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Objectives: To determine the outcomes scores of military patients who initially present with a variety of shoulder conditions, identify which scores demonstrate the highest correlation per diagnosis, and determine if a difference exists for patients who went onto surgery.Methods: Two-hundred and seventy five consecutive patients with mean age of 36.5 +/- 12.9 at presentation completed baseline outcomes assessments that included Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Score, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC), the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Index (DASH). The patients were grouped by clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings into 10 diagnostic categories.Outcomes: The initial mean outcomes scores were SANE 48.8, ASES 50.1, WOSI 1279 (40% normal), WORC 1122.4 (47% normal), SST 6.7, and DASH 33.1. Patients with superior labrum anterior-posterior tears demonstrated the lowest mean scores, followed by instability and rotator cuff tear patients. For all conditions, scores were lower for patients who went onto surgery compared with those managed nonoperatively (p = 0.008).Conclusions: Our findings may be utilized as a baseline to compare and track patient-derived disability across multiple shoulder conditions and serve to define mean diagnosis-specific shoulder patient preoperative scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Symptomatic pan-labral or circumferential (360°) tears of the glenohumeral labrum are an uncommon injury. The purpose of the present study was to report the results of surgical treatment of circumferential lesions of the glenoid labrum with use of validated outcome instruments.Methods: From July 2003 to May 2006, forty-one shoulders in thirty-nine patients (thirty-four men and five women) with a mean age of 25.1 years were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter study and were managed for a circumferential (360°) lesion of the glenoid labrum. All patients had a primary diagnosis of pain and recurrent shoulder instability, and all underwent arthroscopic repair of the circumferential labral tear with a mean of 7.1 suture anchors. The outcomes for thirty-nine of the forty-one shoulders were assessed after a mean duration of follow-up of 31.8 months on the basis of the rating of pain and instability on a scale of 0 to 10, a physical examination, and three outcome instruments (the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score, the modified American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, and the Short Form-12 score).Results: Significant improvement was noted in terms of the mean pain score (from 4.3 to 1.1), the mean instability score (from 7.3 to 0.2), the mean modified American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (from 55.5 to 89.6), the mean Short Form-12 score (from 75.7 to 90.0), and the mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score (from 36.7 to 88.5). Six shoulders required revision surgery because of recurrent instability (two), recalcitrant biceps tendinitis (two), or postoperative tightness (two). All patients returned to their preinjury activity level.Conclusions: Pan-labral or circumferential lesions are an uncommon yet extensive injury of the glenohumeral joint that may result in recurrent instability and pain. The present study demonstrates that arthroscopic capsulolabral repair with suture anchor fixation can restore the stability of the glenohumeral joint and can provide a reliable improvement in subjective and objective outcome measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SYNOPSIS: Rotator cuff tears lead to debilitating shoulder dysfunction and impairment. The goal of rotator cuff repair is to eliminate pain and improve function with increased shoulder strength and range of motion. The clinical outcomes of the surgical methods of rotator cuff repair (open, mini-open, and all-arthroscopic cuff repair) vary, as each method provides an array of advantages and disadvantages. Although the open surgical technique has long been considered the gold standard of rotator cuff repair, surgeons are becoming more adept at decreasing patient morbidity through decreased surgical trauma from an all-arthroscopic approach. In addition to a surgery-specific rotator cuff rehabilitation program, effective communication, and coordination of care by the physical therapist and surgeon are essential in optimal patient education and outcomes. In the ideal situation, a very well-educated therapist who has great communication with the treating surgeon can mobilize the shoulder early, re-establish scapulothoracic function safely and minimize the risk of stiffness and retear, while facilitating return to function. Treatment options can be individualized according to patient age, size and chronicity of tear, surgical approach, and fixation method. We recommend that patients who have undergone an all-arthroscopic rotator cuff repair undergo an accelerated postoperative rehabilitation program. A rational approach to therapy involves early, safe motion to allow optimal tendon healing, yet maintenance of joint mobility with minimal stress. As the field of orthopedics and, particularly, rotator cuff repair continues to develop with new technologies, the patient, physical therapist, and doctor need to work together to ensure optimal outcomes and patient satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapy, Level 5.Note: Appendices B, C, and D are online-only and are included in this downloadable PDF. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):81-89.doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Osteotomies at an angle of 45 degrees to the long axis of the glenoid were originally used in a cadaveric model to simulate the bone loss that can occur clinically in anterior instability of the shoulder. However, this type of glenoid defect is not consistent with the usual clinical scenario, in which bone loss occurs nearly parallel (at 0 degrees) to the long axis of the glenoid. PURPOSE: Our objectives were to compare the amount of glenoid bone loss measured after a 45 degrees glenoid osteotomy with that after a 0 degrees osteotomy and to determine differences in bone loss measurement from 2 different posterior shoulder portals. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Glenoids of 14 embalmed cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 81 years; range, 56-90) were mounted in a custom shoulder holder, and 2 posterior portals (2 and 3 o'clock) were fixed into place. The area of a best-fit circle of the inferior portion of the glenoid was digitally calculated, and 2 sequential osteotomies of 12.5% and 25% of anteroinferior glenoid bone loss area were created. Two different types of osteotomies were created: group 1, 'inverted-pear' bone loss (45 degrees to the long axis of the glenoid); and group 2, 'clinical' bone loss osteotomy (0 degrees to the long axis of the glenoid). Measurements of bone loss were performed based on the bare spot method from 2 simulated posterior portals at 2 and 3 o'clock using a calibrated probe and digital calipers. The osteotomy was measured in 3 different locations (upper, middle, and lower thirds). RESULTS: In the 12.5% bone loss model, bone loss measurements for both groups were significantly higher than expected (22.2%-23.1% in group 1, 17.4%-17.9% in group 2; P = .031-.049). In the 25% bone loss model, the mean measured bone loss was 27.8% in group 1 and 27.5% in group 2; however, bone loss measurements varied significantly in group 1 based on measurement location along the osteotomy (upper third, 12.3%; middle third, 31.5%; lower third, 39.8% loss) (P = .01-.0001). In group 2, the bone loss measurements were less varied (23.5%-30.3%). There were no differences between the location of the posterior portal (2 vs 3 o'clock) in determination of glenoid bone loss for both the 12.5% and 25% osteotomies. CONCLUSION: Glenoid bone loss determination in a 45 degrees osteotomy model significantly overestimates the amount of true glenoid bone loss. However, in a 0 degrees clinical bone loss simulation model, the arthroscopic bare spot method of bone loss determination was sufficiently accurate at all 3 areas (upper, middle, and lower third) of bone loss. Both the 2-o'clock and 3-o'clock posterior portals were accurate to determine the amount of glenoid bone loss as referenced from the bare spot. