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This article devises an analytical framework that synthesizes neo-Gramscian and social constructivist perspectives to dissect international regimes amid global hegemonic shifts. It portrays regimes as intersubjective constructs with unique social purposes within the broader hegemonic fabric, shaped by dominant ideologies and power distributions. The study examines the transition of the trade regime from General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to World Trade Organization (WTO) through the Uruguay Round (1986-1994) and the Doha Round's deadlock since 2001. The article posits that the Uruguay Round marked a pivotal hegemonic transformation, transitioning the regime from embedded liberalism to neoliberalism by transforming its social purpose, norms, and generative grammar. Yet, this shift, which precipitated a legitimacy crisis within the WTO and was exacerbated by the Doha Round's failure to regenerate neoliberal hegemony with a fresh synthesis of free trade and sustainable development, arguably rendered the WTO directionless and contributed to the fragmentation of global trade governance amidst emerging regional pacts and varied ideological visions of economic liberalism. Keywords: International Regimes, Social Constructivism, Critical Theory, World Trade Organization, Liberal International Order, Introduction 'the 1929 depression was so wide, so deep and so long because the international economic system was rendered unstable by British inability and United States unwillingness to assure responsibility [...]

I. INTRODUCTION II. THE TRADE WAR PRECEDING THE 'PHASE ONE' TRADE DEAL III. THE 'BEDR' & DISPUTE RESOLUTION A. The Mechanism & Process B. Implications of a Change in Trade [...]

Author(s): Andrew Gamble [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.11835.3e, 0000 0004 1936 9262, University of Sheffield, , Sheffield, UK Since leaving office as British Prime Minister in 2010 Gordon Brown has [...]

Abstract Strong policies that deliver stronger fundamentals and a stronger currency are very much in the national interest. There can be some short-term advantages to currency depreciation, but the United [...]

Populism and nationalism are key drivers of current international economic relations, affecting almost all aspects of foreign economic policy. After almost four decades of cooperation in international financial relations, recent events suggest that we are now potentially entering a new phase of progressive disengagement. This new era would be dominated by the explicit need to safeguard domestic interests, in which regulatory barriers to cross-border finance will be more pronounced and curtailing the expansion of global financial markets will no longer be considered a policy taboo. This Article presents a brief history of financial nationalism and discusses some of its more recent phenomena around the world, from the regulatory conflicts between the European Union and the United Kingdom over the control of the European derivatives clearing market, to the attacks on central banks' independence, or the open distrust of western regulators against the Chinese FinTech giants. In contrast to other phenomena of economic populism, like trade protectionism, it is very difficult to theorize a single explanation behind this new protectionist push. Financial nationalism is neither an economic ideology nor a structured response to the downsides of economic globalization. More simply, it is the manifestation of a multiplicity of policy needs, which invariably lead to a reconfiguration of the inherent regulatory tradeoff between the protection of national sovereignty and the expansion of global markets; this time favoring the former., I. INTRODUCTION 94 II. THEORIES OF NATIONALISM 97 A. Economic Nationalism 98 in Political Science B. Financial Nationalism 101 in a Nutshell III. A BRIEF HISTORY OF 103 FINANCIAL AUTARCHY [...]

Abstract It is vastly overdone to suggest that China changes the game. The challenges posed by the Chinese economy will not disappear because the U.S. puts pressure on them. The [...]

INTRODUCTION: STATE, AGENCY, AND CAPITALISM Melcher Todd was a West Indian planter who had just married when he produced 290 metric tons of brown sugar in 1847. To bring his [...]

ABSTRACT Just recently, the United Kingdom held a referendum whereby the outcome was a slight victory for those wishing to leave the European Union ('Brexit'). Including the United Kingdom, the [...]

It is usually clear when a war breaks out. Even if there is no formal declaration, the work of invasion or destruction begins. The outbreak of war can be given [...]

This paper reviews the approaches to breaking disciplinary barriers in complex projects by arguing that in addition to the way transdisciplinary research has been explored, other sets of concepts including social capital and research value chains can effectively enhance and strengthen the transdisciplinary narrative. The need for scientists to work together have been there for a long time. As the inter-linkages between society and the environment gets more apparent, complex and compelling; collaboration, cooperation and integration across multiple social and epistemological perspectives become more important. Scientific disciplines distinguished it through different forms of interests, perspectives, assumptions, priorities, vocabularies, methodologies and communication styles. These elements together constitute professional knowledge communities at the level of disciplines or sub-disciplines into which they socialize. Disciplinary protectionism, low level of understanding of other disciplines, power control and beneficiaries of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary outputs often forms the basis for weaker collaborations. Breaking these barriers by working together in complex projects to solve real life problems using sustainable inter and transdisciplinary approaches are long overdue. Integrating ideas, perspective and people with different disciplines are continuous processes that require clarity of communication, patience, good leadership and consensus building. From the review it is clear that; it is not about the mechanics of organizations, projects or teams, or structures, ontologies and epistemologies of these disciplines that solves these real life problems, but by accepting the social networks and barriers affecting interdisciplinary communication; by generating social capital and cohesion, by effectively building teams and ensuring cultural understanding amongst all actors who have roles to play on the problem or project in question. JEL Classifications: O39, Q01, D83, M14 Keywords: Transdisciplinary, communication, research value chain, collaboration, disciplines and complex projects. Corresponding Author's Email Address: mumunieliasu@gmail.com, INTRODUCTION The talk and need for scientists to work together to solve the world's complex problems have been there for a long time. Our choices of not bridging these knowledge [...]

