sports nutrition knowledge can inform athlete nutrition education to address knowledge gaps. This study aimed to test the reliability and validity of an electronically administered sports nutrition knowledge tool – Platform to Evaluate Athlete Knowledge of Sports Nutrition Questionnaire (PEAKS-NQ). A 94-item PEAKS-NQ was piloted to 149 developmental athletes (DA) in New Zealand, with a subset invited to complete the PEAKS-NQ again to assess reliability. Reliability was evaluated using sign test, intraclass correlation and Cronbach's α. Accredited sports dietitians (ASD; n 255) completed the PEAKS-NQ to establish construct validity via known-groups methodology and provided relevance scores to determine the scale content validity index (S-CVI). Rasch analysis was conducted to identify potentially problematic items and test reliability. Score differences between DA and ASD were analysed using independent t or non-parametric tests. DA (n 88) were 17·8 (sd 1·4) years, 61·4 % female and mostly in high school (94·3 %). ASD (n 45) were 37·8 (sd 7·6) years, 82·2 % female, with >5 years of dietetic experience (59·1 %). ASD scored higher than DA in all sections and overall (91·5 (sd 3·4) v. 67·1 (sd 10·5) %) (P < 0·001). There were no differences between retests (n 18; P = 0·14). Cronbach's α was 0·86. S-CVI indicated good content validity (0·88). Rasch analysis resulted in a fifty-item PEAKS-NQ with high item (0·91) and person (0·92) reliability. The PEAKS-NQ is reliable and valid for assessing sports nutrition knowledge which could assist practitioners effectively tailor and evaluate nutrition education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the association between general nutrition knowledge and dietary quality in a convenience sample of athletes (≥ state level) recruited from four Australian State Sport Institutes. General nutrition knowledge was measured by the validated General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire and diet quality by an adapted version of the Australian Recommended Food Score (A-ARFS) calculated from food frequency questionnaire data. Analysis of variance and linear modeling were used to assess relationships between variables. Data: mean (Standard Deviation). A total of 101 athletes (Males: 37; Females: 64), 18.6 (4.6) years were recruited mainly from team sports (72.0%). Females scored higher than males for both nutrition knowledge (Females: 59.9%; Males: 55.6%; p = .017) and total A-ARFS (Females: 54.2% Males: 49.4%; p = .016). There was no significant influence of age, level of education, athletic caliber or team/individual sport participation on nutrition knowledge or total A-ARFS. However, athletes engaged in previous dietetic consultation had significantly higher nutrition knowledge (61.6% vs. 56.6%; p = .034) but not total A-ARFS (53.6% vs. 52.0%; p = .466). Nutrition knowledge was weakly but positively associated with total A-ARFS (r = .261, p= .008) and A-ARFS vegetable subgroup (r = .252, p = .024) independently explaining 6.8% and 5.1% of the variance respectively. Gender independently explained 5.6% of the variance in nutrition knowledge (p = .017) and 6.7% in total A-ARFS (p = .016). Higher nutrition knowledge and female gender were weakly but positively associated with better diet quality. Given the importance of nutrition to health and optimal sports performance, intervention to improve nutrition knowledge and healthy eating is recommended, especially for young male athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many medical schools practice commemorative ceremonies to honor body donors. Attitudes of medical education stakeholders toward these ceremonies have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to explore anatomy students' attitudes toward commemorations at a multicultural institution which has not introduced these ceremonies yet. A survey was carried out on different groups of anatomy students that were exposed and not yet exposed to human remains. The survey was used to record basic demographic data from the respondents, ask if they would support the establishment of an anatomy commemoration and in which format. A total of 756 anatomy students participated in the survey (response rate 69.8%). The majority (76.3%) were in favor of introducing a commemoration for donors. The associations of students' gender, attitude toward body donation, and level of exposure to human remains with attitudes toward commemoration for donors were identified (P < 0.05), whereas ethnicity and religion seemed to have no influence on attitudes (P > 0.05). Most students believed that anatomy staff and students should organize the commemoration. There was a preference for the commemoration to be secular with revealed identities of donors, and not recorded for social media. The support for the establishment of commemorations transcended cultural and religious differences and confirmed students' respectful attitude toward donors. Anatomy commemorations seem to have potential not only to engage students with one another, and donor families, but also to pave the way for students to become life‐long ethical and empathetic learners and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Military personnel are reported to use more dietary supplements (DS) than the general population. However, a comprehensive