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Arthroscopic determination of glenoid bone loss is more accurate than what has been previously described with the 45 degrees simulation model. Measurement of glenoid bone loss from either the 2-o'clock or 3-o'clock posterior portal is accurate in a clinical bone loss model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although the use of rotator interval closure is frequently advocated as a useful supplement to shoulder instability repairs, the addition of a rotator interval closure after arthroscopic instability repair has not been fully investigated. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether a rotator interval closure improves glenohumeral stability in an anterior and posterior instability shoulder model. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Fourteen fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulder specimens were dissected free of soft tissues, leaving the rotator cuff intact with simulated cuff loading. All specimens were mounted in a custom testing apparatus using infrared sensors to document glenohumeral translation and rotation. The specimens were then tested for stability in the following order: vented/subluxated state, after arthroscopic anterior (Group 1; 7 specimens) or posterior (Group 2; 7 specimens) instability repair with suture anchors, and then after rotator interval closure. For each of the 3 testing conditions, the following were measured: (1) external and internal rotation at neutral, (2) external and internal rotation at 90 degrees of abduction, (3) posterior and anterior translation at neutral rotation (15 N and 25 N), (4) anterior translation at 90 degrees of abduction and external rotation (Group 1; 15 N and 25 N), (5) posterior translation at 90 degrees of flexion and internal rotation (Group 2; 15 N and 25 N), and (6) sulcus testing in neutral (7.5 N). RESULTS: Posterior stability was only improved after anchor capsulolabral repair (8.0 to 5.0 mm; P = .017, 25 N), but there was no improvement after rotator interval closure (5.0 to 4.6 mm; P = .453). However, anterior stability was improved after capsulolabral repair (8.6 to 4.0 mm; P = .016, 25 N) and also improved further by rotator interval closure (4.0 to 2.4 mm; P = .007). The mean loss of external rotation was significantly increased by the addition of the rotator interval closure in both neutral and abducted glenohumeral positions, with a mean external rotation loss of 28 degrees in neutral (P = .013). The addition of a rotator interval closure did not improve sulcus stability (P = .4). CONCLUSION: The addition of an arthroscopic rotator interval closure after posterior capsulolabral repair did not improve posterior stability; however, anterior stability was improved further after a rotator interval closure. Inferior stability was not improved. Arthroscopic rotator interval closure significantly decreased external rotation at both neutral and abducted arm positions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Arthroscopic closure may be beneficial in certain cases of anterior shoulder instability; however, posterior instability was not improved. Predictable losses of external rotation after rotator interval closure are of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Von Willebrand Disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder and can present challenges to orthopedic surgeons in managing perioperative bleeding and treating orthopedic problems that manifest as a result of the disease. Appropriate history taking is essential to identify these patients prior to surgery. The most effective management of von Willebrand disease will be achieved with close consultation between the surgeon, anesthesiologist, internist or pediatrician, hematologist, and patient. With appropriate planning, these patients can undergo major orthopedic procedures safely and effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal clinical study. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our article was to investigate the clinical outcomes with type and level of disc herniation in a young, active population undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There are few reported outcomes studies on the relationship between disc herniation level, type of disc herniation, and surgical outcomes of lumbar microdiscectomy in a young, active population. METHODS: One hundred ninety-seven (197) consecutive single-level lumbar microdiscectomies performed by a single surgeon were prospectively followed over a 3-year period. All patients had failed a period of nonoperative care including physical therapy and/or transforaminal epidural steroid injections. One hundred eighty-three patients (139 males, 44 females) with a mean age of 27.0 years (range 19-46 years) were prospectively followed for a mean of 26 months (range, 12-38 months). Outcomes were assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index, patient satisfaction, return to military duty, and need for additional surgery. The type of disc herniation (contained, extruded, or sequestered) and the lumbar level of herniation were also recorded. RESULTS: At final follow-up, 84% (154 of 183) of patients had returned to unrestricted military duty; 16% (29) had been medically discharged. The mean decrease in VAS leg pain score was 4.7 points (from mean preoperative 7.2 to mean postoperative 2.5); 80% (146) reported a decrease of greater than 2 points. The mean Oswestry index improved from 53.6 before surgery to 21.2 at final follow-up. Overall, 85% (156) were satisfied with their surgery. Six patients had recurrent herniations (3%) with 4 of the 6 undergoing additional surgery. Patients with preoperative VAS scores consistent with a preponderance of radicular leg pain versus back pain demonstrated better surgical outcomes in all categories (P < 0.001) When classified by disc herniation type, sequestered discs at all levels demonstrated better Oswestry and VAS scores versus extruded or contained disc herniations. (P < 0.001) Disc herniations at the L5-S1 level had significantly greater improvements in both mean VAS leg and Oswestry outcome scores than disc herniations at the L4-L5 level. (P < 0.001) Preexisting restricted duty status at time of first surgical consultation was associated with poorer outcomes. Smokers had a significantly lower return to full active military duty (P = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Microdiscectomy for symptomatic lumbar disc herniations in young, active patients with a preponderance of leg pain who have failed nonoperative treatment demonstrated a high success rate based on validated outcome measures, patient satisfaction, and return to active duty. Patients with disc herniations at the L5-S1 level had significantly better outcomes than did those at the L4-L5 level. Patients with sequestered or extruded lumbar disc herniations had significantly better outcomes than did those contained herniations. Patients with contained disc herniations, a predominance of back pain, on restricted duty and smoking should be counseled before surgery of the potential for less satisfaction, poorer outcomes scores, and decreased return to duty rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Recent literature has demonstrated that the success rates of arthroscopic stabilization of glenohumeral instability deteriorate in patients with an anteroinferior glenoid bone deficiency, also known as the 'inverted pear' glenoid. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to assess the outcomes of arthroscopic stabilization for recurrent anterior shoulder instability in patients with a mean anteroinferior glenoid bone deficiency of 25% (range, 20%-30%). STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Twenty-one of 23 patients (91% follow-up) undergoing arthroscopic stabilization surgery and noted to have a bony deficiency of the anteroinferior glenoid of 20% to 30% were reviewed at a mean follow-up of 34 months (range, 26-47). The mean age was 25 years (range, 20-34); 2 patients were female and 19 were male. All patients were treated with a primary anterior arthroscopic stabilization using a mean of 3.2 suture anchors (range, 3-4). Eleven patients had a bony Bankart that was incorporated into the repair; 10 had no bone fragment and were considered attritional bone loss. Outcomes were assessed using the Rowe score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Score, the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability (WOSI) Index. Findings of recurrent instability and dislocation events were documented. RESULTS: Two patients (9.5%) experienced symptoms of recurrent subluxation, and 1 (4.8%) sustained a recurrent dislocation that required revision open surgery. The mean postoperative outcomes scores were as follows: SANE = 88.1 (range, 65-100; standard deviation [SD] 9.0); Rowe = 85.2 (range, 55-100; SD 14.1); ASES Score = 93.1 (range, 78-100; SD 5.3); and WOSI Index = 398 (82% of normal; range, 30-1175; SD 264). No patient with a bony fragment experienced a recurrent subluxation or dislocation, and mean outcomes scores for patients with a bony fragment were better than those with no bony fragment (P = .08). No patient required medical discharge from the military for his or her shoulder condition. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic stabilization for recurrent instability, even in the presence of a significant bony defect of the glenoid, can yield a stable shoulder; however, outcomes are not as predictable especially in attritional bone loss cases. Longer-term follow-up is needed to see if these results hold up over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: A snapping hip (coxa saltans) secondary to a tight iliotibial band rarely needs surgical intervention. The purpose of this study is to present the surgical results of refractory external-type snapping hip by Z-plasty of the iliotibial band. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine symptomatic snapping hips in 8 consecutive patients (1 bilateral) from August 1997 through March 2002 who underwent an iliotibial band Z-plasty were reviewed. RESULTS: Eight of the 9 hips were in active-duty military and 1 was a civilian, with an average age of 25.6 years (range, 21 to 38 years). Mean duration of symptoms prior to surgical intervention was 25.2 months (range, 16 to 39 months) with an average follow-up of 22.9 months (range, 7 to 38 months). All patients had complete resolution of the snapping hip, and all but 1 returned to full unrestricted activities. The 1 failure had persistent groin pain but no residual snapping. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with snapping hip of the iliotibial band refractory to conservative treatment are rare. The surgical results of Z-plasty are excellent and predictable. Careful screening is necessary to preclude other confounding diagnoses. Z-plasty is recommended as an effective surgical treatment of the refractory snapping hip secondary to iliotibial band tightness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad spectrum of diseases comprising ILD has made accurate diagnosis a challege; the classification system introduced by the ERS/ATS may give clinicians just the tools they need to offer their patients hoepful prognoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using an anterior portal for a labral elevator and shaver instrument, with the arthroscope in the anterosuperior portal, allows the posterior and posteroinferior chondrolabral junction to be safely prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The USNS Mercy has been integral in providing humanitarian and civic assistance as part of the Department of Defense's ongoing Combatant Commander Theater Security Cooperation Plans. The purpose of this study was to critically assess patient demographics and procedures performed to provide guidance for future missions.Methods: A retrospective review was performed on a cohort of 825 surgical patients who underwent surgery during a 4-month period during Pacific Partnership 2010. Patient demographics, anesthesia exam findings, comorbidities, and surgical data were compared among the mission sites.Results: Of the 825 patients, the mean age ranged from 39.7 to 24.7 with a statistical difference between Vietnam (39.7, p < 0.0087 for all tests) and the remaining sites. Poorer health by American Society of Anesthesiologist grading was noted in Vietnam (1.61) as compared to patients in Cambodia (1.21, p < 0.001) and Timor-Leste (1.40, p = 0.001). No difference in complication rates was noted.Discussion: The reason for apparent differences in age or health status by site weren't clearly explained, but these differences had no bearing on surgical outcome.Conclusion: Analysis of anesthesia data compiled during Pacific Partnership 2010 provided meaningful data for future humanitarian efforts at these sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anterior instability of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is a rare but potentially devastating pathological condition, particularly when it occurs in young or active patients. SCJ reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft is a commonly used treatment option, yet to date results are limited to small case series. Studies on baseline, preoperative factors and their association with postoperative outcome are limited., Purpose: To assess the midterm clinical outcomes and survivorship after SCJ reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft in patients experiencing anterior SCJ instability and to determine whether baseline patient or causative factors are associated with postoperative outcomes or patient satisfaction., Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4., Methods: Patients who underwent SCJ reconstruction with a hamstring tendon autograft for anterior SCJ instability between October 2005 and October 2020 were included in this retrospective single-center study. At a minimum of 2 years postoperatively, clinical outcomes were collected, including the following patient-reported outcomes (PROs): the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12) score; American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score; Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score; Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score; and visual analog scale (VAS) pain score. Subjective postoperative satisfaction with the procedure was quantified on a scale from 0 (very unsatisfied) to 10 (very satisfied). The predictive role of patient factors, including age, sex, and injury in dominant arm, on postoperative PROs and satisfaction at short-term follow-up was evaluated using multiple linear regression., Results: A total of 49 patients (mean age, 29.6 ± 16.2 years; range 13.8-67.1 years; 27 females) were included in the final analysis. At a mean follow-up of 3.9 ± 2.1 years, all PROs had significantly improved, including the mean SF-12 Physical Component Summary score (40.4 ± 6.8 to 52.6 ± 6.9; P < .001), ASES score (54.9 ± 20.4 to 91.0 ± 11.3; P < .001), QuickDASH score (41.2 ± 18.5 to 10.2 ± 9.1; P < .001); SANE score (50.2 ± 21.1 to 88.3 ± 8.8; P < .001), VAS pain score (4.4 ± 2.6 to 0.8 ± 1.4; P < .001), and VAS pain score at its worst (7.4 ± 2.5 to 3.3 ± 2.6; P < .001). The median postoperative satisfaction score was 9 (range, 1-10). Revision-free survivorship was 95.9%. Male patients had a significantly lower VAS pain score at its worst compared with female patients (2.6 ± 2.6 vs 4.1 ± 2.4; P = .045); higher age was significantly correlated with a worse QuickDASH score (correlation coefficient, 0.314; P = .036). Overhead athletes had a significantly lower propensity to return to sport compared with nonoverhead athletes ( P = .043), with only 45% of the overhead athletes returning to a level similar to their preinjury level, whereas 81% of the nonoverhead athletes were able to do so., Conclusion: The significant improvements in clinical and sport-specific outcomes and high patient satisfaction after SCJ reconstruction with a hamstring tendon autograft demonstrate the success of this procedure in treating anterior SCJ instability. Male sex and younger patient age are associated with superior outcomes, while overhead athletes have to be counseled about difficulties of returning to preinjury level of sport postoperatively., Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: M.C.R., A.R.G., J.C.R., and M.P.H. are supported by the Steadman Philippon Research Institute (SPRI), which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit institution supported financially by private donations and corporate support. SPRI exercises special care to identify any financial interests or relationships related to research conducted here. During the past calendar year, SPRI has received grant funding or in-kind donations from Arthrex, Canon, DJO, Icarus Medical, Medtronic, Ossur, Smith & Nephew, SubioMed, Stryker, and Wright Medical. P.C. has received support for education from Smith & Nephew and Encore Medical; and a grant from DJO. M.T.P. has received royalties from Arthrex, Arthrosurface, Responsive Arthroscopy, and Anika Therapeutics; consulting fees from Arthrex, Joint Restoration Foundation (JRF), Zimmer Biomet Holdings, and Arthrosurface; grants from the Department of Defense (DoD), the National Institute of Health (NIH), and DJO; and honoraria from Flexion Therapeutics. P.J.M. has received royalties, consulting fees, and research support from Arthrex; and holds stock in VuMedi. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.

