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Current systems that allow inline pH control in the fermented dairy industry have drawbacks, such as protein adhesion on the non-glass pH probes, measurement distortion, frequent recalibration needs, and sensitivity to extreme pH conditions encountered during clean-in-place operations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the feasibility of estimating the pH of milk during the yogurt making process by using a NIR light backscatter sensor measuring under different fermentation temperatures and milk protein concentrations using a mathematical model that correlates the light scatter signal with pH. Three replications of the experiment with two protein concentrations (3.5 and 4.0%) and two fermentation temperatures (43 and 46 °C) were used to validate this inline pH prediction model. Continuous and discontinuous measurements of pH were collected as a reference during fermentation, simultaneously with the light backscatter data acquisition. Also, the effect of adjusting the initial voltage gain of the light scatter device on the accuracy of the pH prediction model was evaluated. Temperature and initial voltage were the main factors affecting the fitting accuracy of the model. The adjustment of the initial voltage gain improved the pH prediction model fit. The model has been successfully validated for both continuous and discontinuous measurements of pH, with SEP values < 0.09 pH units and CV < 1.78%. The proposed optical inline and non-destructive method was feasible for inline pH monitoring of milk fermentation, avoiding traditional manual pH measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial gradients of protein and starch in wheat grains affected the grain milling characteristics and flour utilization. The increase in compound heat stress and drought stress (HDS) due to global climate change threatens wheat grain yield and quality parameters, but the impacts of extreme climate events on the gradients of protein and starch in wheat grains remain unclear. In this study, two-year, environment-controlled experiments with four heat stress levels (17/27, 21/31, 25/35, and 29/39°C) and three drought stress levels (30 %, 55 %, and 75 % field capacity) were conducted to investigate the effects of HDS on the gradients of protein and starch concentrations within the five grain layers. The results showed that HDS resulted in significantly greater protein concentrations, while resulting in lower starch concentrations in the wheat grain layers. Among the five layers, the endosperm layers exhibited the greatest increase in protein concentration under HDS, but the starch concentration under HDS decreased in the order of husk > aleurone > endosperm layer. HDS unevenly altered the protein and starch concentrations of the five grain layers. There was significant linear relationship between relative protein and starch concentration with accumulated heat degree days (AHDD). With a 1°C·d increase in AHDD, the protein concentration in the five grain layers increased by 1.17–2.19 %, while the starch concentration decreased by 0.62–0.90 %, depending on the drought stress levels. A significant linear relationship was also observed between the relative protein and starch concentrations and evapotranspiration (ET). A 1 mm increase in ET led to a protein concentration decrease of 0.58–0.76 % in P1-P5, with a corresponding starch concentration increase of 0.28–0.46 %, depending on cultivar and treatment stages. Our results indicate that HDS significantly impacts the grain quality parameters for the flour milling process and human diet and will provide important insights into adapting wheat quality to climate change.

This study investigates the effectiveness of a natural coagulant derived from green bean (GB) seeds for treating synthetic turbid water. The properties of GB and green bean coagulant (GB-Co) were analysed using FTIR, SEM, and EDX. The study focuses on the interaction between extraction parameters, such as mixing time (MT), mix concentration (MC), and solvent concentration (SC), on turbidity removal and protein concentration. The optimal parameters were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability functions. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed good agreement between experimental data and the proposed model. The quadratic model showed that factors SC and MC significantly influence both responses. The optimum extraction conditions were MT, SC, and MC at 48 min, 1.38 M, and 10 g/L, respectively. The coagulant achieved a turbidity removal of 95.57% and a protein concentration of 1092.11 mg/L. The results suggest that GB-based coagulants can effectively remove turbidity from wastewater. HIGHLIGHTS Green bean-based coagulant (GB-Co) is capable of treating 250 NTU turbidity water.; Investigating the interactions of the extraction parameters using RSM.; The solvent and mix concentrations were the most significant extraction parameters.; GB-Co achieved a turbidity removal of 95.57% and a protein conc. of 1092.11 mg/L.; Findings support the development of eco-friendly, sustainable water purification methods.;

Abstract Background Onion seeds have limited storage capacity compared to other vegetable seeds. It is crucial to identify the mechanisms that induce tolerance to storage conditions and reduce seed deterioration. To address this goal, an experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in germination, biochemical, physiological, and molecular characteristics of onion seed landraces (Horand, Kazerun landraces and Zargan cultivar) at different aging levels (control, three-days and six-days accelerated aging, and natural aging for one year). Results The findings suggest that there was an increase in glucose, fructose, total sugar, and electrolyte leakage in the Horand (HOR), Kazerun (KAZ) landraces, and Zarghan (ZAR) cultivar, with Kazerun exhibiting the greatest increase. The percentage and rate of germination of Kazerun decreased by 54% and 33%, respectively, in six-day accelerated aging compared to the control, while it decreased by 12% and 14%, respectively, in Horand. Protein content decreased with increasing levels of aging, with a decrease of 26% in Kazerun landrace at six days of aging, while it was 16% in Horand landrace. The antioxidant activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased more intensively in Kazerun. The expression of AMY1, BMY1, CTR1, and NPR1 genes were lower in Kazerun landraces than in Horand and Zargan at different aging levels. Conclusions The AMY1, BMY1, CTR1, and NPR1 genes play a pivotal role in onion seed germination, and their downregulation under stressful conditions has been shown to decrease germination rates. In addition, the activity of CAT, SOD, and GPx enzymes decreased by seed aging, and the amount of glucose, fructose, total sugar and electrolyte leakage increased, which ultimately led to seed deterioration. Based on the results of this experiment, it is recommended to conduct further studies into the molecular aspects involved in onion seed deterioration. More research on the genes related to this process is suggested, as well as investigating the impact of different priming treatments on the genes expression involved in the onion seed aging process.