investigation of DS use in Australian Army personnel has not been conducted. This study investigated the prevalence and types of DS used by Australian Army personnel and examined the underpinning reasons and demographic factors influencing this use.Materials and Methods: A Convenience sample of Australian Army personnel from both Headquarter (desk-based) and Brigade (field-based) environments completed a researcher-designed DS questionnaire. The questionnaire examined 19 types of DS (including sports foods) and reasons for use. Logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, education, physical activity, BMI, and occupational group were performed.Results: A total of 667 personnel completed the questionnaire. Overall, 74.5% of personnel reported using ≥1 DS/day, with ~26% reporting use of ≥5 types of DS at least once/week. The most common DS used daily were caffeine (48.4%), vitamin and mineral supplements (34.8%), protein powders (27.9%), creatine (13.3%), and amino acids (13.2%). Reasons for use in descending order were "to provide energy," "performance," "general health," "I like it," "muscle gain," "hydration," "endurance," "convenience," and "weight loss." Using ≥5 DS/week was associated with a higher level of education (p = 0.034), physical activity >10 h/week (p < 0.0005) and having an occupation as a physical training instructor (p = 0.040).Conclusion: If military personnel choose to utilize DS, it is important they are used in a safe, legal and effective manner. Education and up to date guidance on the rapidly evolving range of DS available are therefore necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Military personnel require a high standard of health, nutrition, and physical fitness to perform their duties at optimal capacity. This study assessed the barriers and enablers for healthy eating in Australian Army (AA) personnel and identified their level of interest for future nutrition support.Methods: A convenience sample of AA completed a researcher-designed questionnaire assessing dietary, shopping and cooking practices, attitudes towards nutrition, barriers and enablers to healthy eating, and interest in future nutrition initiatives. Chi-square, logistic regression, and general linear models were used to evaluate associations between military roles, sex, and age. Data are reported as proportions (%) or mean ± SD.Results: Participants (n = 667; 91% male; 29.7 ± 9.2 years) reported lack of time (32.7%), motivation (23.7%), ease of access to take away foods (20.8%) and frequent field deployment (16.3%) as main factors challenging healthy eating. Approximately half (58.2%) of the sample reported receiving nutrition education during their military career. Key factors enabling healthy eating included the desire to improve health, physique (reduce fat and/or increase lean mass) and enhance job performance. Regarding interest in future nutrition initiatives, >50% of participants requested assistance to improve physique, general health, sports/physical performance, and dietary supplements as key elements. Face to face (60.3%) and electronic (Internet/smartphone) approaches (52.6%) to nutrition education were most popular.Conclusion: Time, motivation, deployment, and ready access to take away food challenged healthy eating in this AA sample. However, participants were keen to engage with nutrition education for physique improvement, military readiness, and health reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Anatomy plays a key role in health professionals' education. The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomy curricula within Australian and New Zealand osteopathic programmes. Methods: A survey was distributed to all osteopathic programmes. Data on programme structure, delivery methods, assessment, resources, teaching academic profiles, and staff to student ratios were collected in 2020. This study was approved by the Macquarie Human Ethics Research Committee. Results: All four osteopathic programmes participated in this study. The mean number of total contact hours in anatomy was 203.1 (SD±59.0). The anatomy teaching staff to student ratio varied between 1:17 to 1:35. All programmes employed a regional-based approach to anatomy content delivery with a variety of resources including cadavers, plastic models, interactive software, and medical images. The high proportion of clinically qualified academic staff involved in the delivery of anatomy education and relatively low staff to student ratios compare favorably with those in medical education. Despite the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, the delivery of anatomy within osteopathic programmes were placed online with minimal interruptions, while complying with all accreditation requirements. Conclusion: Anatomy holds an important position in osteopathic education within Australia and New Zealand and compares favorably with anatomy education within other health disciplines such as physiotherapy and chiropractic. This study adds to the understanding of the status of anatomy within osteopathic education in Australia and New Zealand. Currently, Australia has no national guidelines for the teaching of anatomy in osteopathic education, further research is required on a core anatomy syllabus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]