133 results on '"Protecció Vegetal Sostenible"'
Search Results
2. Intercropping of aromatic plants in truffle orchards: short-term effect on extraradical truffle mycelium and aromatic plant growth
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Garcia-Barreda, Sergi, Navarro-Rocha, Juliana, Gómez-Molina, Eva, Barou, Vasiliki, Sanz, María Ángeles, Sánchez, Sergio, Parlade, Xavier, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Abstract
Background and Aims Intercropping of truffle-producing trees with aromatic plants is used to improve profitability of truffle orchards during the initial 4–7 years. However, after that period the viability of this system is challenged by the appearance of brûlés, an area around host tree characterised by scarce plant cover where the fungus exhibits allelopathic activity. We aimed to investigate the ecological interactions between these crops and between their associated mycorrhizal fungi in adult truffle plantations. Methods We simulated two intercropping systems, truffle oak – lavender and truffle oak – rosemary in their adult stage. We analysed and compared aromatic plants and soil samples inside and outside the brûlés during the first year of the aromatic plants in the field. Results We found a strong negative relation of brûlés with the growth of the aromatic plants, although not a decrease in the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of their roots. The essential oil yield and composition of aromatic plants was affected by brûlés. The extraradical truffle mycelium was not significantly affected by the presence of aromatic plants. Conclusions The growth and yield of aromatic plants was impaired during their first year growing in brûlés, whereas no negative effect of aromatic plants on truffle fruiting potential was found. The study improves our understanding of the mechanisms influencing the viability of the truffle tree – aromatic plant intercropping and the possible technical challenges. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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- 2023
3. El control biològic en els cultius hortícoles a Catalunya
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Arnó, Judit, Riudavets, Jordi, Giné Ribó, Jordi, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2023
4. Susceptibility of Almond (Prunus dulcis) Cultivars to Twig Canker and Shoot Blight Caused byDiaporthe amygdali
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Francisco Beluzán, Xavier Miarnau, Laura Torguet, Lourdes Zazurca, Paloma Abad-Campos, Jordi Luque, Josep Armengol, Producció Vegetal, Fructicultura, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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fungi ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Twenty-five almond cultivars were assessed for susceptibility to Diaporthe amygdali, causal agent of twig canker and shoot blight disease. In laboratory experiments, growing twigs were inoculated with four D. amygdali isolates. Moreover, growing shoots of almond cultivars grafted onto INRA ‘GF-677’ rootstock were used in 4-year field inoculations with one D. amygdali isolate. In both types of experiments, inoculum consisted of agar plugs with mycelium, which were inserted underneath the bark, and the lesion lengths caused by the fungus were measured. Necrotic lesions were observed in the inoculated almond cultivars in both laboratory and field tests, confirming the susceptibility of all evaluated cultivars to all inoculated isolates of D. amygdali. Cultivars were grouped as susceptible or very susceptible according to a cluster analysis. The relationship between some agronomic traits and cultivar susceptibility was also investigated. Blooming and ripening times were found to be relevant variables explaining cultivar performance related to D. amygdali susceptibility. Late and very late blooming and early and medium ripening cultivars were highly susceptible to D. amygdali. Our results may provide valuable information that could assist in ongoing breeding programs of this crop and in the selection of cultivars for new almond plantations. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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- 2022
5. Aromatic Plants and Their Associated Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Outcompete Tuber melanosporum in Compatibility Assays with Truffle-Oaks
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Vasiliki Barou, Ana Rincón, Cinta Calvet, Amelia Camprubí, Javier Parladé, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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General Immunology and Microbiology ,Tuber melanosporum ,truffle-oaks ,aromatic plants ,arbuscular fungi ,mycorrhizas ,intercropping ,competition ,lavender ,thyme ,sage ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Abstract
The high value of black truffle recompenses the slow growth of the fungus when established in the field. Adding a secondary crop, such as medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), could further enhance the sustainability of truffle production agro-forest systems. The dual cultures of ectomycorrhizal truffle-oak seedlings and MAPs (lavender, thyme, and sage) previously inoculated and non-inoculated with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), were established to evaluate plant–fungi relationships. After 12 months in a shadehouse, plants’ growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and extraradical soil mycelium (both of Tuber melanosporum and AMF) were measured. Overall, truffle-oaks’ growth was negatively affected by the presence of MAPs, especially when inoculated with AMF. In turn, the presence of truffle-oaks barely affected the co-cultured MAPs, and only lavenders showed a significant growth reduction. All AMF-inoculated MAPs showed higher shoot and root biomass than non-inoculated ones. Compared to truffle-oaks growing alone, the presence of co-cultured MAPs, especially when they were AMF-inoculated, significantly decreased both the ectomycorrhizas and soil mycelium of T. melanosporum. These results reveal the strong competition between AMF and T. melanosporum and warn about the need for the protection of intercropping plants and their associated symbiotic fungi to avoid reciprocal counterproductive effects in mixed truffle-oak–AMF–MAP plantations.
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- 2023
6. Genome Assembly and Population Sequencing Reveal Three Populations and Signatures of Insecticide Resistance of Tuta absoluta in Latin America
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Kyle M Lewald, Christine A Tabuloc, Kristine E Godfrey, Judit Arnó, Clérison R Perini, Jerson C Guedes, Joanna C Chiu, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, and Hancock, Angela
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Evolutionary Biology ,Prevention ,Human Genome ,DNA ,insecticide resistance ,Moths ,tomato ,Tuta absoluta ,Vaccine Related ,Latin America ,Phthorimaea absoluta ,Larva ,Africa ,Genetics ,Animals ,Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,invasion biology ,Infection ,Sequence Analysis ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,population history ,Developmental Biology - Abstract
Tuta absoluta is one of the largest threats to tomato agriculture worldwide. Native to South America, it has rapidly spread throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia over the past two decades. To understand how T. absoluta has been so successful and to improve containment strategies, high-quality genomic resources and an understanding of population history are critical. Here, we describe a highly contiguous annotated genome assembly, as well as a genome-wide population analysis of samples collected across Latin America. The new genome assembly has an L50 of 17 with only 132 contigs. Based on hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms, we detect three major population clusters in Latin America with some evidence of admixture along the Andes Mountain range. Based on coalescent simulations, we find these clusters diverged from each other tens of thousands of generations ago prior to domestication of tomatoes. We further identify several genomic loci with patterns consistent with positive selection and that are related to insecticide resistance, immunity, and metabolism. This data will further future research toward genetic control strategies and inform future containment policies.