In this paper, the effect of ultrasound technology on the structure of high concentrations soybean protein isolate (SPI) and its enzymatic hydrolysate antioxidant activity were explored. SDS-PAGE, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence probe were used to analyze the effect of ultrasound on the molecular structure of soybean protein isolate at high concentrations, as well as on the content and molecular weight of polypeptides, free amino acid composition and antioxidant activity of enzymolysis products. The results showed that under certain ultrasound treatment conditions, the primary structure of SPI remains unchanged, but the high concentration (16%) of SPI changed other structural properties after ultrasound treatment. The β-sheet content increased and the α-helix content decreased in the secondary structure. In addition, the endogenous fluorescence emission wavelength was significantly redshifted, and the surface hydrophobicity was significantly (P

Background: Onion seeds have limited storage capacity compared to other vegetable seeds. It is crucial to identify the mechanisms that induce tolerance to storage conditions and reduce seed deterioration. To address this goal, an experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in germination, biochemical, physiological, and molecular characteristics of onion seed landraces (Horand, Kazerun landraces and Zargan cultivar) at different aging levels (control, three-days and six-days accelerated aging, and natural aging for one year). Results: The findings suggest that there was an increase in glucose, fructose, total sugar, and electrolyte leakage in the Horand (HOR), Kazerun (KAZ) landraces, and Zarghan (ZAR) cultivar, with Kazerun exhibiting the greatest increase. The percentage and rate of germination of Kazerun decreased by 54% and 33%, respectively, in six-day accelerated aging compared to the control, while it decreased by 12% and 14%, respectively, in Horand. Protein content decreased with increasing levels of aging, with a decrease of 26% in Kazerun landrace at six days of aging, while it was 16% in Horand landrace. The antioxidant activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased more intensively in Kazerun. The expression of AMY1, BMY1, CTR1, and NPR1 genes were lower in Kazerun landraces than in Horand and Zargan at different aging levels. Conclusions: The AMY1, BMY1, CTR1, and NPR1 genes play a pivotal role in onion seed germination, and their downregulation under stressful conditions has been shown to decrease germination rates. In addition, the activity of CAT, SOD, and GPx enzymes decreased by seed aging, and the amount of glucose, fructose, total sugar and electrolyte leakage increased, which ultimately led to seed deterioration. Based on the results of this experiment, it is recommended to conduct further studies into the molecular aspects involved in onion seed deterioration. More research on the genes related to this process is suggested, as well as investigating the impact of different priming treatments on the genes expression involved in the onion seed aging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk protein concentrates (MPCs) possess significant potential for diverse applications in the food industry. However, their heat stability may be a limitation to achieving optimal functional performance. Shearing, an inherent process in food manufacturing, can also influence the functionality of proteins. The aim of this research was to examine the heat stability of reconstituted MPCs prepared at two protein concentrations (4% and 8% w/w protein) when subjected to varying levels of shearing (100, 1000, or 1500 s−1) during heating at 90 °C for 5 min or 121 °C for 2.6 min. While the impact of shear was relatively minor at 4% protein, it was more pronounced in 8% protein MPC suspensions, leading to a considerable decline in heat stability. An increase in protein concentration to 8% amplified protein interactions, intensified by shearing. This, in turn, resulted in comparatively higher aggregation at elevated temperatures and subsequently reduced the heat stability of the reconstituted MPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and -2 (DKK-2) are important proteins for the regulated Wnt signalling pathway. Alternations in the Wnt pathway are associated with tumour progression. The aim of the study was to analyse the concentration of DKK-1 and DKK-2 in tumour and matched non-tumour (NT) samples of 65 patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including 3 subtypes: adenocarcinoma (AC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and large cell carcinoma (LCC). Material and methods: The protein concentration was measured by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in homogenates. Results: The difference between the level of DKK-1 in tumour and NT specimens was not significant for the whole NSCLC group and SCC and LCC subtype, while in AC samples they were significantly higher (p = 0.028). The highest concentration of DKK-1 was found in the advanced NSCLC samples, with the T4 parameter as well as stage III. Significantly decreased DKK-2 concentrations were detected in all NSCLC subtypes (p < 0.05). Moreover, the DKK-2 level was higher in non-smokers than in smokers. The results indicate that concentrations of DKKs were different in relation to subtypes as well as clinical and socio- demographic parameters. The concentration of DKKs could be associated with the progression of NSCLC. Conclusions: We suggest that DKK-1 could play an oncogenic role in AC, while DKK-2 could be a tumour suppressor in all NSCLC subtypes. Dickkopf- 1 and DKK-2 proteins could have differential roles in the Wnt signalling pathway, which is important in many cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis rates of n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in rodents and humans are not agreed upon and depend on substrate availability independently of the capacity for synthesis. Therefore, we aimed to assess the activities of the enzymes for n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA synthesis pathways in liver, brain, testicle, kidney, heart, and lung, in relation to their protein concentration levels. Eight‐week‐old Balb/c mice (n = 8) were fed a standard chow diet (6.2% fat, 18.6% protein, and 44.2% carbohydrates) until 14 weeks of age, anesthetized with isoflurane and tissue samples were collected (previously perfused) and stored at −80°C. The protein concentration of the enzymes (Δ‐6D, Δ‐5D, Elovl2, and Elovl5) were assessed by ELISA kits; their activities were assayed using specific PUFA precursors and measuring the respective PUFA products as fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatographic analysis. The liver had the highest capacity for PUFA biosynthesis, with limited activity in the brain, testicles, and kidney, while we failed to detect activity in the heart and lung. The protein concentration and activity of the enzymes were significantly correlated. Furthermore, Δ‐6D, Δ‐5D, and Elovl2 have a higher affinity for n‐3 PUFA precursors compared to n‐6 PUFA. The capacity for PUFA synthesis in mice mainly resides in the liver, with enzymes having preference for n‐3 PUFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, there is a demand and a promising market for cassava (Manihot esculanta, Crantz) leaves as a supplementary animal feed because of their nutritional value and availability throughout the year. However, cyanide accumulation has been a problem due to its toxicity in animal feed; therefore, finding the best variety with low cyanide, high protein, and phytochemical content can address this issue. The hydrocyanic (HCN) contents were analyzed for two local varieties, White and Pulut cassava, distinguished from leaf shapes and the color of the leaf petioles. Young leaves were identified from the plant's top leaves, while matured leaves were defined from the plant's bottom leaves. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to determine the interaction between the maturity and variety of cassava leaves for the cyanide and protein concentrations with Tukey's multiple ranges to observe the significant difference at p < 0.05. The findings indicated significant differences in the HCN content of cassava leaves between different maturities, while other varieties significantly affected protein concentration. The maturity and variety of cassava leaves showed significant interactions with the HCN content. The young Pulut variety had the highest protein concentration and low HCN content. Thus, it is the best option as an animal feed by reducing its HCN content and maintaining its total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The results imply that variety, as well as maturity, have significant effects on the protein and cyanide concentration of cassava leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, we examined the impact and degree of lumbar stenosis on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed protein concentrations in CSF samples of 61 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) obtained during pre-operative myelography. Patients were divided into two groups: those showing no block to contrast (Group A) versus those showing medium block to contrast below the lumbar puncture level (Group B). Results: The CSF protein concentration in Group B (104.3 ± 59 g/dL) patients with medium block was significantly greater than that in Group A (65.1 ± 33 g/dL) patients without medium block. Conclusion: A higher average CSF protein concentration was seen in Group B patients with significant lumbar stenosis versus Group A patients without significant lumbar stenosis. Theoretically, damage to the cauda equina in patients with LSS may cause these elevated CSF protein levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To achieve the application of rice dreg glutelin in emulsions system. Methods: This paper selected alkali-heat modified rice dregs glutenin and span80 as emulsifiers to prepare W/O/W double emulsions by one-step emulsification method, and investigated the effect of protein concentration on the stability of double emulsions to provide the theoretical reference for the preparation of stable double emulsions by one-step emulsification. Results: When the protein mass fraction increased from 0.5% to 2.5%, the large particle size peak disappears in emulsion, the apparent viscosity and viscoelasticity of emulsions were improved, the centrifugal stability and storage stability were enhanced, enhanced dual structure of droplets in microstructure. When the protein mass fraction reached 2.5%, after centrifugation, the whey precipitation index decreased from 37.21% to 10.56%, and the layering time was extended from 6 hours to 96 h. Protein and span80 formed a composite membrane to jointly stabilize the oil-water interface, and formed an intermediate droplet. When the interface protein was enough to form a rigid boundary facial mask, the droplet changed from the intermediate state to a stable dual structure. When the protein mass fraction reached 3.0%, the flocculation of the double emulsions led to the reappearance of the large particle size peak, and the stability was reduced. After centrifugation, the emulsion index was 16.48%, and about 96 hours after preparation, the excess protein was partially involved in the construction of the internal phase droplets, and the other part was separately formed into W/O droplets and adsorbed on the outside of the large volume droplets. Conclusion: Under one-step emulsification method, when the protein content is 2.5%, stable double emulsions can be prepared.