Utilizing fresh distal tibia allograft in anterior glenoid reconstruction has emerged as a highly advantageous approach in addressing instances of failed anterior shoulder stabilization with glenoid bone loss. This procedure offers several benefits, including the absence of donor-site morbidity, restoration of significant glenoid defects, reestablishment of joint congruity with the humeral head, restoration of glenoid biomechanics, and the addition of cartilage to the glenoid. Furthermore, it provides a robust and reliable alternative for managing failed stabilization procedures, leading to improved clinical outcomes and a high graft healing rate, while maintaining a low occurrence of recurrent instability., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors declare that there are no relevant or material financial interests that directly relate to this work. Outside of this work, Matthew T. Provencher declares royalties from Arthrex, Inc. Arthrosurface, Responsive Arthroscopy (2020), and Anika Therapeutics, Inc.; Consulting fees from Arthrex, Inc., Joint Restoration Foundation (JRF), Zimmer Biomet Holdings, and Arthrosurface; received grants from the Department of Defense, United States (DoD), the National Institutes of Health, United States, (NIH), and the DJO (2020); Honoria from Flexion Therapeutics; is an editorial board or governing board member for SLACK, Inc.; Board or committee member for Arthoscopy Association of North America (AANA), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM), ASES, San Diego Shoulder Institute (SDSI), and Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons (SOMOs); serves on the medical board of trustees for the Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation (through 2018)., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients with pre-existing neurologic disorders present a unique set of challenges for shoulder arthroplasty (SA) surgeons due to the presence of concomitant contractures, muscle weakness, and spasticity, which may affect outcomes and complication rates after SA. The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes after SA in patients pre-existing with neurologic disorders, focusing on complication and reoperation rates., Methods: This systematic review was performed in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines outlined by Cochrane Collaboration. A search of PubMed, the Medline Library, and EMBASE from inception until September 2023 was conducted to obtain studies reporting on outcomes after SA in patients with neurologic disorders. Study demographics and information on outcomes including patient-reported outcomes and complication rates were collected. The methodological quality of included primary studies was appraised using the Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies scoring system., Results: Twenty articles published between 1997 and 2023 met inclusion criteria. In total, 13,126 patients with neurologic conditions with 7 different neurologic disorders (Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and seizures, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, Charcot neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease, and multiple sclerosis) were included. The mean patient age was 64.3 years (range, 33.0-75.8 years), 51.4% of patients were male, and the mean postoperative follow-up time was 5.1 years (range, 1.4-9.9 years). Parkinson's disease was the most reported neurologic disorder (9 studies, 8033 patients), followed by epilepsy (4 studies, 3783 patients), and multiple sclerosis (1 study, 1077 patients). While these patients did experience improvements in outcomes following SA, high complication and revision rates were noted., Conclusions: Patients with neurologic disorders demonstrate improvements in pain and function after SA but have higher reported complication and revision rates when compared with patients without neurologic conditions. This systematic review offers valuable data for both the surgeon and patient regarding anticipated clinical results and possible complications from SA in patients with neurologic disorders that may aid in shared decision-making when considering SA., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Articular cartilage defects in the glenohumeral joint may be found in laborers, the elderly, and young athletes, among others. Various factors can contribute to cartilage damage, including prior surgery, trauma, avascular necrosis, inflammatory arthritis, joint instability, and osteoarthritis. There is a wide variety of treatment options, from conservative treatment, injections, and surgical options, including arthroscopic debridement, microfracture, osteochondral autograft transfer, osteochondral graft transplantation, autologous chondrocyte implantation, and the newly emerging techniques such as biologic augmentation. There is a challenge to determine the optimal treatment options, especially for young athletes, due to limited outcomes in the literature. However, there are many options which are viable to address osteochondral defects of the glenohumeral joint., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Shoulder arthroplasty (SA) has been shown to improve quality of life, though outcomes may vary between individuals. Multiple factors may affect outcomes, including preoperative mental health conditions (MHCs). The goal of this systematic review was to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes after SA in patients with MHC compared to patients without MHC., Methods: This systematic review was performed in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines outlined by Cochrane Collaboration. A search of PubMed, the Medline Library, and EMBASE was conducted from inception until September 2023 to obtain studies reporting outcomes after total shoulder arthroplasty and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with and without MHC. Study characteristics and information on clinical and functional outcomes were collected. All included studies were case-control studies. The methodological quality of the included primary studies was appraised using the methodological index for nonrandomized studies scoring., Results: Eleven articles published between 2016 and 2023 met inclusion criteria. In total, 49,187 patients, 49,289 shoulders, and five different MHC were included. 8134 patients in the cohort had a diagnosed MHC. The mean patient age was 67.8 years (range, 63.5-71.6 years), and 52.6% of the patients were female. The mean follow-up time was 35.5 months (range, 16.2-58.3 months). Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty was the most common type of procedure (25,543 shoulders, 51.8%). Depression and anxiety were the most reported psychiatric diagnoses (7990 patients, 98.2%). Patients with versus without MHC reported mean improvements of 38 and 42 in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder score and mean Visual Analog Scale pain improvements of 4.7 and 4.9, respectively. Mean complication rates of 31.4% and 14.2% were observed in patients with versus without MHC, respectively. The most prevalent surgical complication in patients with MHC was infection (1.8%), followed by prosthetic complication (1.7%), and adhesive capsulitis (1.6%)., Conclusions: Patients with MHC may have lower preoperative range of motion, worse postoperative shoulder function, and higher postoperative pain levels than patients without MHC. Patients with MHC demonstrated improvements in range of motion and functional outcomes after SA but had higher reported complication and revision rates when compared to patients without MHC. Depression and anxiety were the leading conditions correlated with lower outcomes in patients with MHC after SA. Preoperative physical therapy, mental health counseling, and expectation setting may help these patients reach the maximal achievable benefit from SA., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Purpose: To analyze radiographic outcomes by conventional radiography, computed tomography (CT), or both and complication rates of open coracoid transfer at a minimum of 12-months follow-up., Methods: A literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, using PubMed, Medline (Ovid), and EMBASE library databases. Inclusion criteria were clinical studies reporting on open Latarjet as the primary surgical procedure(revision coracoid transfer after failed prior stabilization excluded) with postoperative radiographic outcomes at a minimum mean 1-year follow-up. Patient demographics, type of postoperative imaging modality, and radiographic outcomes and complications including graft union, osteoarthritis, and osteolysis were systematically reviewed. Data were summarized as ranges of reported values for each outcome metric. Each radiographic outcome was graphically represented in a Forest plot with point estimates of the incidence of radiographic outcomes with corresponding 95% confidence intervals and I 2 ., Results: Thirty-three studies met inclusion criteria, with a total of 1,456 shoulders. The most common postoperative imaging modality was plain radiography only (n = 848 [58.2%]), both CT and radiography (n = 287 [19.7%]), and CT only (n = 321 [22.1%]). Overall, the reported graft union rate ranged from 75% to 100%, of which 79.8% (n = 395) were detected on plain radiography. The most common reported postoperative radiographic complications after the open coracoid transfer were osteoarthritis (range, 0%-100%, pooled mean 28%), graft osteolysis (range, 0%-100%, pooled mean 30%), nonunion (range, 0%-32%, pooled mean 5.1%), malpositioned graft (range, 0%-75%, pooled mean 14.75%), hardware issues (range, 0%-9.1%, pooled mean 5%), and bone block fracture (range, 0%-8%, pooled mean 2.1%). Graft healing was achieved in a majority of cases (range, 75%-100%)., Conclusion: Postoperative radiographic outcomes after open coracoid transfer vary greatly in definition, classification, and imaging modality of choice. Greater consistency in postoperative radiographic outcomes is essential to evaluate graft healing, osteolysis, and nonunion., Level of Evidence: Level IV, systematic review of Level III-IV studies., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients with a history of anterior shoulder instability (ASI) commonly progress to glenohumeral arthritis or even dislocation arthropathy and often require total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The purposes of this study were to (1) report patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after TSA in patients with a history of ASI, (2) compare TSA outcomes of patients whose ASI was managed operatively vs. nonoperatively, and (3) report PROs of TSA in patients who previously underwent arthroscopic vs. open ASI management., Methods: Patients were included if they had a history of ASI and had undergone TSA ≥5 years earlier, performed by a single surgeon, between October 2005 and January 2017. The exclusion criteria included prior rotator cuff repair, hemiarthroplasty, or glenohumeral joint infection before the index TSA procedure. Patients were separated into 2 groups: those whose ASI was previously operatively managed and those whose ASI was treated nonoperatively. This was a retrospective review of prospective collected data. Data collected was demographic, surgical and subjective. The PROs used were the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation score, QuickDASH (Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score, and 12-item Short Form physical component score. Failure was defined as revision TSA surgery, conversion to reverse TSA, or prosthetic joint infection. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis was performed., Results: This study included 36 patients (27 men and 9 women) with a mean age of 56.4 years (range, 18.8-72.2 years). Patients in the operative ASI group were younger than those in the nonoperative ASI group (50.6 years vs. 64.0 years, P < .001). Operative ASI patients underwent 10 open and 11 arthroscopic anterior stabilization surgical procedures prior to TSA (mean, 2 procedures; range, 1-4 procedures). TSA failure occurred in 6 of 21 patients with operative ASI (28.6%), whereas no failures occurred in the nonoperative ASI group (P = .03). Follow-up was obtained in 28 of 30 eligible patients (93%) at an average of 7.45 years (range, 5.0-13.6 years). In the collective cohort, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation score, QuickDASH (Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score, and 12-item Short Form physical component score significantly improved, with no differences in the postoperative PROs between the 2 groups. We found no significant differences when comparing PROs between prior open and prior arthroscopic ASI procedures or when comparing the number of prior ASI procedures. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a 79% 5-year survivorship rate in patients with prior ASI surgery and a 100% survivorship rate in nonoperatively managed ASI patients (P = .030)., Conclusion: At mid-term follow-up, patients with a history of ASI undergoing TSA can expect continued improvement in function compared with preoperative values. However, TSA survivorship is decreased in patients with a history of ASI surgery compared with those without prior surgery., (Copyright © 2023 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Valgus instability can occur after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to traumatic medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury, component malpositioning, or progressive ligamentous laxity. Although revision TKA with exchange of the polyethylene to a varus-valgus-constrained liner can reduce laxity due to MCL insufficiency, isolated liner exchange in the setting of collateral ligament insufficiency may lead to greater strain at the cement-bone or implant-cement interface and possibly a greater rate of aseptic loosening. Anatomic MCL reconstruction can be performed in conjunction with liner exchange to restore stability and reduce strain compared with liner exchange alone. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe a technique for MCL reconstruction and liner exchange for treatment of valgus instability after TKA., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: A.C.K. reports Editorial Board member for Arthroscopy. A.F.V. reports a relationship with American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons that includes: board membership; a relationship with American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine that includes: board membership; a relationship with Arthrex that includes: funding grants; and a relationship with 10.13039/100008894Stryker that includes: consulting or advisory. J.C.R. reports a relationship with American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons that includes: board membership; a relationship with Aerobiotix that includes: consulting or advisory; a relationship with DePuy Orthopaedics that includes: consulting or advisory; and a relationship with Zimmer that includes: consulting or advisory. M.T.P. reports a relationship with 10.13039/100009885American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons that includes: board membership; a relationship with 