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- 2023
7. Effectiveness of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the control of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhyzopertha dominica in paddy rice
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Lidia del Arco, Jordi Riudavets, José Miguel Campos-Rivela, María Teresa Martínez-Ferrer, Nuria Agustí, Cristina Castañé, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Insect Science ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Rice is an important cereal crop in Spain that is frequently attacked by pests that cause significant quantitative and qualitative losses. Among them, the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is the key pest, and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, is a serious pest found later in the season. The cosmopolitan ectoparasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae, which attacks late-instar larvae of coleopterans that develop inside grain kernels, has been reported as an efficient natural enemy. In this study, we evaluated whether the control efficacy of this parasitoid on S. zeamais was affected by the presence of the alternative host, R. dominica. Our laboratory experiment demonstrated the parasitoid preference for S. zeamais larvae when mixed with R. dominica larvae at different proportions. This preference for the maize weevil larvae allowed us to maintain a similar control efficacy of S. zeamais when it was offered alone than when it was offered together with R. dominica larvae. In our second experiment, done in 500 kg bags of paddy rice, similar results were obtained, since the presence of R. dominica larvae did not alter the control efficacy of A. calandrae on S. zeamais larvae. Therefore, our results confirmed a good perspective for implementing the use of this natural enemy as a control tool in big bags of paddy rice info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2023
8. Resistance of the citrus rootstock forner-alcaide 5 to Tylenchulus semipenetrans in replant situations
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Soledad Verdejo-Lucas, Francisco Javier Sorribas, Magda Galeano, Joaquín Pastor, Joan Pons, Producció Vegetal, Fructicultura, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Agroalimentària i Biotecnologia
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Durable resistance ,History ,Virulence ,Polymers and Plastics ,Cítrics--Malalties i plagues ,Fallowing ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Citrus--Rootstocks ,Carrizo citrange ,Fumigation ,Citrus nematode ,Business and International Management ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Enginyeria agroalimentària::Agricultura::Fructicultura [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] - Abstract
The resistance of the citrus rootstock Forner-Alcaide 5 to Tylenchulus semipenetrans was assessed in comparison to the susceptible Carrizo citrange (S) in two replant situations. Changes in soil and root population densities were monitored after planting the new trees to detect tree infection and nematode population growth over time. The efficacy of pre-plant control methods such as fumigation with 1,3 Dichloropropene (1,3D) or 2-year fallowing was also assessed. Fumigation and fallowing reduced juveniles + males/250 cm3 soil to undetectable levels for 3 and 2 years, respectively, and postponed root parasitism on Forner-Alcaide 5 for 3 and 2.5 years, respectively. Forner-Alcaide 5 supported lower densities of juveniles + males/250 cm3 soil and females/g root than Carrizo citrange in both replant situations The efficacy of the resistant rootstock was enhanced when combined with 1,3D fumigation or 2-year fallowing because the pre-planting control reduced densities of juveniles + males in soil before establishing the orchard, and the resistant rootstock, the female densities in the roots his work was supported by Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) of Spain (grants SC98-103-C2; RTA02-068 and RTA05-00086-00-00) and European Funds for Regional Develop- ment (FEDER). We acknowledge Dr. J. B. Forner, who passed away while we were preparing the manuscript, for providing the rootstocks used in the study. The assistance of A. Alcaide in the field experiments and Dr. A. Catena in the statistical analyses is greatly appreciated. Thanks are also given to Miguel Fabregat (in memoriam) and Maria Carmen Fabregat for allowing conducting experiment 1 at their prop- erty.
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- 2023
9. Neonicotinoid contamination in wildflowers collected from citrus orchards in a northwestern Mediterranean Region (Spain) after tree foliar treatments
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Ana Isabel García-Valcárcel, José Miguel Campos-Rivela, María Dolores Hernando Guil, María Teresa Martínez-Ferrer, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Citrus ,Insecticides ,Mediterranean Region ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Imidacloprid ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Nitro Compounds ,Pollution ,Trees ,Neonicotinoids ,Spain ,parasitic diseases ,Mediterranean conditions ,Environmental Chemistry ,Wildfowers ,Foliar application ,Citrus-orchard ,Thiamethoxam - Abstract
Ground-cover vegetation attracts and harbors beneficial insects to the agrosystem, playing an important role in conservation biological control. Integrated pest management (IPM) program guidelines recommend the implantation of sowed or resident wild covers in perennial crops. Given the high-quality fruit requirements, even in IPM programs, insecticides can be required in citrus crops. This study presents, over a year, the levels of neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid) in not-target ground-cover wildflowers growing spontaneously in citrus orchards after foliar treatment of citrus trees. The presence and persistence of these neonicotinoids in different wildflower species were studied. Concentrations of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid in whole wildflowers ranged from −1 and from −1, respectively. Thiamethoxam was more frequently detected than imidacloprid. Thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were detected up to 336 and 230 days after treatment, respectively. The highest detection frequencies (100%) and highest thiamethoxam and imidacloprid mean concentrations (26.0 ± 7.3 ng g−1 and 11.0 ± 10.6 ng g−1, respectively) occurred in wildflowers collected 9 days after the treatments. Since application, a clear decrease in the concentration of both compounds and differences in the accumulation depending on wildflower species were observed. Cross contamination was detected, indicating a transport from adjacent treated plots. Maintaining a cover crop in citrus orchards may lead to detrimental effects on non-target arthropods if these neonicotinoid compounds are used for pest control since they can entail a chronic exposure during at least 230 days for imidacloprid and 336 days for thiamethoxam.
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- 2022
10. Airborne inoculum dynamics of Polystigma amygdalinum and progression of almond red leaf blotch disease in Catalonia, NE Spain
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Gemma Pons‐Solé, Xavier Miarnau, Laura Torguet, Elena Lázaro, Antonio Vicent, Jordi Luque, Producció Vegetal, Fructicultura, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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U40 Surveying methods ,Quantitative PCR ,Almonds ,Polystigma amygdalinum ,Epidemiology ,Disease progress ,Red leaf blotch disease ,H20 Plant diseases ,Prunus dulcis ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Altres ajuts: CERCA Program, Generalitat de Catalunya The dynamics of airborne ascospores and disease progress of red leaf blotch (RLB) of almond, caused by Polystigma amygdalinum, and their correlations with weather variables were studied from 2019 to 2021 in two almond orchards located in Lleida, NE Spain. Airborne ascospores were detected and quantified by real-time qPCR using species-specific primers for P. amygdalinum. Ascospores were detected mainly from April to June, with a high variability between the yearly cumulative concentrations. Positive significant correlations were found between the weekly proportion of airborne ascospores and the number of wet and mild days-either combined or separated- accumulated rainfall, number of rainy days, accumulated low temperatures on wet days, and mean and maximum relative humidity. In contrast, several thermal variables (maximum temperature, VPD, and number of warm days) were negatively correlated with ascospore catches. Positive significant correlations were found between the cumulative proportion of ascospores and RLB incidence and severity. Weekly variations in RLB incidence and severity showed significant positive correlations with the number of warm days while negative with the number of mild days. Severity was also positively correlated with several thermal variables (mean, maximum, and minimum temperature, and VPD), and negatively correlated with the number of cold days and wet and mild days. Stronger correlations were generally found with ascospore catches or disease progress when using concurrent weekly weather data. Gompertz, monomolecular, and logistic growth models were evaluated to describe RLB disease progress.