Abstract Protein particulation is a modification strategy for the optimization of the use of protein materials. The development and subtypes of particulate structures are largely dependent on the aggregated state of proteins after heat‐induced interactions, which is profoundly influenced by protein concentration (PC). In this work, the impact of PC below and above the critical gelation point, that is, 5% (w/v) and 10% (w/v), on the structure and functional properties of heat‐treated soy protein isolates (SPIs) at different pHs (2.0, 4.0, and 7.0), was investigated. The results showed that heat‐induced aggregation of SPIs was promoted by increasing the PC, leading to a β‐sheet‐dominated secondary structure. At pH 2.0 and 7.0, the 10% SPIs exhibited larger particle size and lower solubility, surface hydrophobicity index, and oil‐holding capacity compared to the 5% SPIs after heating. Furthermore, at neutral pH, the 10% SPI microgels had higher storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) than their acidifying counterparts, as well as the excellent emulsifying property for oil droplet stabilization. These findings would provide the theoretical basis for the structure modification and function improvement of plant proteins and, therefore, broaden the application of plant proteins in the food industry.

This research aimed to investigate the effects of protein concentration (0.2 %-1.0 %), ionic strength (100–500 mM NaCl), and heat treatment (temperature: 80 and 90℃; time: 15 and 30 min) on the interfacial and emulsifying properties of coconut globulins (CG). When protein concentration was set at 0.2–0.6 %, the interfacial adsorption increased with the increasing of protein concentration. However, the lowest interfacial viscoelasticity was found when CG concentration was 0.6 %. When the protein concentration was higher than 0.6 %, the dilatational viscoelasticity increased with the increasing of protein concentration. The protein concentration showed positive effect on the emulsion stability of CG. The ionic strength showed positive effect on the interfacial adsorption but negative effects on the interfacial viscoelasticity and emulsion stability. Higher temperature and longer heating time brought worse interface behavior. The heated CG (90℃, 30 min) had the worst interfacial behavior but the best emulsion stability.

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancer worldwide. Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) are important tumour suppressors and antagonists of the Wnt signalling pathway, which is linked with cancer development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of SFRP1, SFRP2, and SFRP5 proteins in tumour and non-tumour (NT) samples obtained from 65 patients with primary NSCLC. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the concentrations of SFRPs in the tissue homogenates. A significantly lower SFRP2 protein concentration was found in the total NSCLC tumour samples and the following NSCLC subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) (p > 0.05, p = 0.028 and p = 0.001, respectively). AC tumour samples had a higher SFRP1 level than NT samples (p = 0.022), while the highest SFRP1 concentration was found in NSCLC samples from patients with clinical stage T4 cancer. Increased concentrations of SFRP1 and SFRP5 were present in stage III NSCLC samples, while the tumour samples with high pleural invasion (PL2) had an increased level of SFRP2. The results from this study suggest that the tumour suppressor or oncogenic roles of SFRPs could be connected with the NSCLC subtype. The levels of SFRPs varied according to the clinicopathological parameters of NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a predictive model for Escherichia coli survival in Amlou, a Moroccan almond–honey–argan oil spread, focusing on argan oil, sugar, and peptone concentrations. Based on the Doehlert matrix design, relationships were established between these ingredients and the death rate (DR) and survival period (SP). Sugar affected the DR, while argan oil and peptone influenced the SP. The DR model demonstrated an RMSE of 0.0095 and SEP of 22.22%, confirming its accuracy. This work offers valuable insights for food producers about E. coli's behavior in Amlou-like foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2), murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and p16 are some of the key proteins associated with the control of the cell cycle. The aim of this study was to evaluate E2F2, MDM2 and p16 concentrations in the tumour and margin samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma and to assess their association with some selected sociodemographic and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. Methods: The study group consisted of 73 patients. Protein concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of E2F2, MDM2 or p16 in the tumour samples as compared to the margin specimens. We found that patients with N0 showed significantly lower E2F2 concentrations than patients with N1 in the tumour samples and the median protein concentration of E2F2 was higher in HPV-negative patients in the tumour samples. Moreover, the level of p16 in the margin samples was lower in alcohol drinkers as compared to non-drinkers. Similar observations were found in concurrent drinkers and smokers compared to non-drinkers and non-smokers. Conclusions: E2F2 could potentially promote tumour progression and metastasis. Moreover, our results showed a differential level of the analysed proteins in response to alcohol consumption and the HPV status.