10.13039/100011549American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine that includes: board membership; a relationship with 10.13039/100013615American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons that includes: board membership; a relationship with 10.13039/100007307Arthrex that includes: consulting or advisory and funding grants; a relationship with 10.13039/100008542Arthroscopy Association of North America that includes: board membership; a relationship with Elsevier that includes: consulting or advisory and funding grants; a relationship with International Society of Arthroscopy Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine that includes: board membership; a relationship with JRF Ortho that includes: consulting or advisory; a relationship with Knee that includes: board membership; a relationship with Orthopedics that includes: board membership; a relationship with San Diego Shoulder Institute that includes: board membership; a relationship with Slack Incorporated that includes: board membership, consulting or advisory, and funding grants; and a relationship with The Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons that includes: board membership. R.H.K. reports a relationship with DJO Global that includes: consulting or advisory; a relationship with Innomed that includes: consulting or advisory; and a relationship with International Orthopedic Education Network that includes: board membership. T.R.H. reports a relationship with Arthrex that includes: consulting or advisory and funding grants; and a relationship with NICE Recovery Solutions that includes: equity or stocks. All other authors (C.C.L., R.J.W.) declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: In the Latarjet procedure, the ideal placement of the coracoid graft in the medial-lateral position is flush with the anterior glenoid rim. However, the ideal position of the graft in the superior-inferior position (sagittal plane) for restoring glenohumeral joint stability is still controversial., Purpose: To compare coracoid graft clockface positions between the traditional 3 to 5 o'clock and a more inferior (for the right shoulder) 4 to 6 o'clock with regard to glenohumeral joint stability in the Latarjet procedure., Study Design: Controlled laboratory study., Methods: A total of 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested in a dynamic, custom-built robotic shoulder model. Each shoulder was loaded with a 50-N compressive load while an 80-N force was applied in the anteroinferior axes at 90° of abduction and 60° of shoulder external rotation. Four conditions were tested: (1) intact, (2) 6-mm glenoid bone loss (GBL), (3) Latarjet procedure fixed at 3- to 5-o'clock position, and (4) Latarjet procedure fixed at 4- to 6-o'clock position. The stability ratio (SR) and degree of lateral humeral displacement (LHD) were recorded. A 1-factor random-intercepts linear mixed-effects model and Tukey method were used for statistical analysis., Results: Compared with the intact state (1.77 ± 0.11), the SR was significantly lower after creating a 6-mm GBL (1.14 ± 0.61, P  = .009), with no significant difference in SR after Latarjet 3 to 5 o'clock (1.51 ± 0.70, P  = .51) or 4 to 6 o'clock (1.55 ± 0.68, P  = .52). Compared with the intact state (6.48 ± 2.24 mm), LHD decreased significantly after GBL (3.16 ± 1.56 mm, P  < .001) and Latarjet 4 to 6 o'clock (5.48 ± 3.39 mm, P  < .001). Displacement decreased significantly after Latarjet 3 to 5 o'clock (4.78 ± 2.50 mm, P  = .04) compared with the intact state but not after Latarjet 4 to 6 o'clock ( P  = .71)., Conclusion: The Latarjet procedure in both coracoid graft positions (3-5 and 4-6 o'clock) restored the SR to the values measured in the intact state. A more inferior graft position (fixed at 4-6 o'clock) may improve shoulder biomechanics, but additional work is needed to establish clinical relevance., Clinical Relevance: An inferior coracoid graft fixation, the 4- to 6-o'clock position, may benefit in restoring normal shoulder biomechanics after the Latarjet procedure., Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: this research was supported by the Steadman Philippon Research Institute. R.-O.D.H. and M.-C.R. have received grant support from AGA. P.J.M. has received consulting and nonconsulting fees from Arthrex; research support from Arthrex, Ossur, Siemens, and Smith & Nephew; royalties from Arthrex, Medbridge, and Springer; and stock or stock options from VuMed. M.T.P. has received royalties from Anika Therapeutics, Arthrex, and Arthrosurface; consulting fees from Arthrex, Zimmer Biomet Holdings, and JRF Ortho; nonconsulting fees from Arthrex and Arthrosurface; and honoraria from Flexion Therapeutics and JRF Ortho. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Background: Posterior medial meniscus root (PMMR) tears are a challenge to assess and treat. However, the forces sustained at the PMMR are yet to be fully characterized. In addition, it has been shown that meniscotibial ligament (MTL) injuries happen before PMMR tears, suggesting that insufficiency of the MTL results in a change of forces acting on the PMMR., Purpose/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 3-dimensional forces acting on the PMMR in the intact, MTL cut, and MTL tenodesis states. It was hypothesized that the MTL cut state would increase medial shear forces seen at the PMMR, whereas the medial shear force in the MTL tenodesis state would return PMMR forces to that of the intact state., Study Design: Controlled laboratory study., Methods: Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were tested in 3 states (intact, MTL cut, and tenodesis). A 3-axis load cell was installed below the posterior tibial plateau and attached to the enthesis of the PMMR. The specimen was mounted to a load frame that applied an axial load, an internal torque, and an external torque. The amount of compression-tension, mediolateral shear force, and anteroposterior shear force acting on the PMMR was measured., Results: When the joint was loaded in compression, the MTL cut state significantly increased compression of the PMMR ( P = .0368). The tenodesis state did not significantly restore forces of the PMMR ( P = .008). When the joint was loaded in external torque, the MTL cut state significantly increased compression ( P < .0001) and significantly decreased anterior shear on the PMMR ( P = .0003). The tenodesis state did not significantly restore forces on the PMMR to the intact state ( P < .0001). Increased flexion angle significantly increased medial shear forces of the PMMR when the joint was loaded in compression ( P < .007 at every angle)., Conclusion: When evaluated biomechanically, MTL insufficiency resulted in increased compressive force at the PMMR. A single-anchor centralization procedure did not restore PMMR forces to that of the intact state. Increased knee flexion angle resulted in increased medial shear force on the PMMR., Clinical Relevance: The findings in this study provide clinicians information on PMMR forces when the MTL is disrupted. These data can aid in the decision-making for adding an MTL repair to augment PMMR repairs., Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: H.M. has received support for education from Smith & Nephew. A.F.V. has received consulting fees from Arthrex and Stryker; honoraria from Vericel; and compensation for services other than consulting from Smith & Nephew. M.T.P. has received consulting fees and royalties from Arthrex and Anika Therapeutics; honoraria from Flexion Therapeutics Inc; and consulting fees from Zimmer Biomet Holdings. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.