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- 2023
11. Acidification and solar drying of manure-based digestate to produce improved fertilizing products
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L. Morey, B. Fernández, L. Tey, C. Biel, A. Robles-Aguilar, E. Meers, J. Soler, R. Porta, M. Cots, V. Riau, Producció Animal, Producció Vegetal, Sostenibilitat en Biosistemes, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Enginyeria Ambiental
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Agriculture and Food Sciences ,CEREAL YIELDS ,Environmental Engineering ,Adobs ,Greenhouse solar drying ,Digestate ,Ammonia emissions ,General Medicine ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,PERFORMANCE ,NITRIFICATION ,NITROGEN ,acidification ,Nutrient recovery ,Enginyeria agroalimentària::Agricultura::Agricultura sostenible [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC] ,Greenhouse gas emissions ,SLURRY ,Digestate acidification ,Thermal treatment ,Fertilizers ,Waste Management and Disposal ,SLUDGE - Abstract
The increase in energy and fertilizer consumption makes it necessary to develop sustainable alternatives for agriculture. Anaerobic digestion and digestates appeared to be suitable options. However, untreated digestates still have high water content and can increase greenhouse gas emissions during storage and land application. In this study, manure-derived digestate and solid fraction of digestate after separation were treated with a novel solar drying technology to reduce their water content, combined with acidification to reduce the gaseous emissions. The acidified digestate and acidified solid fraction of digestate recovered more nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen than their respective non-acidified products (1.5–1.3 times for TN; 14 times for TAN). Ammonia and methane emissions were reduced up to 94% and 72% respectively, compared to the non-acidified ones, while N2O increased more than 3 times. Dried digestate and dried acidified digestate can be labeled as NPK organic fertilizer regarding the European regulation, and the dried solid fraction and the improved dried acidified solid fraction can be labeled as N or P organic fertilizer. Moreover, plant tests showed that N concentrations in fresh lettuce leaves were within the EU limit with all products in all the cases. However, zinc concentration appeared to be a limitation in some of the products as their concentration exceeded the European legal limits. This work was funded by the European Union under the Circular Agronomics project (H2020 research and innovation project Nº.773649) and Nutry2Cycle project (H2020 research and innovation project Nº.773682). IRTA thanks the support of the CERCA Program and the Consolidated Research Group TERRA (ref.2017SGR1292), both from the Generalitat de Catalunya. L. Morey thanks the financial support of AGAUR, of the Generalitat de Catalunya (grant reference number 2019FI_B00694). We would like to thank the help of Celia Segura Godoy and Pau Berenguer i Planas during the sampling campaigns.
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- 2023
12. Polarimetric images of biological tissues based on the arrow decomposition of Mueller matrices
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José J. Gil, Ignacio San José, Mónica Canabal-Carbia, Irene Estévez, Emilio González, Jordi Luque, Teresa Garnatje, Juan Campos, Angel LIzana, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Abstract
Polarimetric techniques are widely used in a vast number of applications such as remote sensing, material characterization, astronomy and biological tissue inspection. In this last scenario, different polarimetric observables have proved their potential for enhancing imaging visualization. In this work we use a set of polarimetric observables derived from the arrow decomposition of the Mueller matrix for the first time: enpolarizing, retarding and depolarizing descriptors. In particular, the mean intensity coefficient and the three indices of polarimetric purity, the absolute values and Poincaré orientations of diattenuation, polarizance, entrance retardance and exit retardance vectors are considered. Results show images with enhanced visualization or even revealing invisible structures when compared to standard intensity images. In particular, thanks to these metrics, we improve the visualization of the necrotic areas of a Vitis rupestris leaf. In the case of animal samples, boundaries between different fascicles inside a tendon of an ex vivo chicken sample are revealed, as is the directionality of fiber tracts of the subcortical white matter in an ex vivo cow brain. The experimental results show the potential for biophotonics imaging and how polarimetric techniques could be useful for biomedical and botanical applications. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2023
13. The use of recovered struvite and ammonium nitrate in fertigation in a horticultural rotation: agronomic and microbiological assessment
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Mar Carreras-Sempere, Carmen Biel, Marc Viñas, Miriam Guivernau, Rafaela Caceres, Producció Animal, Producció Vegetal, Sostenibilitat en Biosistemes, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Phosphorus and nitrogen recovery from wastewater as struvite and ammonium nitrate (AN) may be viable alternative fertilizers to boost circularity in horticulture. A 2-year fertigated crop rotation in soil under greenhouse conditions was evaluated to determine the efficiency of both recovered products as raw materials for a nutrient solution (NS) manufacture. The effects of these treatments versus synthetic fertilizers were compared in terms of crop performance, plant nutrient uptake, soil chemistry and microbiota. This is the first study to implement struvite through fertigation as the sole source of P in soil crops. Results showed that both recovered products can be used as fertilizers in NS, due to the similar response to the control for different parameters and crops (tomato, lettuce, and cauliflower). However, the AN treatment showed lower yield in the first tomato crop, which results may depend on the cultivar ammonium tolerance. Besides, the concentration of heavy metals in fruits/leaves was below the permissible limits. Total and Olsen phosphorus soil analysis revealed no differences among treatments, resulting in a similar performance of P-struvite to commercial phosphate. Bulk soil bacteria structure, richness and relative dominance were increased over time, while archaea only showed lower evenness, both despite the fertilization strategy. Shannon diversity was not significantly affected. A predominance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) versus archaea (AOA) was observed, while nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), dominated by Nitrospira, increased with fertigation. Our results demonstrate that fertilizer blends for NS containing recovered nutrients are a feasible alternative to synthetic fertilizers. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
- Published
- 2022
14. Few indirect effects of baculovirus on parasitoids demonstrate high compatibility of biocontrol methods against Tuta absoluta
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Jérémy Gonthier, Judit Arnó, Jörg Romeis, Jana Collatz, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Insect Science ,General Medicine ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining different biocontrol agents, particularly micro- and macroorganisms, can contribute to new and sustainable pest control approaches. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive pests of solanaceous crops. An emerging management strategy consists of biological control using microbial insecticides such as baculoviruses, but with limited efficacy. Thanks to their high target specificity, baculoviruses can be used simultaneously with natural enemies such as parasitoids for improved control of T. absoluta. However, potential indirect nontarget effects of baculoviruses on parasitoids can result from overlapping resource requirements. We assessed whether ovipositing parasitoid females discriminated against virus-treated hosts and examined the outcome of within-host competition between the hymenopteran parasitoids Necremnus tutae (Reuter) (Eulophidae) and Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsch (Braconidae), and the Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV, Baculoviridae) that infects T. absoluta larvae. RESULTS Female D. gelechiidivoris discriminated against virus-treated hosts, whereas N. tutae did not. We found few indirect virus-related effects depending on the species, the sex, and the time of virus treatment. Effects were ambivalent for D. gelechiidivoris offspring and ranged from increased male longevity when infection occurred before parasitization to reduced emergence and male longevity when infection occurred after parasitization. N. tutae offspring showed a longer development time and shorter male longevity when they developed in virus-treated hosts. CONCLUSION The virus had a low impact on parasitoid offspring. In rare cases, adverse effects were detected; however, the low magnitude of these effects is unlikely to reduce the fitness of parasitoid offspring, therefore both parasitoids seem compatible with the baculovirus for control of T. absoluta. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
- Published
- 2022
15. Fungal bioconversion of brewery by-products: assessment of fatty acids and sterols profiles
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Fatma Boukid, Joan Pera, Javier Parladé, Massimo Castellari, Indústries Alimentàries, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, and Funcionalitat i Seguretat Alimentària
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663/664 ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science - Abstract
Waste management of brewery by-products is economically and environmentally problematic. In the frame of bio-recycling, this study aims to investigate the bioconversion of brewery by-products by filamentous fungi. Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes were grown on different substrates based on brewer’s spent grains (fresh and dry). Afterwards, fatty acids and sterols were determined. Following the selection of the suitable substrate composition for fungal growth, results showed that fatty acids composition of fungal biomasses varied significantly as a function of substrate and fungal strain. Interestingly, fungal fat might be used for human nutrition due to low SFA/UFA ratios (~0.2–0.4) within the same range of vegetal oils. Sterols profile of fungi biomass revealed the predominance of ergosterol. Also, it was found that the fungi growing on by-products slightly reduced the cholesterol contents. As such, this approach focusing on the bioconversion of by-products using fungi can provide biomasses with a fat composition suitable for feed and human consumption. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2022
16. Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across different world regions
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Thierry Brévault, Ramzi Mansour, Fernando Cantor, Mateus R. Campos, Marc Kenis, Abid Ali, Lucia Zappalà, Hossein Madadi, Michele Ricupero, Yunus Bayram, Nicolas Desneux, Gerben J. Messelink, César Ramos, Fedai Erler, Samira A. Mohamed, Peng Han, Thibaud Martin, Raul Narciso C. Guedes, Antonio Biondi, Meritxell Pérez-Hedo, Khasan Ismoilov, Alberto Urbaneja, Khaled Abbes, Judit Arnó, Hao-tian Liu, Raf De Vis, M. Jamal Hajjar, María Gabriela Luna, Emmanouil Roditakis, Khalid Haddi, Robert S. Nofemela, Yi-Bo Zhang, François Verheggen, Fang-Hao Wan, Kouassi Arthur J. Konan, Coline C. Jaworski, Anne-Violette Lavoir, Anaïs Chailleux, P. R. Shashank, Abiola Oke, Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson, D. M. Firake, Ahmed Mazih, Su Wang, Ming-hui Wang, Javad Karimi, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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H01 - Protection des végétaux - Considérations générales ,Integrated pest management ,GTB Gewasgez. Bodem en Water ,Pheromone ,Biological pest control ,Gestion intégrée des ravageurs ,F06 Irrigation ,Botanical insecticides ,Pheromones ,Méthode de lutte ,U40 Surveying methods ,H20 Plant diseases ,F04 Fertilizing ,Resistant cultivars ,Lutte antiravageur ,Parasitoids ,biology ,Agroforestry ,Entomopathogenic nematodes ,food and beverages ,PE&RC ,Tuta absoluta ,Mass trapping ,Essential oils ,Biological control ,Soil fertilization ,Lutte biologique contre les ravageurs ,Irrigation ,Microbial pesticides ,Invasive alien species ,Plant resistance ,Crop health ,Traps ,business.industry ,Pest control ,P01 Nature conservation and land resources ,F07 Soil cultivation ,biology.organism_classification ,Gelechiidae ,H10 - Ravageurs des plantes ,Agronomic control-related research ,Predatory mirid bugs ,Entomopathogenic fungi ,Agriculture ,Gewasgezondheid ,Chemical control ,IPM ,PEST analysis ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has invaded most Afro-Eurasian countries and is threatening worldwide tomato production. Various strategies have been developed and implemented to manage this pest. Here, we present a timely review on the up-to-date development and practical implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for tomato crops across different world regions infested by T. absoluta. While insecticide resistance is a growing concern, biological control via releasing or conserving arthropod natural enemies and sex pheromone-based biotechnical control are the most successful management practices. Agronomic control-related research is an emerging area where the soil fertilization and/or irrigation, as well as breeding of resistant cultivars, has the potential to enhance IPM effectiveness. Grower survey responses in the native areas (i.e., South America), early-invaded areas (i.e., first report between 2006 and 2012) and newly invaded areas (i.e., first report after 2012) showed that the control programs evolved along with the areas and time since invasion. Growers in the early-invaded areas shifted more rapidly from chemical control to biological control compared to those from the native area. In all concerned regions, the pest control failure risk following chemical insecticide applications and the high cost associated with either biological or biotechnical control methods have been the greatest concerns for growers. The information gathered from the native and/or early-invaded areas may help achieve a more effective management in newly invaded areas. Lastly, researchers are expected to break the bottlenecks of some key issues that would enable lowering application cost of novel biorational alternative management options.
- Published
- 2021
17. Can the ladybird predator Scymnus nubilus contribute to control of the aphid Aphis frangulae, a pest threatening the Macaronesia endemic Frangula azorica?
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Isabel Borges, Patrícia Arruda, Roberto Meseguer, Virgilio Vieira, Gemma Pons-Solé, António Onofre Soares, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Frangula azorica ,Insect Science ,Scymnus nubilus ,Biological Control ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Aphid ,Aphis frangulae ,Ladybird - Abstract
Aphis frangulae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a major pest of the laurel forest endemic Frangula azorica (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) produced in nursery conditions by the Forestry Services of the Azores (Portugal). The suitability of A. frangulae for the development and reproduction of a potential biological control agent, Scymnus nubilus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), was assessed under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 75 ± 5% RH, 16:8 L:D photoperiod). The predation potential of S. nubilus was also assessed. Scymnus nubilus 4th instar larvae and pupae successfully completed development in 9.0 ± 0.2 days. The 4th instar larvae ate 15.1 aphids per day, corresponding to 1.52 mg of biomass ingested. On A. frangulae, S. nubilus females took 5.5 ± 0.3 days to start oviposition and an average of 135 ± 12 eggs were laid per female over the first 15 days of oviposition. Field tests showed that S. nubilus 4th instar larvae were more efficient in controlling the pest in closed systems (isolated aphid colonies) and the effect was more pronounced at high predator densities within three days. In open systems, the aphid natural control was higher than initially expected. This work highlights the role of the large aphidophagous guild present in forestry nurseries. The results of this study show that A. frangulae is an essential prey species for S. nubilus and therefore the predator can be used in pest management programs against this pest. However, further studies focusing on different biological control tactics (inundative or inoculative) are required to assess more accurately the effectiveness of S. nubilus as a biological control agent against A. frangulae. This research was supported by the Official Forestry Services from the Regional Government of the Azores, through the research project PICA 'Utilização de agentes de controlo biológico para o combate a populações de afídeos em plantas endémicas produzidas em viveiro', and PICONNIA "Controlo biológico de populações de pragas de plantas endémicas produzidas em viveiro", in direct collaboration with the Forestry Engineers Carina Nóbrega and Catarina Quintela. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2022
18. Efficiency of the traditional practice of traps to stimulate black truffle production, and its ecological mechanisms
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E, Taschen, G, Callot, P, Savary, M, Sauve, Y, Penuelas-Samaniego, F, Rousset, X, Parlade, M-A, Selosse, F, Richard, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), IRTA Cabrils, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), University of Gdańsk (UG), and Région Occitanie
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Soil ,Multidisciplinary ,Ascomycota ,Mycorrhizae ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Soil Microbiology - Abstract
International audience; The black truffle Tuber melanosporum was disseminated all over the world, propelled by the development of a wide variety of empirical practices. A widespread practice, called ‘truffle trap’, consists of placing pieces of truffles into excavations dug under host trees, and of collecting truffle in these traps in the next years. This research aims at (1) evaluating the effect of this practice on fruitbody production based on the analysis of 9924 truffle traps installed in 11 orchards across T. melanosporum native area in France and (2) exploring the mechanisms involved in fruitbody emergence using traps where the genotypes of introduced truffles were compared with those of fruitbodies collected in the same traps. We confirmed that truffle traps provide a major and highly variable part of truffle ground production, representing up to 89% of the collected fruitbodies. We evidenced a genetic link between introduced spores and collected fruitbodies, and then demonstrated that truffle growers provide paternal partners for mating with local maternal mycelia. We also highlighted that soil disturbance stimulate the vegetative development of established maternal mycelia. This research supports that a widely used traditional practice enhances fruitbody production by shaping favorable conditions and providing sexual partners required for fruiting.The black truffle Tuber melanosporum was disseminated all over the world, propelled by the development of a wide variety of empirical practices. A widespread practice, called ‘truffle trap’, consists of placing pieces of truffles into excavations dug under host trees, and of collecting truffle in these traps in the next years. This research aims at (1) evaluating the effect of this practice on fruitbody production based on the analysis of 9924 truffle traps installed in 11 orchards across T. melanosporum native area in France and (2) exploring the mechanisms involved in fruitbody emergence using traps where the genotypes of introduced truffles were compared with those of fruitbodies collected in the same traps. We confirmed that truffle traps provide a major and highly variable part of truffle ground production, representing up to 89% of the collected fruitbodies. We evidenced a genetic link between introduced spores and collected fruitbodies, and then demonstrated that truffle growers provide paternal partners for mating with local maternal mycelia. We also highlighted that soil disturbance stimulate the vegetative development of established maternal mycelia. This research supports that a widely used traditional practice enhances fruitbody production by shaping favorable conditions and providing sexual partners required for fruiting.