Numerous studies have used the Drude model to optimize silver-based Metal-Insulator-Metal plasmonic sensors for some limited sensing applications; however, Lab-on-a-chip sensing for cell protein concentration measurement still needs to be accomplished. Furthermore, little study has been conducted on sensing for the salinity measurement of seawater, Bovine serum albumin concentration measurement, human tissue categorization, mitigating the oxidation issue of these sensors, and nanofabrication challenges. In this article, a Metal-Insulator-Metal based oxidation free material (gold modeled with Drude-Lorentz model) built round-edged hexagonal plasmonic refractive index sensor with nanorods embedded both in the straight waveguide and resonator has been investigated using the Finite element method (FEM) for all of the above sensing applications. This sensor achieves 19.05 nm/g/100mL and 1476.6 nm/ppm sensitivity for cell protein concentration and salinity measurement. The sensor’s max sensitivity and Sensing Resolution are 9231.7 nm/RIU and 1.083∗10−7. This sensor has also been employed as an electromagnetic interference-free temperature sensor using toluene, achieving 5.16 nm/°C sensitivity. Thus, this label-free and low-footprint sensor can be employed to study the salinity of seawater, which is linked with global warming and the earth’s hydrologic cycle, study protein concentration for nanomedicine applications, and Lab-on-chip sensing as an oxidation-free alternative to silver-based sensors.

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focus on local food production and supply chains has heightened in recent years, as evidenced and amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the suitability of soft red winter (SRW) wheat breeding lines for local artisan bakers interested in locally sourced, strong gluten wheat for bread. Seventy-six genotyped SRW wheat breeding lines were milled into whole wheat flour and baked into small loaves. Bread aroma, flavor, and texture were evaluated by a sensory panel, and bread quality traits, including sedimentation volume, dough extensibility, and loaf volume, were measured to estimate heritability. SE-HPLC was performed on white flour, and breeding lines were characterized for different protein fraction ratios. Heritability of loaf volume was moderately high (h2 = 0.68), while heritability of sedimentation volume, a much easier trait to measure, was slightly lower (h2 = 0.55). Certain protein fraction ratios strongly related to loaf volume had high heritability (h2 = 0.7). Even though only a moderate heritability estimate of dough extensibility was found in our study, high positive correlations were found between this parameter and sedimentation volume (r = 0.6) and loaf volume (r = 0.53). This low-input and highly repeatable parameter could be useful to estimate dough functionality characteristics. Flavor and texture heritability estimates ranged from 0.16 to 0.37, and the heritability estimate of aroma was not significantly different from zero. However, the sensorial characteristics were significantly correlated with each other, suggesting that we might be able to select indirectly for aroma by selecting for flavor or texture characteristics. From a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified six SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with loaf volume that could be useful in breeding for this trait. Producing high-quality strong gluten flour in our high rainfall environment is a challenge, but it provides local growers and end users with a value-added opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was completed to evaluate the responses of forage yield and silage quality of dual-purpose corn hybrids to urea fertigation. For this purpose, two studies were conducted each as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two locations in research farms of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, in 2016. Two levels of nitrogen fertigation including 150 and 200 kg ha-1 in Lavark Research Field -Najafabad city; 200 and 250 kg ha-1 in Shervedan Research Field- Flavarjan city with urea fertilizer, N= 45%, and 20 forage-grain corn hybrids were designed as main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the increased application of nitrogen fertilizer improved biological yield in Shervedan field and dry matter percentage and silage yield in both locations, but had no effect on the ratio of forage components including leaves, stems and ears to total forage weight. The protein concentrations of silage hybrids increased significantly as a result of increasing nitrogen application in Shervedan. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, the amount of ash in both locations increased, but insoluble fibers in neutral detergent and insoluble fibers in acidic detergent decreased. The interaction effects of nitrogen × hybrid on silage acidity was significant in Shervedan. At Shervedan field, the highest biological yield (298,000 kg/ha) and silage dry matter percentage (29.8%) were observed in AGN591 and Whichita with application of 250 kg/ha N-fertilizer. AGN756 had the highest biological yield (27,200 kg/ha) and silage dry matter percentage (28.6%) upon application of 200 kg/ha N-fertilizer in Lavark field station. It seems that in each region, by using the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer and selecting high-potential yield hybrids, both acceptable quantitative and qualitative yields of corn silage can be achieved.

This research was to obtain stable myofibrillar protein emulsion. Myofibrillar protein was extracted from frozen silver carp surimi, and the effects of heat treatment (85 ℃ for 10 min) and protein concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/mL) on the aggregation ratio, particle size, zeta-potential and microstructure of myofibrillar protein and structure, apparent viscosity and color of soybean oil-myofibrillar protein emulsion were investigated. The results showed that heat treatment led to the increase of particle size and decrease of apparent viscosity of myofibrillar protein, namely protein aggregation. While emulsion prepared with thermal treated myofibrillar protein displayed high L* and b* value and low hydrophobicity. With the increase of myofibrillar protein concentration, the apparent viscosity increased, and the zeta-potential fluctuate increased, no matter the myofibrillar protein solution subjected to heat treatment or not. The minimum particle size of un-heated and heated myofibrillar protein solution was obtained when the protein concentration was 10 and 25 mg/mL, respectively. Besides, the optical microscopy observed that the number of oil droplets involved in emulsification gradually increased, the particle size of oil droplets gradually decreased, the coalescence among oil droplets gradually reduced, when the concentration of myofibrillar protein increased. Therefore, when the protein concentration was in the range of 10~20 mg/mL and the oil ratio was 0.6, the emulsion prepared with thermal treated myofibrillar protein showed high stability and expressed as small and dispersed emulsion droplets and low apparent viscosity. This study is of great significance for the development of stable myofibrillar protein emulsion.

[Display omitted] Silicone tubing is used in various unit operations during drug product (DP) manufacturing. Hold of protein formulations in silicone tubing over time may have an impact on product quality, particularly protein concentration. This study evaluated the change in protein concentration of a test monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulation over various hold times in silicone tubing as a function of tubing internal diameter (ID) and wall thickness. It was hypothesized that the rate of water diffusion through the semi-permeable membrane is a function of the tubing ID and wall thickness. The weight and protein concentration of various formulation-filled tubings over time was measured. The weight of water lost varied linearly with the change in protein concentration. It was observed to be independent of mAb type, formulation composition, and initial protein concentration for a given tubing ID and wall thickness. The effect of formulation water activity on the water loss rate was investigated. A mechanistic diffusion-based model was developed that predicts the change in tubing weight and therefore protein concentration over various hold times for a given formulation and tubing. Overall, this study suggests that water loss from silicone tubing affects protein concentration and should be monitored during DP process development and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change is causing an increasing number of drought events, which might impact the stability of wheat breadmaking quality. In this study, 73 spring wheat lines with diverse genetic backgrounds (modern, old, and wheat–rye introgression) were drought treated, and the grains were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for protein composition traits related to breadmaking quality. The amount of total sodium dodecyl sulfate-extractable and -unextractable proteins (TOTE, which correlates to grain protein content) increased significantly under late drought, while no effect of early drought was found on the analyzed protein composition traits. Under control treatment, genotypes with 3R showed significantly higher TOTE than genotypes with 1R, 1RS, and 2R, indicating the potential role of 3R in increasing grain protein concentration. The lower percentage of sodium dodecyl sulfate-unextractable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein (%UPP) found in 1R and 1RS genotypes as compared to modern and old genotypes suggested a gluten strength reduction induced by 1R and 1RS. Despite the negative yield–protein correlation found in this study, lines 252 (3R), 253 (3R), and 258 (2R) displayed the presence of germplasm with both high yield and protein concentration. The %UPP was found to be positively correlated to spike-size-related traits (grains per spike, grain weight per spike, and spike length) across all three treatments. Additionally, high and stable TOTE was mainly obtained in genotypes with 3R, while old genotypes showed dominant performance in %UPP. Thus, genes responsible for high and stable protein concentration and gluten strength should be explicitly searched among introgression lines with chromosome 3R and old Swedish cultivars, respectively.