Background: Humeral head reconstruction with fresh osteochondral allografts (OCA) serves as a potential treatment option for anatomic reconstruction. More specifically, talus OCA is a promising graft source because of its high congruency with a dense cartilaginous surface., Purpose: To analyze the surface geometry of the talus OCA plug augmentation for the management of shoulder instability with varying sizes of Hill-Sachs lesions (HSLs)., Study Design: Controlled laboratory study., Methods: Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested in this study. The humeral heads were analyzed using actual patients' computed tomography scans. Surface laser scan analysis was performed on 7 testing states: (1) native state; (2) small HSL; (3) talus OCA augmentation for small HSL; (4) medium HSL; (5) talus OCA augmentation for medium HSL; (6) large HSL; and (7) talus OCA augmentation for large HSL. OCA plugs were harvested from the talus allograft and placed in the most medial and superior aspect of each HSL lesion. Surface congruency was calculated as the mean absolute error and the root mean squared error in the distance. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of the difference in the HSL size and associated talus OCA plugs on surface congruency and the HSL surface area., Results: The surface area analysis of the humeral head with the large (1469 ± 75 mm 2 ), medium (1391 ± 81 mm 2 ), and small (1230 ± 54 mm 2 ) HSLs exhibited significantly higher surface areas than the native state (1007 ± 88 mm 2 ; P < .001 for all sizes). The native state exhibited significantly lower surface areas as compared with after talus OCA augmentation for large HSLs (1235 ± 63 mm 2 ; P < .001) but not for small or medium HSLs. Talus OCA augmentation yielded improved surface areas and congruency after treatment in small, medium, and large HSLs ( P < .001)., Conclusion: Talus OCA plug augmentation restored surface area and congruency across all tested HSLs, and the surface area was best improved with the most common HSLs-small and medium., Clinical Relevance: Talus OCA plugs may provide a viable option for restoring congruity of the shoulder in patients with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability and an HSL., Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: M.T.P. has received research support from DJO; consulting fees from Arthrex, Arthrosurface, JRF Ortho, and Zimmer Biomet; royalties from Anika Therapeutics, Arthrex, Arthrosurface, and Responsive Arthroscopy; and honoraria from Flexion Therapeutics. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Injuries to the acromioclavicular (AC) joint are common shoulder injuries in contact/collision athletes. There are a number of different surgical options that can be used to treat these injuries. The majority of these injuries can be treated nonoperatively with an early return to play for type I and II injuries. Surgical intervention and AC/CC (coracoclavicular) ligament reconstruction have excellent postoperative outcomes if complications can be avoided. This review will focus on the pearls and pitfalls for anatomic AC and CC ligament reconstruction for high-grade AC joint injuries., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The influence of bony morphology on the development of posterior shoulder instability is not well known., Purpose: To determine if acromial morphology, as measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is associated with posterior or anterior shoulder instability., Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3., Methods: MRI measurements of posterior acromial coverage (PAC), posterior acromial height (PAH), posterior acromial tilt (PAT), and anterior acromial coverage (AAC) were completed for 3 separate matched groups who underwent surgical intervention: posterior instability, anterior instability, and a comparison group of patients who underwent arthroscopic surgery for snapping scapula. Inclusion criteria were patients with recurrent instability <40 years of age without multidirectional instability, glenoid bone loss >13.5%, or glenoid retroversion >10%., Results: Overall, 37 patients were included in each group. PAC was significantly less in the posterior instability group than in the anterior instability and comparison groups (68.3° vs 88.7° vs 81.7°; P < .001). PAH was significantly greater in the posterior group than in the anterior instability group (11.0 mm vs -0.1 mm; P < .001) and comparison group (0.7 mm; P < .001). There was no difference between the posterior and anterior groups in terms of PAT or AAC ( P = .45 and P = .05, respectively). PAT was significantly smaller in the posterior instability group than the comparison group (55.2° vs 62.2°; P = .026). The anterior and comparison groups were not significantly different in PAH or PAT ( P = .874 and P = .067, respectively) but were significantly different in AAC ( P = .026)., Conclusion: A higher and flatter posterior acromion, as measured on preoperative MRI, appears to be associated with patients who require arthroscopic capsulolabral repair due to posterior shoulder instability. This information may help clinicians to both diagnose and predict the need for operative intervention for patients with posterior labral tears., Competing Interests: One or more of the authors has declared the following potential conflict of interest or source of funding: J.W.A. has received research support from Arthrex and DJO and hospitality payments from Mid-Atlantic Surgical Systems and Smith & Nephew. P.-C.N. has received support for education from Arthrex. M.T.P. has received consulting fees and royalties from Arthrex, consulting fees and honoraria from Joint Restoration Foundation Inc, consulting fees from Zimmer Biomet Holdings, honoraria from Flexion Therapeutics Inc, and royalties or license from Arthrosurface Inc and Anika Therapeutics. J.P.B. has received royalties and consulting fees from Arthrex and DJO. P.J.M. has received consulting fees and royalties from Arthrex. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.

Background: Glenohumeral osteophytes (OPs) can adversely influence postoperative range of motion (ROM) following shoulder arthroplasty due to mechanical impingement. Though commercial three-dimensional preoperative planning software (3D PPS) is available to simulate ROM before and after OP resection, little is known about the magnitude of effect OPs and their subsequent removal have on simulated glenohumeral ROM., Methods: Included patients were 1) indicated for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) using 3D PPS and 2) presented with glenoid and/or humeral head OPs on preoperative two-dimensional computed tomography (2D-CT) imaging. Thirty patients met the inclusion criteria (9 females, 21 males; mean age 70.45 ± 4.99 years, range 63-80 years). All subjects (n = 30) presented with humeral OPs (mean volume: 2905.16 mm 3 , range 109.1-11,246 mm 3 ), while 11 subjects also presented with glenoid OPs (mean volume 108.06 mm 3 , range 37.59-791.4 mm 3 ). Preoperative CTs were used to calculate OP volume (mm 3 ) and OP circumferential extent (clockface). Mean clockface position for circumferential humeral OPs originated at 6:09 (range 4:30-7:15) and extended to 8:51 (range 8:15-10:15). Mean clockface position for glenoid OPs originated at 3:00 (range 2:00-5:00) and extended to 6:16 (range 3:00-7:30). 3D implants on PPS were standardized to achieve 0° of version, 0° of inclination and 4 mm of net lateralization. Thirty-nine and thirty-six mm glenospheres were used for males and females, respectively. 