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- 2022
19. Disentangling arthropod and plant resources consumed by Orius spp. in peach and alfalfa crops by metagenomic analysis
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Iván Batuecas, Oscar Alomar, Cristina Castañé, Josep Piñol, Lorena Gallardo-Montoya, Nuria Agustí, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Ecology ,Insect Science ,Plant Science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Agricultural intensification is affecting the biological control of insect pests, an important component for sustainable crop production. To understand the changing patterns of insect abundance within an agroecosystem, it is necessary to disentangle the trophic interactions between species, and metabarcoding is an excellent alternative to show them. In the Ebro Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula), agricultural landscapes are composed of a mosaic of crops scattered with natural and semi-natural habitats, where the presence of Orius spp., used as biocontrol agents, is well known. To shed light on their predatory role in this area, a previously developed metabarcoding multi-primer method has been used to study the arthropod and plant most frequently resources consumed by some field-collected Orius, sampled at different dates in a peach and an alfalfa adjacent crop. Their high-throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis showed the consumption of 15 arthropod and 12 plant taxa. Eight of them were consumed by O. laevigatus, six by O. majusculus and 23 by O. niger. The obtained results showed that HTS is a powerful tool in studies of trophic interactions in agroecosystems. Among the detected arthropods, other natural enemies were present, showing a certain degree of intraguild predation, which has been demonstrated by developing a new added strategy in the bioinformatic analysis. Detected plant consumption indicates that Orius forages on several plant species, showing their movement from them to the sampled crops. These plants could have a potential role in attracting or maintaining these predators in both crops in biological control strategies.
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- 2022
20. Land use alters the abundance of herbivore and predatory insects on crops: the case of alfalfa
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Samuel Sossai, Ramon Albajes, Oscar Alomar, Iván Batuecas, Gemma Clemente-Orta, Filipe Madeira, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Herbivore ,business.industry ,Ecology ,fungi ,Pest control ,food and beverages ,Pesticide ,Biology ,Predation ,Diversity index ,Habitat ,Abundance (ecology) ,Arable land ,business ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
We assess the effects of changing land use and crop management on alfalfa insect abundance by comparing it in 50 alfalfa fields when they were inserted in landscapes with different proportions of arable crops and orchards. Land use in a buffer of 500m.was assessed and alfalfa insect abundance was estimated with sticky yellow traps.Numbers of catches of several herbivores and predators were related to the proportion of landscape components and several field variables. Results indicated that the proportion of orchards in the buffer negatively affected the abundance of predators on alfalfa; likely because orchards treated with pesticides are a sink for predators moving in the landscape, among other possible causes. Other landscape variables such as noncrop habitats, winter cereals, and landscape diversity analyzed by the Shannon index had a minor influence. Among field variables, field size influenced positively the abundance of insects on alfalfa whereas alfalfa growth stage and age affected positively or negatively the different herbivores and predators. Of course, abundance of predators and prey was affected by the abundance of prey and predators, respectively. These findings suggest that a high proportion of intensively managed crops (orchards) in the landscape interferes with the role of alfalfa as a reservoir of predatory insects for adjacent crops and that the responses to local and landscape structures are temporal and species-specific as previously concluded for maize. Consequently, landscape and field management strategies to improve pest control must consider both types of variables as well as their changing influence when we modify them. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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- 2021
21. Changes in the distribution and pest risk of stored product insects in Europe due to global warming: Need for pan-European pest monitoring and improved food-safety
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Cornel Adler, Christos Athanassiou, Maria Otilia Carvalho, Mevlüt Emekci, Sonja Gvozdenac, Darka Hamel, Jordi Riudavets, Vaclav Stejskal, Stanislav Trdan, Pasquale Trematerra, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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stored products ,food security ,Horticulture ,durables ,migration ,global warming ,pest monitoring ,Europe ,monitoring ,food safety ,climate change ,Insect Science ,distribution ,pest insects ,insects ,pests ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science - Abstract
Global warming affects the distribution of stored product pest insects across Europe in a way comparable to field crop and orchard pests. Nevertheless, stored product research has been neglected in Europe and detailed monitoring is lacking. This paper aims to illustrate current knowledge about the movement of storage pests up north today triggered by altered environmental conditions. In addition, it stresses the need for a pan-European surveillance to monitor the distribution, movement and spreading of stored product pests in a rapidly changing environment. Global warming and a growing number of extreme weather conditions may influence on climate and can negatively affect global food security, especially in the case of durable commodities, which are of fundamental importance for human nutrition. It is thus suggested that the distribution of stored product pests within Europe is uniformly monitored and studied by a joint initiative. Furthermore, for additional food safety the World Food Program should receive more support to fund research needed and provide larger food storages in regions prone to agricultural instability. It is also suggested that the missing quarantine/regulated status for the most serious stored product and invasive pests (such as Trogoderma granarium) should be re-evaluated in the EU. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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- 2022
22. Impact of the Parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) and Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster) on Three Pests of Stored Rice
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Jordi Riudavets, Consuelo Belda, Cristina Castañé, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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stored products ,rice ,biological control ,fecundity ,host suitability ,Insect Science - Abstract
Various pest species cause significant damage to stored rice, and polyphagous parasitoids could offer an appropriate biological control strategy. Among the beneficial species colonising silos and warehouses of rice, the generalist pteromalid parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus have been found to be prevalent in samples collected in the northeast of Spain. In this study, the Spanish strains of both parasitoids have shown that they may play important roles in controlling three coleopteran pests of stored rice: Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Lasioderma serricorne. They reduced the number of pests that emerged due to effective parasitism (parasitoids reaching the adult stage and emerging from the grain), combined with other sources of host mortality, such as parasitoid immature mortality and parasitoid host feeding. Both parasitoids preferentially attack S. oryzae, which is a key pest of stored rice, but they also play an important role in the control of R. dominica, a less important pest. Although both parasitoids could consume L. serricorne larvae, their efficacy is low, and more specific natural enemies should be evaluated for the control of this pest info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2023
23. Use of wood and cork in biofilters for the simultaneous removal of nitrates and pesticides from groundwater
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Mònica Escolà Casas, Miriam Guivernau, Marc Viñas, Belén Fernández, Rafaela Cáceres, Carme Biel, Víctor Matamoros, Producció Animal, Producció Vegetal, Sostenibilitat en Biosistemes, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Assimilable organic carbon ,Microbial diversity ,Environmental Engineering ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Biofilters ,Denitrification ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pesticides ,Groundwater - Abstract
About 13% and 7% of monitored groundwater stations in Europe exceed the permitted levels of nitrates (50 mg NO3- L-1) or pesticides (0.1 μg L-1), respectively. Although slow sand filtration can remove nitrates via denitrification when oxygen is limited, it requires an organic carbon source. The present study evaluates the performance of the use of wood pellets and granulated cork as carbon sources in bench-scale biofilters operated under water-saturated and water-unsaturated conditions for more than 400 days. The biofilters were monitored for nitrate (200 mg L-1) and pesticide (mecoprop, diuron, atrazine, and bromacil, each at a concentration of 5 μg L-1) attenuation, as well as for the formation of nitrite and pesticide transformation products. Microbiological characterization of each biofilter was also performed. The water-saturated wood biofilter achieved the best nitrate removal (>99%), while the cork biofilters lost all denitrification power over time (from 38% to no removal). The unsaturated biofilter columns were not effective for removing nitrates (20-30% removal). As for pesticides, all the biofilters achieved high removal rates of mecoprop and diuron (>99% and >75%, respectively). Atrazine removal was better in the wood-pellet biofilters than the cork ones (68-96% vs. 31-38%). Bromacil was only removed in the water-unsaturated cork biofilter (67%). However, a bromacil transformation product was formed there. The water-saturated wood biofilter contained the highest number of denitrifying microorganisms, with Methyloversatilis as the characteristic genus. Microbial composition could explain the high removal of pesticides and nitrates achieved in the wood-pellet biofilter. Overall, the results indicate that wood-pellet biofilters operated under water-saturated conditions are a good solution for treating groundwater contaminated with nitrates and pesticides., The authors are grateful for the financial support of the European Union through the project LIFE18 ENV/ES/000199 and the Catalan DemoProject Democleanleach, CENTRE CERCA. ME acknowledges the funding received through the Beatriu de Pinós 2018 grant program (MSCA grant agreement number 801370). IDAEA-CSIC is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Project CEX2018-000794-S). Finally, the authors wish to thank Yolanda Rodríguez and Albert Menéndez for their valuable help in the sampling process and chemical sample analysis and Yolanda Lucas for her technical assistance with the molecular biology analyses performed at the IRTA (Spain).