Milk protein concentrates (MPCs) possess significant potential for diverse applications in the food industry. However, their heat stability may be a limitation to achieving optimal functional performance. Shearing, an inherent process in food manufacturing, can also influence the functionality of proteins. The aim of this research was to examine the heat stability of reconstituted MPCs prepared at two protein concentrations (4% and 8% w/w protein) when subjected to varying levels of shearing (100, 1000, or 1500 s−1) during heating at 90 °C for 5 min or 121 °C for 2.6 min. While the impact of shear was relatively minor at 4% protein, it was more pronounced in 8% protein MPC suspensions, leading to a considerable decline in heat stability. An increase in protein concentration to 8% amplified protein interactions, intensified by shearing. This, in turn, resulted in comparatively higher aggregation at elevated temperatures and subsequently reduced the heat stability of the reconstituted MPCs.

Protein plays a crucial role in building and repairing tissues so it is vital to develop a sensitive and rapid detection biosensor that can detect the concentration of protein in an aqueous solution. For biosensing applications, photonic sensing is a revolutionary technique that allows accurate measurement. The current work presents a defective ternary photonic crystal based on Si/ Si3N4/ SiO2 layers with a central cavity filled with a solution sample of protein. The photonic structure is employed as a biosensor for protein detection in an aqueous solution. The transfer matrix method (TMM) is used to analyze the photonic structure. The sensitivity of the photonic structure is investigated with the variation of the cavity thickness and the angle of incidence to achieve a high performance of the biosensor. The results reveal that the defect mode localization moves to a lower wavelength region with increasing the angle of incidence while it shifts toward a larger wavelength region with increasing the thickness of the defect layer. Ultra-high sensitivity of 2488.98 nm/RIU is obtained with an angle of incidence of 60° and cavity thickness of 4.5 μm. The suggested photonic structure's simplicity makes it suitable for industrial design employing low-cost and large-scale product nanofabrication processes. It can be used as a biosensor not only for protein detection but for a broad range of purposes in the field of biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed community structure, including composition, taxonomic and functional diversity, may explain variability in crop quality, adding to the variability accounted by management, climatic and genetic factors. Focusing on Mediterranean rainfed wheat crops, we sampled weed communities from 26 fields in Spain that were either organically or conventionally managed. Weed communities were characterized by their abundance and taxonomic, compositional and trait-based measures. Grain protein concentration and the glutenin to gliadin ratio were used as indicators of wheat grain quality. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the relationship between crop quality and weed community variables, while accounting for environmental factors. Nitrogen fertilization, previous crop and precipitation explained a large portion of the variation in wheat grain protein concentration (R2marginal = 0.39) and composition (R2marginal = 0.26). Weed community measures had limited effects on grain quality (increasing R2marginal of models by 1% on average). The weed effects were related to the composition and the functional structure of their communities, but not to their abundance. Environmental conditions promoting higher protein concentration were also selecting for weed species with competitive attributes, whereas the role of weed functional diversity depended on the functional trait and on the resource limiting crop grain quality. Understanding the mechanisms of weed effects on crop quality could aid on designing sustainable weed management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anaphylaxis is the most acute and life‐threatening manifestation of allergic disorders. Currently, there is a need to improve its medical management and increase the understanding of its molecular mechanisms. This study aimed to quantify the extravasation underlying human anaphylactic reactions and propose new theragnostic approaches. Methods: Molecular determinations were performed in paired serum samples obtained during the acute phase and at baseline from patients presenting with hypersensitivity reactions. These were classified according to their severity as Grades 1, 2 and 3, the two latter being considered anaphylaxis. Tryptase levels were measured by ImmunoCAP, and serum protein concentration was quantified by Bradford assay. Human serum albumin (HSA) and haemoglobin beta subunit (HBB) levels were determined by Western blot and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Results: A total of 150 patients were included in the study. Of them, 112 had experienced anaphylaxis (83 and 29 with Grade 2 and 3 reactions, respectively). Tryptase diagnostic efficiency substantially improved when considering patients' baseline values (33%–54%) instead of the acute value threshold (21%). Serum protein concentration and HSA significantly decreased in anaphylaxis (p <.0001). HSA levels dropped with the severity of the reaction (6% and 15% for Grade 2 and 3 reactions, respectively). Furthermore, HBB levels increased during the acute phase of all hypersensitivity reactions (p <.0001). Conclusions: For the first time, the extravasation underlying human anaphylaxis has been evaluated based on the severity of the reaction using HSA and protein concentration measurements. Additionally, our findings propose new diagnostic and potential therapeutic approaches for this pathological event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was completed to evaluate the responses of forage yield and silage quality of dual-purpose corn hybrids to urea fertigation. For this purpose, two studies were conducted each as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two locations in research farms of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, in 2016. Two levels of nitrogen fertigation including 150 and 200 kg ha-1 in Lavark Research Field -Najafabad city; 200 and 250 kg ha-1 in Shervedan Research Field- Flavarjan city with urea fertilizer, N= 45%, and 20 forage-grain corn hybrids were designed as main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the increased application of nitrogen fertilizer improved biological yield in Shervedan field and dry matter percentage and silage yield in both locations, but had no effect on the ratio of forage components including leaves, stems and ears to total forage weight. The protein concentrations of silage hybrids increased significantly as a result of increasing nitrogen application in Shervedan. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, the amount of ash in both locations increased, but insoluble fibers in neutral detergent and insoluble fibers in acidic detergent decreased. The interaction effects of nitrogen × hybrid on silage acidity was significant in Shervedan. At Shervedan field, the highest biological yield (298,000 kg/ha) and silage dry matter percentage (29.8%) were observed in AGN591 and Whichita with application of 250 kg/ha N-fertilizer. AGN756 had the highest biological yield (27,200 kg/ha) and silage dry matter percentage (28.6%) upon application of 200 kg/ha N-fertilizer in Lavark field station. It seems that in each region, by using the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer and selecting high-potential yield hybrids, both acceptable quantitative and qualitative yields of corn silage can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some wheat cultivars show a linear relationship between grain protein concentration (GPC) and baking volume, but others display a saturation curve. Such a saturation curve could be general, but in some cultivars it might only appear at GPC > 17%. However, such GPC is mostly not achieved in the field. Pot experiments with high nitrogen application reliably result in GPC > 17%. In a pot experiment with a high (N1) and an excessive N level (N2) and four cultivars (Akteur, Arnold, Discus and Hystar), the change in grain protein composition and the relationship between different protein fractions and baking volume at GPC > 17% was investigated. GPC ranged from 17 to 24% and mean nitrogen content per grain from 1.2 to 1.8 mg. The N2 treatment increased GPC and mean nitrogen content per grain in the Akteur and Discus cultivar, but not in Arnold and Hystar. N2 increased concentration of gliadin by 10 to 34% and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in all cultivars by 12 to 73%. Glutenin concentration was increased by N2 in Akteur and Discus (19 to 36%), but was decreased by N2 in the Arnold and Hystar cultivar. Baking volume was moderately increased by N2 in all cultivars by 6 to 9% and correlated significantly with most glutenin fractions in the Akteur and Discus cultivar, with