3D PPS was used to evaluate simulated ROM differences before and after OP removal in the planes of adduction (ADD), abduction, internal rotation (IR), external rotation (ER), extension, and flexion. Impact of OP volume and circumferential extent on pre and postop removal ROM were also analyzed., Results: Humeral OP removal significantly increased impingement-free ADD, IR, ER, extension, and flexion. Removal of larger (mm 3 ) humeral OPs positively correlated with improvement in IR (R = 0.452, P  = .011), ER (R = 0.394, P  = .033), and flexion (R = 0.500, P  < .01). Greater circumferential extent of humeral OPs correlated with worse preremoval ROM in the planes of ADD (R = 0.364, P  = .02) and extension (R = 0.403, P  = .04), and improvements in ER postop removal (R = 0.431, P  = .03)., Conclusion: Humeral OP removal significantly increases impingement-free ADD, IR, ER, extension, and flexion in simulated 3D PPS models following rTSA. Magnitude of simulated ROM improvement is influenced by initial humeral OP volume and circumferential clockface extent. Surgeons should consider these effects when using 3D PPS for rTSA planning to optimize postoperative ROM prognostics., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Purpose: Anterior cruciate ligament tears and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are common in young athletes. The modifiable and non-modifiable factors contributing to ACLR failure and reoperation are incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to determine ACLR failure rates in a physically high-demand population and identify the patient-specific risk factors, including prolonged time between diagnosis and surgical correction, that portend failure., Methods: A consecutive series of military service members with ACLR with and without concomitant procedures (meniscus [M] and/or cartilage [C]) done at military facilities between 2008 and 2011 was completed via the Military Health System Data Repository. This was a consecutive series of patients without a history of knee surgery for two years prior to the primary ACLR. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were estimated and evaluated with Wilcoxon test. Cox proportional hazard models calculated hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to identify demographic and surgical factors that influenced ACLR failure., Results: Of the 2735 primary ACLRs included in the study, 484/2,735 (18%) experienced ACLR failure within four years, including (261/2,735) (10%) undergoing revision ACLR and (224/2,735) (8%) due to medical separation. The factors that increased failure include Army Service (HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.67, 2.87), > 180 days from injury to ACLR (HR 1.550, 95% CI 1.157, 2.076), tobacco use (HR 1.429 95% CI 1.174, 1.738), and younger patient age (HR 1.024, 95% CI 1.004, 1.044)., Conclusion: The overall clinical failure rate of service members with ACLR is 17.7% with minimum four-year follow-up, where more patients are likely to fail due to revision surgery than medical separation. The cumulative probability of survival at 4 years was 78.5%. Smoking cessation and treating ACLR patients promptly are modifiable risk factors impacting either graft failure or medical separation., Level of Evidence: Level III., (© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Background: Senescence, a characteristic of cellular aging and inflammation, has been linked to the acceleration of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study is to prospectively identify, measure, and compare senescent profiles in synovial fluid and peripheral blood in patients with an acute knee injury within 48 h., Methods: Seven subjects, aged 18-60 years, with an acute ACL tear with effusion were prospectively enrolled. Synovial fluid and peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry, using senescent markers C12FDG and CD87. The senescent versus pro-regenerative phenotype was probed at a gene and protein level using qRT-PCR and multiplex immunoassays., Results: C 12 FDG and CD87 positive senescent cells were detected in the synovial fluid and peripheral blood of all patients. Pro-inflammatory IL-1β gene expression measured in synovial fluid was significantly higher ( p = 0.0156) than systemic/blood expression. Senescent-associated factor MMP-3 and regenerative factor TIMP-2 were significantly higher in synovial fluid compared to blood serum. Senescent-associated factor MMP-9 and regenerative factor TGFβ-2 were significantly elevated in serum compared to synovial fluid. Correlation analysis revealed that C12FDG ++ /CD87 ++ senescent cells in synovial fluid positively correlated with age-related growth-regulated-oncogene (ρ = 1.00, p < 0.001), IFNγ (ρ = 1.00, p < 0.001), IL-8 (ρ = 0.90, p = 0.0374), and gene marker p16 (ρ = 0.83, p = 0.0416)., Conclusions: There is an abundance of senescent cells locally and systemically after an acute ACL tear without a significant difference between those present in peripheral blood compared to synovial fluid. This preliminary data may have a role in identifying strategies to modify the acute environment within the synovial fluid, either at the time of acute ligament injury or reconstruction surgery.

Background: Existing biomechanical studies of posterior glenoid bone loss and labral pathology are limited by their use of anterior instability models, which differ in both orientation and morphology and have been performed in only a single, neutral arm position., Purpose: To evaluate the biomechanical effectiveness of a posterior labral repair in the setting of a clinically relevant posterior bone loss model in various at-risk arm positions., Study Design: Controlled laboratory study., Methods: Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were tested in 7 consecutive states using a 6 degrees of freedom robotic arm: (1) native, (2) posterior labral tear (6-9 o'clock), (3) posterior labral repair, (4) mean posterior glenoid bone loss (7%) with labral tear, (5) mean posterior glenoid bone loss with labral repair, (6) large posterior glenoid bone loss (28%) with labral tear, and (7) large posterior glenoid bone loss with labral repair. Bone loss was created using 3-dimensional printed computed tomography model templates. Biomechanical testing consisted of 75 N of posterior-inferior force and 75 N of compression at 60° and 90° of flexion and scaption. Posterior-inferior translation, lateral translation, and peak dislocation force were measured for each condition., Results: Labral repair significantly increased dislocation force independent of bone loss state between 10.1 and 14.8 N depending on arm position. Dislocation force significantly decreased between no bone loss and small bone loss (11.9-13.5 N), small bone loss and large bone loss (9.4-14.3 N), and no bone loss and large bone loss (21.2-26.5 N). Labral repair significantly decreased posterior-inferior translation compared with labral tear states by a range of 1.0 to 2.3 mm. In the native state, the shoulder was most unstable in 60° of scaption, with 29.9 ± 6.1-mm posterior-inferior translation., Conclusion: Posterior labral repair improved stability of the glenohumeral joint, and even in smaller to medium amounts of posterior glenoid bone loss the glenohumeral stability was maintained with labral repair in this cadaveric model. However, a labral repair with large bone loss could not improve stability to the native state., Clinical Relevance: This study shows that larger amounts of posterior glenoid bone loss (>25%) may require bony augmentation for adequate stability.

The primary indications for performing a medial closing wedge distal femoral osteotomy are valgus knee malalignment, lateral knee compartment overload, lateral meniscus insufficiency, and/or lateral compartment osteoarthritis or cartilage damage. Without correction of this malalignment, there is an increased risk for chondral damage in the lateral and patellofemoral compartment of the knee. The optimal candidates for this procedure are young, active individuals with moderate to severe arthritis in the lateral compartment. Recently, preoperative planning for high tibial and distal femoral osteotomies (HTOs and DFOs) using 3-dimensional (3D) patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) has increased in popularity. Successful patient outcomes have been reported using this technique. This Technical Note illustrates our preferred technique that uses 3D PSI in addition to a patellar OCA transplant when treating a symptomatic cartilage lesion associated with genu valgum., (© 2023 The Authors.)