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- 2023
24. Can Insectary Plants Enhance the Presence of Natural Enemies of the Green Peach Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Mediterranean Peach Orchards?
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Neus Rodríguez-Gasol, Georgina Alins, Judit Arnó, Yahana Aparicio, Rosa Gabarra, Anabel Blasco-Moreno, Jordi Riudavets, Nuria Agustí, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, and Fructicultura
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Prunus persica ,Aphid ,Ecology ,Aphidoletes aphidimyza ,biology ,Diptera ,Biological pest control ,Aphididae ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Horticulture ,Cecidomyiidae ,Aphids ,Insect Science ,Episyrphus balteatus ,Brassicaceae ,Animals ,Lobularia maritima ,Myzus persicae ,Pest Control, Biological - Abstract
Conservation biological control could be an alternative to insecticides for the management of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). To develop sustainable strategies for M. persicae control in peach orchards in the Mediterranean, a 2-yr field experiment was conducted to identify the key predators of the aphid; to determine whether the proximity of insectary plants boost natural enemies of M. persicae in comparison to the resident vegetation; and whether selected insectary plants enhance natural enemy populations in the margins of peach orchards. Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Episyrphus balteatus De Geer (Diptera: Syrphidae) were the most abundant predators found among sentinel aphid colonies, accounting for 57% and 26%, respectively. Samplings during 2015 yielded twice as many hoverflies in M. persicae sentinel plants close to the insectary plants as those close to the resident vegetation. The abundance of other natural enemies in sentinel plants, depending on their proximity to the insectary plants, was not significantly different in either of the 2 yr. Hoverflies hovered more often over the insectary plants than over the resident vegetation and landed significantly more often on Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv., Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC., and Sinapis alba L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) than on Achillea millefollium L. (Asterales: Compositae). Parasitoids were significantly more abundant in L. maritima and A. millefollium. The vicinity of selected insectary plants to peach orchards could improve the presence of hoverflies, which might benefit the biological control of M. persicae.
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- 2021
25. Control of Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus zeamais in stored rice with different release rates of the larval parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae
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Cristina Castañé, Jordi Riudavets, Mireia Solà, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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0106 biological sciences ,Larva ,TheoryofComputation_COMPUTATIONBYABSTRACTDEVICES ,biology ,Sitophilus ,Biological pest control ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS ,Parasitoid ,Toxicology ,010602 entomology ,Insect Science ,Curculionidae ,Anisopteromalus calandrae - Abstract
Aquest recurs no està disponible en accés obert per política de l’editorial. This item isn't open access because of publisher's policy The presence of weevils is a concerning problem surrounding stored rice that is not well controlled with available pesticides, and alternative solutions are demanded nowadays by industry. The introduction of natural enemies can be very effective in closed environments where the grain is stored. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the larval parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), in reducing the populations of two problematic internal feeders of rice, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Three parasitoid:host ratios (1:1, 2:1, 4:1) were tested in small containers with 2Kg of brown rice at 23 and 28ºC during two host generations. Afterwards, host and parasitoid emergence, and rice damage was evaluated. The parasitoid drastically reduced both pest numbers (up to 99% reduction compared with the control treatment without the parasitoid) and their associated damage to rice grains (insect-damaged kernels, frass production and mould presence). The parasitoid was very effective at 23 and 28ºC over S. zeamais and at 28ºC over R. dominica at all parasitoid:host ratios tested. In conclusion, the introduction of A. calandrae could avoid the development of abundant populations of R. dominica and S. zeamais, representing a good control alternative to be further developed for the containment of the two pests in stored rice info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2020
26. New Alternative to Control Stenoma impressella (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) Using Bacillus thuringiensis Commercial Formulations in Oil Palm Crops
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Luis Guillermo Montes-Bazurto, Alex Enrique Bustillo-Pardey, Anuar Morales, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Agronomy and Crop Science ,Stenoma cecropia ,biological control ,hybrid palm ,oil palm ,Elaeis guineensis ,Colombia - Abstract
Using chemical insecticides in IPM is possible and could be sustainable. To find a sustainable alternative to control S. impressella, we assessed the biological activities of five commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis. First, these formulations were evaluated under laboratory conditions. No differences were observed between the commercial formulations Bt_A_1, BT_K_2, and Bt_K_3. Then, the three formulations were compared in further experiments. This bioassay was performed under field conditions in palms naturally infested by S. impressella, and differences in larval mortality rates were observed between commercial formulations. The mortality rates caused by Bt_A_1 and BT_K_3 did not significantly differ. The third step evaluated different doses of Bt_A_1 and BT_K_3 formulations (250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/Ha) under field conditions. Seven days after spraying, differences were only observed between Bt_A_1 and BT_K_3 and the control. Finally, these two formulations were evaluated under field conditions. The mortality rates caused by Bt_A_1 and BT_K_3 were 77.2% and 85.3%, respectively. These findings show that commercial formulations of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (Bt_A_1) and B. thuringiensis var. aizawai (BT_K_3) exhibit high biological activities against S. impressella larvae and can be included in the integrated management of S. impressella. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2022
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27. Naturalized Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris complement the resident parasitoid complex of Tuta absoluta in North-eastern Spain
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Carmen Denis, Jordi Riudavets, Oscar Alomar, Nuria Agustí, Helena Gonzalez‐Valero, Martina Cubí, Montserrat Matas, David Rodríguez, Kees van Achterberg, Judit Arnó, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Insect Science ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Our work reports on the establishment of the neotropical parasitoid Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for the first time in Europe. This larval parasitoid has been recorded in samples collected in commercial tomato crops in Catalonia (North-eastern Spain) from 2016 to the present. Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris is considered to be a new biocontrol agent among the resident parasitoid complex of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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- 2022
28. A Novel Real Time PCR Method for the Detection and Quantification of Didymella pinodella in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plant Hosts
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Adnan Šišić, Thomas Oberhänsli, Jelena Baćanović-Šišić, Pierre Hohmann, Maria Renate Finckh, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Microbiology (medical) ,asymptomatic infections ,QH301-705.5 ,pea ,Plant Science ,Article ,wheat ,Wurzelf��ule ,Didymella pinodella ,Biology (General) ,Weizen ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Quantifizierung ,foot and root rot ,Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella ,Breeding, genetics and propagation ,food and beverages ,Echtzeitbildverarbeitung ,qPCR ,Erbse ,Infektion ,Cereals, pulses and oilseeds ,Erkennung - Abstract