GMP in Arnold and with HMW-GS to LMW-GS ratio in Hystar. Thus, specific effects on grain protein by N2 were responsible for the increased baking volume in each cultivar. However, as gliadin and its sub-fractions hardly correlated with baking volume, a positive effect of increasing gliadin proteins on baking quality was not obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an aromatic member of the Apiaceae with a wide diversity of uses. Its rapid life cycle allows it to fit into different growing seasons, making it possible to grow the crop under a wide range of conditions. Even though extensive demand for this herb exists among ethnic communities, its' production in the eastern USA is essentially non-existent. We are interested in facilitation of commercial production of this herb and to characterize its' composition. We have previously observed that coriander can be commercially produced in Virginia but composition of coriander seed produced in Virginia (Mid-Atlantic region of the United States of America) is unknown. To remedy this situation, we conducted two experiments during 2015 and 2016 with three cultivars ('Santo', 'Santo Monogerm', and 'Marino-Organic'). Coriander seed in this study had 7.6 and 8.7 percent oil and 17 and 15 percent protein in winter (planted in December 2015 and harvested in July, 2016) or summer crop (planted in May, 2016 and harvested), respectively whereas mean concentrations (g per 100 g) of P, K, S, Mg, Ca, and Na were 501, 830, 140, 332, 620, 10, respectively. Concentrations of B, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu (mg per 100 g) were 1.10, 2.71, 2.81, 8.96, and 1.29, respectively. Coriander seed in this study contained approximately 19, 63, and 17 percent total saturated, MUFA, and PUFA fatty acids, respectively. Coriander seed contained 0.179, 0.877, and 0.219 percent fructose, glucose, and sucrose, respectively. Our results indicated that coriander seed produced in Virginia has seed composition, generally, similar to that produced elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are tiny plants that float on aquatic surfaces and are typically isolated from temperate and equatorial regions. Yet, duckweed diversity in Mediterranean and arid regions has been seldom explored. To address this gap in knowledge, we surveyed duckweed diversity in Israel, an ecological junction between Mediterranean and arid climates. We searched for duckweeds in the north and center of Israel on the surface of streams, ponds and waterholes. We collected and isolated 27 duckweeds and characterized their morphology, molecular barcodes (atpF-atpH and psbK-psbI) and biochemical features (protein content and fatty acids composition). Six species were identified—Lemna minor, L. gibba and Wolffia arrhiza dominated the duckweed populations, and together with past sightings, are suggested to be native to Israel. The fatty acid profiles and protein content further suggest that diverged functions have attributed to different haplotypes among the identified species. Spirodela polyrhiza, W. globosa and L. minuta were also identified but were rarer. S. polyrhiza was previously reported in our region, thus, its current low abundance should be revisited. However, L. minuta and W. globosa are native to America and Far East Asia, respectively, and are invasive in Europe. We hypothesize that they may be invasive species to our region as well, carried by migratory birds that disperse them through their migration routes. This study indicates that the duckweed population in Israel's aquatic environments consists of both native and transient species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyro-electrohydrodynamic jetting (p-jet) has emerged recently as a promising technique for biosensing applications, through the concentration of highly diluted biomolecules in fluorescent spots at microscale. However, a great challenge still remains in optimizing the binding strategy for the sensing interface, enabling the detection of low abundance proteins through immunofluorescence protocols. Indeed, the surface of reaction can be functionalized with different chemical groups able to bind the target molecule with a strong interaction, prior to the p-jet spots decreasing the possibility to lose sensitivity after the common rinsing steps. Here, we characterize the immobilization of a model protein, specifically the bovine serum albumin (BSA), in the concentrated p-jet spots to demonstrate the reliability of the technique for highly sensitive immunodetection assays. We first performed spectroscopic measurements on BSA deposited through pipette spots at relatively high concentrations and we achieved a higher efficiency in case of the covalent bond by using the carbonate buffer and the epoxy-based slides. We then tested the covalent setting in case of the p-jet spots with highly diluted samples of pre-labelled BSA. A significant concentration-dependent behavior of the signal was obtained down to picogram levels. Finally, an immunofluorescent protocol was settled with the p-jet spots and a Limit of the Detection (LOD) of 0. 27 pg/mL was reached. The demonstration here that the p-jet spots are compatible with immunodetection procedures and provide a LOD down to 0.27 pg/mL, launches the p-jet technique towards the development in future of a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool. This would become a major force in analytical chemical laboratories. The identification of highly diluted biomarkers from peripheral body fluids would help clinicians performing early diagnosis, overcoming the limitations of the traditional immunochemistry tests, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). [Display omitted] • p-jet can concentrate highly diluted biomolecules in fluorescent spots at microscale. • The detection limit is enhanced optimizing the chemical deposition of proteins. • BSA is used as proof of concept to demonstrate the reliability of the technique. • Our revolutionary biosensor could revolutionize point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial gradients of protein and starch in wheat grains affected the grain milling characteristics and flour utilization. The increase in compound heat stress and drought stress (HDS) due to global climate change threatens wheat grain yield and quality parameters, but the impacts of extreme climate events on the gradients of protein and starch in wheat grains remain unclear. In this study, two-year, environment-controlled experiments with four heat stress levels (17/27, 21/31, 25/35, and 29/39°C) and three drought stress levels (30 %, 55 %, and 75 % field capacity) were conducted to investigate the effects of HDS on the gradients of protein and starch concentrations within the five grain layers. The results showed that HDS resulted in significantly greater protein concentrations, while resulting in lower starch concentrations in the wheat grain layers. Among the five layers, the endosperm layers exhibited the greatest increase in protein concentration under HDS, but the starch concentration under HDS decreased in the order of husk > aleurone > endosperm layer. HDS unevenly altered the protein and starch concentrations of the five grain layers. There was significant linear relationship between relative protein and starch concentration with accumulated heat degree days (AHDD). With a 1°C·d increase in AHDD, the protein concentration in the five grain layers increased by 1.17–2.19 %, while the starch concentration decreased by 0.62–0.90 %, depending on the drought stress levels. A significant linear relationship was also observed between the relative protein and starch concentrations and evapotranspiration (ET). A 1 mm increase in ET led to a protein concentration decrease of 0.58–0.76 % in P1-P5, with a corresponding starch concentration increase of 0.28–0.46 %, depending on cultivar and treatment stages. Our results indicate that HDS significantly impacts the grain quality parameters for the flour milling process and human diet and will provide important insights into adapting wheat quality to climate change. • Heat-drought effects on wheat grain protein and starch spatial gradient were examined. • Heat-drought increased protein content but decreased starch content in wheat grain. • Endosperm layer had highest increase in protein content under heat-drought stress. • Starch content decrease under heat-drought stress were: husk > aleurone > endosperm. • Heat-drought stress alter protein and starch content of five grain layers unevenly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a predictive model for Escherichia coli survival in Amlou, a Moroccan almond–honey–argan oil spread, focusing on argan oil, sugar, and peptone concentrations. Based on the Doehlert matrix design, relationships were established between these ingredients and the death rate (DR) and survival period (SP). Sugar affected the DR, while argan oil and peptone influenced the SP. The DR model demonstrated an RMSE of 0.0095 and SEP of 22.22%, confirming its accuracy. This work offers valuable insights for food producers about E. coli’s behavior in Amlou-like foods.