In 1966, I was a young Peace Corps volunteer living high up in the mountains of the Dominican Republic, not far from the Haitian border. In Moncion, the little village [...]

This paper builds on and extends the literature on the linkage between firm productivity and their export destinations to study the productivity of Chinese firms and their sales destinations in other provinces within China. Moving the study from international markets to domestic markets conveniently avoids the hard to control heterogeneity across different destination markets in international trade, as provincial markets within China are less heterogeneous than international markets but segmented by Chinese provincial borders. The paper explicitly controls the fact that many firms only sell in their home provinces by using the zero-inflated negative binomial method. It finds that firms with higher productivity tend to sell in other provincial markets, and more productive firms enter more provincial markets. The results are robust. (JEL F15, D21, D24), I. INTRODUCTION There is a rich literature, led by Bernard and Jensen (1995), Roberts and Tybout (1997), Melitz (2003), and others showing evidences that exporting firms are significantly different from [...]

This article draws on Gallagher and Robinson (1953) and combines their concepts with insights offered by, amongst others, Callinicos, Eagleton and Harvey, in order to demonstrate continuities between British and US imperialism. They include the willingness of states to engage in imperial action (despite public statements of anti-imperial sentiment); the use of formal and informal control to secure the frontiers of a state's expanding economy; and the operation of imperialism through collaboration. In order to avoid the problems of earlier Marxist-Leninist interpretations of British imperialism, and in order to extend the analysis, the concepts of ideology, elites and neoliberalism are applied. Keywords Imperialism, neoliberalism, John Gallagher, Ronald Robinson, collaboration, ideology, ruling class, Introduction This paper offers a basis for the reinvigoration of Marxist methods and concepts when applied to imperialism by connecting historical and contemporary developments in capitalism to developments in the [...]

ABSTRACT This note addresses the issues raised by domestic laws and bar associations limiting the practice of foreign lawyers. It looks at how the increase in globalization has led different [...]

Using a large panel of UK manufacturing firms over the period 2000-9, we consider how firms responded during the most recent financial crisis, estimating models for export market participation decisions and firm growth and survival. The results indicate that financial variables are highly important in predicting export market entry, especially in the midst of the global financial crisis. With respect to firm growth and survival, we find that starters and continuous exporters are more likely to perform well in and out of the crisis than non-exporters. Keywords: exports; financial crisis; financial health JEL Classifications: FI; L2; G3, I. Introduction Trade was hit hard during the global financial crisis. Data in the World Trade Report 2012 show that average export growth was around 2 per cent and -12 [...]

Abstract Purpose--The purpose of this paper is to refute the proposition that in today's global economy 'local is the new global.' It provides a logical argument that a passing economic [...]

'Personally like most economists. I am in fact in favor of free trade and free investment flows; but they are surely given too much credit.' (1) The ongoing Financial and [...]

This paper investigates Samuelson's [Samuelson, P. A. 'Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization.' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 2004, 135-46] argument that technical progress of the trade partner may hurt the home country. We illustrate this prospect in a simple Ricardian model for situations with outward knowledge spillovers. Within this framework Samuelson's Act H effects may occur. Based on industry level panel data for 17 OECD countries for the period 1973-2000 we show econometrically that the outflow of domestic knowledge via exports or foreign direct investment (FDI) to the rest of the worm may have a negative impact on industry output in the home country. This is particularly so when exporting to technologically less advanced countries and, more specifically, China. (JEL F10, F11, F14, O30), I. INTRODUCTION In what has become quite a controversial paper, Samuelson (2004) has renewed the discussion that trade does not always and automatically bestow overall gains on each trade partner. [...]

Recent scholarship on nonmarket strategies has sought to understand organizational decisions to target specific institutional venues for nonmarket actions. We contribute to this emerging literature by studying institutional targeting between [...]

If a term has many diverging definitions, it is better to begin by assuming that it is full of meanings. For none of the main ideas of our civilization has [...]

Our commentary addresses three papers that we believe make important contributions to the emerging literature on entrepreneurial orientation (EO). The first paper rigorously assesses and enhances the construct validity of [...]