Didymella pinodella is the major pathogen of the pea root rot complex in Europe. This wide host range pathogen often asymptomatically colonizes its hosts, making the control strategies challenging. We developed a real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of D. pinodella based on the TEF-1 alpha gene sequence alignments. The assay was tested for specificity on a 54- isolate panel representing 35 fungal species and further validated in symptomatic and asymptomatic pea and wheat roots from greenhouse tests. The assay was highly consistent across separate qPCR reactions and had a quantification/detection limit of 3.1 pg of target DNA per reaction in plant tissue. Cross-reactions were observed with DNA extracts of five Didymella species. The risk of cross contamination, however, is low as the non-targets have not been associated with pea previously and they were amplified with at least 1000-fold lower sensitivity. Greenhouse inoculation tests revealed a high correlation between the pathogen DNA quantities in pea roots and pea root rot severity and biomass reduction. The assay also detected D. pinodella in asymptomatic wheat roots, which, despite the absence of visible root rot symptoms, caused wheat biomass reduction. This study provides new insights into the complex life style of D. pinodella and can assist in better understanding the pathogen survival and spread in the environament. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Glyphosate treatments for weed control affect early stages of root colonization by Tuber melanosporum but not secondary colonization
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Alicia Cirujeda, Sergi Garcia-Barreda, Pedro Marco, Javier Parladé, Sergio Sánchez, Meritxell Puig-Pey, Eva Gómez-Molina, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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0106 biological sciences ,Weed Control ,Secondary infection ,Glycine ,Plant Science ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Quercus ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ascomycota ,Mycorrhizae ,Genetics ,Molecular Biology ,Soil Microbiology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Mycelium ,Truffle ,fungi ,General Medicine ,Spore ,Ectomycorrhiza ,Colonisation ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Tuber melanosporum ,Glyphosate ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The cultivation of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum has considerably spread in recent years throughout the world. During the first years of truffle cultivation, weed control is a key practice to improve the establishment of host trees and the proliferation of the fungus in the soil. Glyphosate is nowadays the most commonly used herbicide in Spanish truffle orchards. We explored the effect of glyphosate on the proliferation of T. melanosporum mycorrhizae, on extraradical mycelium and on the inoculum potential of T. melanosporum spores in greenhouse experiments using Quercus ilex seedlings as host plants. No detrimental effect on the secondary infection of T. melanosporum was found after three sequential glyphosate applications in young seedlings during one vegetative period. Instead, a change in the distribution of fine roots and T. melanosporum mycorrhizae along soil depth was observed. On the other hand, results indicate that high application rates of glyphosate hinder the infectivity of T. melanosporum spore inoculum, without apparent impact on the host performance. Our results suggest that glyphosate has the potential to jeopardise the role of the soil spore bank as inoculum source for the colonisation of new roots, also raising the question of whether glyphosate could hinder the presumed role of spores in sexual mating. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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- 2020
30. Inoculum and Infection Dynamics of Polystigma amygdalinum in Almond Orchards in Spain
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Antonio Trapero, Laura Torguet, Xavier Miarnau, Jordi Luque, Octavio Arquero, María Lovera, J. Romero, Erick Zúñiga, Andrés Ollero-Lara, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, and Fructicultura
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Infectivity ,Veterinary medicine ,biology ,Range (biology) ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Mediterranean Basin ,Incubation period ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Polystigma amygdalinum ,Germination ,Ascospore ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Incubation ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Red leaf blotch (RLB) disease of almond, caused by Polystigma amygdalinum, is an important foliar disease in most production regions of the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East because severe infections may cause a premature defoliation of the tree. Some key aspects on the epidemiology of P. amygdalinum were studied in multiyear trials in two almond-growing regions in Spain, which included the seasonal development of perithecia and production and germination of ascospores along with the disease incubation and plant infectivity periods. Our results showed that primary inoculum was available in extended periods (January to August). Significant differences in ascospore amounts among regions, higher in the southern Andalusia and lower in the northern Catalonia, and years of study were detected. The factors geographical location, sampling period, and evaluation year were found significant on the development of P. amygdalinum perithecia. Variable ascospore germination rates were observed from April to July: >15% but rarely exceeding 30%. The RLB infectivity period in Catalonia extended from March to mid-June, whereas in Andalusia it was from March to May. The incubation period was mainly in a range of 5 to 10 weeks in Catalonia. The environmental conditions of October to January influence the available ascospore amounts in the next season. RLB infection occurs in spring to summer when mean temperatures are in the range 10 to 20°C. These results represent the first step in developing a prediction model of the disease that might serve as a tool for the control of RLB. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
- Published
- 2020
31. Editorial: Molecular Intricacies of Trichoderma-Plant-Pathogen Interactions
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Prasun K. Mukherjee, Benjamin A. Horwitz, Francesco Vinale, Pierre Hohmann, Lea Atanasova, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Abstract
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
32. Polarimetric observables for the enhanced visualization of plant diseases
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Carla Rodríguez, Enrique Garcia-Caurel, Teresa Garnatje, Mireia Serra i Ribas, Jordi Luque, Juan Campos, Angel Lizana, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), and Generalitat de Catalunya
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Multidisciplinary ,Optics and photonics ,Spectrum Analysis ,Physics ,Biophysics ,Plants ,Plant sciences ,Plant Diseases - Abstract
This paper highlights the potential of using polarimetric methods for the inspection of plant diseased tissues. We show how depolarizing observables are a suitable tool for the accurate discrimination between healthy and diseased tissues due to the pathogen infection of plant samples. The analysis is conducted on a set of different plant specimens showing various disease symptoms and infection stages. By means of a complete image Mueller polarimeter, we measure the experimental Mueller matrices of the samples, from which we calculate a set of metrics analyzing the depolarization content of the inspected leaves. From calculated metrics, we demonstrate, in a qualitative and quantitative way, how depolarizing information of vegetal tissues leads to the enhancement of image contrast between healthy and diseased tissues, as well as to the revelation of wounded regions which cannot be detected by means of regular visual inspections. Moreover, we also propose a pseudo-colored image method, based on the depolarizing metrics, capable to further enhance the visual image contrast between healthy and diseased regions in plants. The ability of proposed methods to characterize plant diseases (even at early stages of infection) may be of interest for preventing yield losses due to different plant pathogens., We acknowledge the financial support of Spanish MINECO (RTI2018-097107-B-C31, and Fondos FEDER); Catalan Government (2017-SGR-001500). J. L. was supported by the CERCA Program, Generalitat de Catalunya., Introduction Results Polarimetric analysis of chlorosis and necrosis Pseudo-colored approach Discussion Methods Sample description Mueller–Stokes formalism Polarimetric observables Complete image Mueller polarimeter Data availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Additional information Supplementary Information Rights and permissions About this article Comments
- Published
- 2022
33. First Report of Colletotrichum chrysophilum Causing Apple Bitter Rot in Spain