Increased grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GPC) are the two main targets of efforts to improve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP). We conducted a three-year field experiment in the 2014–2017 winter wheat growing seasons to compare the effects of conventional irrigation practice (CI) and micro-sprinkling irrigation combined with nitrogen (N) fertilizer (MSI) on GY, GPC, and protein yield (PY). Across the three years, GY, GPC, and PY increased by 10.5%–16.7%, 5.4%–8.0%, and 18.8%–24.6%, respectively, under MSI relative to CI. The higher GY under MSI was due primarily to increased thousand-kernel weight (TKW). The chlorophyll content of leaves was higher under MSI during the mid–late grain filling period, increasing the contribution of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to GY, with consequent increases in total dry matter accumulation and harvest index compared to CI. During the mid–late grain filling period, the canopy temperature was markedly lower and the relative humidity was higher under MSI than under CI. The duration and rate of filling during the mid–late grain filling period were also higher under MSI than CI, resulting in higher TKW. MSI increased the contribution of post-anthesis N accumulation to grain N but reduced the pre-anthesis remobilization of N in leaves, the primary site of photosynthetic activity, possibly helping maintain photosynthate production in leaves during grain filling. Total N at maturity was higher under MSI than CI, although there was little difference in N harvest index. The higher GPC under MSI than under CI was due to a larger increase in grain N accumulation than in GY. Overall, MSI simultaneously increased both GY and GPC in winter wheat grown in the NCP.

Focus on local food production and supply chains has heightened in recent years, as evidenced and amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the suitability of soft red winter (SRW) wheat breeding lines for local artisan bakers interested in locally sourced, strong gluten wheat for bread. Seventy-six genotyped SRW wheat breeding lines were milled into whole wheat flour and baked into small loaves. Bread aroma, flavor, and texture were evaluated by a sensory panel, and bread quality traits, including sedimentation volume, dough extensibility, and loaf volume, were measured to estimate heritability. SE-HPLC was performed on white flour, and breeding lines were characterized for different protein fraction ratios. Heritability of loaf volume was moderately high (h2 = 0.68), while heritability of sedimentation volume, a much easier trait to measure, was slightly lower (h2 = 0.55). Certain protein fraction ratios strongly related to loaf volume had high heritability (h2 = 0.7). Even though only a moderate heritability estimate of dough extensibility was found in our study, high positive correlations were found between this parameter and sedimentation volume (r = 0.6) and loaf volume (r = 0.53). This low-input and highly repeatable parameter could be useful to estimate dough functionality characteristics. Flavor and texture heritability estimates ranged from 0.16 to 0.37, and the heritability estimate of aroma was not significantly different from zero. However, the sensorial characteristics were significantly correlated with each other, suggesting that we might be able to select indirectly for aroma by selecting for flavor or texture characteristics. From a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified six SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with loaf volume that could be useful in breeding for this trait. Producing high-quality strong gluten flour in our high rainfall environment is a challenge, but it provides local growers and end users with a value-added opportunity.

Systemic and localized oral disease instigates alterations in salivary composition and content. The objective of the study was to evaluate the levels of salivary amylase, mucin, total protein levels, and periodontal inflammatory parameters in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertensive (HTN) patients, and healthy controls. The study sample was divided into three groups: healthy, T2DM, and HTN. Salivary samples were collected from the included participants and salivary flow rate (SFR) and pH were measured. The salivary levels of amylase, mucin, and total protein concentration were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of anti-hypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs on the salivary flow rate, salivary pH, mucin, amylase, and total protein concentrations was evaluated. The results were analyzed with Chi-squared and analysis of variance to compare the means and standard deviations of variables among the study groups. SFR was significantly (p < 0.01) lower among diabetics (0.78 ± 0.45 mL/min) in comparison to healthy (1.52 ± 0.62 mL/min) and hypertensive (1.07 ± 0.7 mL/min) subjects. PISA values were significantly higher in T2DM (1029 ± 234.6 mm2) and HTN (799.4 ± 155.05 mm2) subjects when compared to controls, indicating a high inflammatory burden of oral cavity caused by these conditions, and showed statistically significant difference between the groups (p-value < 0.001). Mucin levels were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in hypertensive patients (4.6 ± 1.17 units) compared to diabetics (3.59 ± 1.03 unit/mL) and healthy (2.26 ± 1.09 units/mL) subjects. Amylase levels were significantly higher among healthy subjects (1.76 ± 0.75 mg/mL) compared to both hypertensive (1.33 ± 1.0 mg/mL) and diabetic (0.88 ± 0.57 mg/mL) patients. Total protein concentration was significantly raised (p-value < 0.001) in diabetics (37.67 ± 3.12 mg/mL) compared to healthy (29.3 ± 3.22 mg/mL) subjects. Significant differences in BOP, CAL, and PPD was observed (p-value < 0.001). Use of antihypertensive and hypoglycemic drugs showed a significant influence on salivary flow rate, protein, mucin, and amylase levels. T2DM and HTN induced irregularities in salivary flow rate, pH, amylase, and mucin levels and showed an increased incidence of moderate to severe periodontitis in patients. UWS levels of SFR, mucin, amylase, and total protein can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in patients with T2DM and HTN with oral disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of brewing industries in Ethiopia has been inducing a growing demand for the supply of malt with optimum kernel protein content. However, the supply has been constrained by the unavailability of sufficient volumes of acceptable quality of malting barley grain to meet the ever-increasing demand. In this regard, field experiments were conducted in the southeastern Ethiopian highlands to examine the combined effects of five seeding rates (100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg ha-1) and four nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels (0, 18, 36 and 54 kg ha-1) on the yield, yield components and protein concentration of malting barley. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Increasing seeding rate from 100 to 125 and 150 kg ha-1 improved the grain yields by 173 (6%) and 329 kg ha-1 (10%), and economic profitability by US$6.58 and US$4.15 respectively, for each US$1.00 investment on seed. Similarly, application of 18, 36 and 54 kg N ha-1 increased the grain yields by 309 (10%), 490 (17%) and 639 kg ha-1 (22%), and economic benefits by US$8.14, US$4.44 and US$2.78 respectively, for each US$1.00 investment on N fertilizer, when compared to the control. These achievements were without detrimental effect to the kernel protein concentration of malting barley. The production of malting barley with improved yield, optimum kernel protein concentrations and enhanced economic benefit was attained through seeding at a rate of 125 - 150 kg ha-1 along with 18 - 54 kg N ha-1 on suitable soil types in the southeastern highlands of Ethiopia and other areas with similar agro-ecologies. Thus, to improve the likelihood of acceptance of malting barley by malting industries, growers are recommended to select low-protein containing varieties and decide application of N fertilization based on soil test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cardiac disease is common in cats, and concurrent pleural effusion can worsen the prognosis. However, the definitive diagnosis of feline cardiac disease by echocardiography is limited in some areas. This study was designed to determine the indicators from fluid analysis obtained from pleural effusion to help diagnose cardiac disease in cats. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Data of 61 cats with pleural effusion were retrieved. The cats were divided into two groups: Cardiac disease (n=34) and non-cardiac disease (n=27) groups. Sex, neuter status, breed, age, weight, physical findings, fluid analysis results, radiographic findings, echocardiographic findings, and the presence of other diseases or conditions were recorded. Results: The Chi-square test showed the relationship between cardiac disease and the presence of abnormal heart sounds (p=0.0003), the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-positive result from serum samples (p=0.046), the presence of arterial thromboembolism (p

We design a miniaturized and highly-sensitive biosensor based on a photonic-crystal aslant cavity (AC) to detect protein concentrations. The AC has seven ring slots, in which input and output light is coupled through two linear quasi-waveguides. Filling the ring slots with analyte produces a shift in the resonant wavelength because of changes in the refractive index. We enhance the sensitivity by optimizing the width, position, and number of sensing ring slots. Furthermore, it can be significantly improved by infiltrating holes around the three central ring slots nearest the AC with analyte. Numerical simulations show that the final optimized device provided a sensitivity of 530.314 nm per unit refractive index with high quasilinearity and a detection limit of 1.4263 · 10−6 unit refractive index. The total footprint of the device is 86 μm2 and is ideal for ultra-compact label-free biosensing for medical diagnostics, as well as chemical and biochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Salinity and water stresses and also low fertile soils are the main constraints in the agricultural production of Iran. The purposes of this study were to examine whether the application of wheat straw biochar (with EC of 9.3 dS/m) can enhance faba bean’s physiological characteristics and growth under greenhouse conditions. Hence, three levels of biochar (0, 1.25 and 2.5 % w/w), irrigation regimes (50, 75 and 100 % of crop water requirement) and irrigation water salinities (0.6, 4 and 8 dS/m) were applied using the factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. The application of 2.5 % biochar under 0.6 dS/m saline water and 50 % deficit irrigation significantly increased crop height, leaf area index, stomatal conductance by 12, 14 and 11 %, respectively, and declined leaf temperature by 3 % in comparison with that obtained at no biochar application. The addition of 2.5 % w/w biochar under 8 dS/m and 50 % deficit irrigation significantly decreased crop height and stomatal conductance by 21 and 29 %, respectively, in comparison with that obtained at no biochar application, 8 dS/m and 50 % deficit irrigation. Moreover, the application of 2.5 % w/w biochar together with 0.6 dS/m saline water and 100% irrigation water led to having maximum fresh seed yield and 100-seed dry weight. In conclusion, the application of 2.5 % w/w biochar with high electrical conductivity was not appropriate for faba bean under saline conditions at any water regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Research and breeding for pea protein extraction are likely to play an important role as the demand for pea protein increases. Developing pea cultivars with high protein concentration could be a top breeding priority. Identification of the traits to select for and understanding the relationships between them will optimize the breeding process. Protein was extracted from 26 green and 30 yellow pea genotypes grown in four and two environments, respectively. Findings: During dehulling/decortication, approximately 15.6% of the pea seed was removed as seed coat, with a low of 10.1% and a high of 20.4%. The protein concentration of split pea flour varied between 18.9% and 29.3%. Split pea had 1.4 percentage point higher protein than the whole pea. Flour protein concentration varied among environments, with Fairfield, WA having the highest mean values. Protein isolate yield ranged from 14.8% to 21.1%, with a mean of 17.8%. Protein recovery from split pea flour ranged from 57.4% to 76.3% across all pea types, with a mean of 65.7%. On average, about 61.6% of the initial sample ended up in the starch‐rich byproduct fraction. The remaining 20.6% the initial samples lost as soluble material during the extraction process. Correlation analysis indicated that flour protein concentration was positively correlated with protein isolate yield and purity but negatively with yield of the starch‐rich byproduct. Conclusions: Increasing protein concentration leads to increased protein yield and reduced the loss as byproduct during the extraction process. Further studies are required to understand the relationships of protein isolate yield and purity with functional properties of protein. Significance and novelty: The associations among traits imply that the flour protein concentration could be used in the selection process. Increasing protein concentration could be one key input in proving pea cultivars for protein isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]