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Jordi Cabrefiga, Jordi Luque, Daniel Pizà, Pere Vilardell, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Malus ,biology ,Inoculation ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,Conidium ,Spore ,Horticulture ,Colletotrichum ,Pink lady ,Potato dextrose agar ,Internal transcribed spacer ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Bitter rot of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is a cosmopolitan disease affecting fruit and causes considerable losses worldwide. In September 2020, symptoms of bitter rot were observed on ‘Pink Lady’ apples in two orchards (~2.5 ha each) in Gualta, Catalonia, Spain (42.03803 N, 3.09831 E, and 42.03942 N, 3.10931 E). Early symptoms consisted of light brown and sunken circular lesions (1-4 mm) that enlarged over time, later becoming dark brown and water soaked, and extending cone-shaped toward the core. Sporulation was mostly noticed in larger lesions. Estimated incidence was 2% and 20% of 150 trees surveyed in each orchard, respectively. Twenty-one fungal isolates were obtained from diseased fruit by culturing small pieces of necrotic tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with rifampicin at 50 mg/liter. Colonies on PDA looked identical. They were cottony, initially light-gray colored on top and darkening with age; colony reverse initially cream colored and darkening with age. Conidia were produced in orange acervular masses on Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar, and were aseptate, hyaline, cylindrical with obtuse ends, and measuring 10.1 to 14.7 × 4.5 to 7.1 μm (average 13.1 ± 1.04 × 5.3 ± 0.67 μm [mean ± SD], n = 50), with a mean length/width ratio 2.6 ± 0.39 (n = 16 isolates). Perithecia were not observed. Based on the conidial morphology, the isolates were tentatively identified as belonging to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (Weir et al. 2012). Total genomic DNA was extracted from all isolates and six nuclear regions were amplified and partially sequenced: the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS), the mating type protein 1-2-1 gene and the Mat1-2-1-Apn2 intergenic spacer region (ApMAT), actin (ACT), calmodulin (CAL), glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and tubulin (TUB2). The sequences for each region were 100% identical across all isolates. BLAST searches in GenBank showed 99-100% identity with sequences of various C. chrysophilum W.A.S. Vieira, W.G. Lima, M.P.S. Câmara & V.P. Doyle strains including the ex-type CMM4268 (Vieira et al. 2017). Sequences of the representative isolate CJL1080 were deposited in GenBank (ACT, MZ488944; ApMAT, MZ442299; CAL, MZ488945; GAPDH, MZ488946; ITS, MZ443972; TUB2, MZ442300). A multilocus phylogenetic analysis through Bayesian inference conducted with the obtained sequences and reference ones (Khodadadi et al. 2020) revealed that our isolates clustered well within C. chrysophilum, as suggested by BLAST results. To confirm Koch’s postulates, isolates CJL1080 and CJL1095 were inoculated on ‘Pink Lady’ apples. Six surface-sterilized fruits per isolate were wound-inoculated four times each with either 20 μl of a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) or sterile distilled water (control). After 7 days of incubation in a moist chamber at 22°C, symptoms compatible with Colletotrichum infection were observed around the wounds, whereas control inoculations remained symptomless. The fungus was reisolated from all the lesions and identified through its morphological traits and DNA sequencing (ApMat, CAL, and GAPDH). No fungus was isolated from the controls. Taxa of the C. gloeosporioides species complex causing bitter rot have been recently reported in Europe (Grammen et al. 2019; Nodet et al. 2019). This is the first report of C. chrysophilum causing apple bitter rot in Spain, which expands the knowledge on the geographic distribution of this important pathogen of apple in Europe. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
34. Assessment of a novel microalgae-cork based technology for removing antibiotics, pesticides and nitrates from groundwater
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Lorenzo Rambaldo, Héctor Ávila, Mònica Escolà Casas, Miriam Guivernau, Marc Viñas, Rosa Trobajo, Javier Pérez-Burillo, David G. Mann, Belén Fernández, Carme Biel, Luigi Rizzo, Josep M. Bayona, Víctor Matamoros, Producció Animal, Producció Vegetal, Aigües Marines i Continentals, Sostenibilitat en Biosistemes, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Nitrates ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Antibiotics ,Microalgae ,Pesticides ,Photo-biodegradation ,Transformation products ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Pollution ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Photobioreactors ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Environmental Chemistry ,Nitrogen Oxides ,Groundwater ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
Groundwater pollution has increased in recent years due to the intensification of agricultural and livestock activities. This results in a significant reduction in available freshwater resources. Here, we have studied the long term assessment of a green technology (1-4 L/day) based on a photobioreactor (PBR) containing immobilised microalgae-bacteria in polyurethane foam (PF) followed by a cork filter (CF) for removing nitrates, pesticides (atrazine and bromacil), and antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and sulfacetamide) from groundwater. The prototype was moderately effective for removing nitrates (58%) at an HRT of 8 days, while its efficiency decreased at a HRT of 4 and 2 days (, The authors wish to thank the financial support of the European Union through the project LIFE18 ENV/ES/000199 and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through Project CTM2017-91355-EXP. Finally, European Commission (Erasmus program) and Government of Chile for supporting Lorenzo Rambaldo and Héctor Avila Cortés's visit at IDAEA-CSIC in Barcelona, Spain.
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- 2022
35. Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Chemical Control of the African Citrus Psyllid, Trioza erytreae (Psylloidea: Triozidae)
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Paula Molina, Estrella Hernández-Suárez, Rositta Rizza, María Teresa Martínez-Ferrer, José Miguel Campos-Rivela, Nuria Agustí, Felipe Siverio, Aurea Hervalejo, Francisco José Arenas-Arenas, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
chemical control ,citrus ,insecticides ,integrated pest management ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The recent spread of the African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae, one of the vectors of the devastating citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB), to parts of mainland Europe has created considerable concern. In this study, we show the efficacy of several insecticides with varying modes of action on different developmental stages of T. erytreae. In laboratory trials, spinetoram caused the highest mortality in T. erytreae eggs (between 80 and 90%), while dimethoate, lambda cyhalothrin, spinetoram, cyantraniliprole, and paraffin oil showed over 90% mortality on nymphs. Dimethoate, spinetoram and paraffin oil also demonstrated high efficacy against adults. In winter field conditions, dimethoate showed the best results to control T. erytreae nymph populations, and lambda cyhalothrin showed persistent egg control. Our results support the use of different insecticides to control T. erytreae for adults in winter, and for egg and nymph populations in spring and summer. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
36. Evaluation of Fungicides and Application Strategies for the Management of the Red Leaf Blotch Disease of Almond
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Laura Torguet, Lourdes Zazurca, Guillem Martínez, Gemma Pons-Solé, Jordi Luque, Xavier Miarnau, Producció Vegetal, Fructicultura, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Plant Science ,almond ,disease management ,fungicide ,Polystigma amygdalinum ,Prunus dulcis ,red leaf blotch disease ,Horticulture - Abstract
Acknowledgments: This research is part of the doctoral dissertation of the author G.P.-S., enrolled in the Ph.D. program in Plant Biology and Biotechnology at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Red leaf blotch (RLB) of almond, caused by Polystigma amygdalinum, is an important foliar disease of this nut tree in the Mediterranean basin and especially in Spain. In recent years, the control of this disease has become a key factor in the management of Spanish almond orchards. The management of RLB is not easy due to intrinsic factors of the disease (e.g., long infection and latency periods) and the low number of registered fungicides in this country. From 2015 to 2019, different field trials were conducted in the Lleida region, NE Spain, to evaluate the efficacy of several fungicide products and of application strategies to control this disease. Systemic fungicides, which included fluopyram, trifloxystrobin, and mixtures of fluopyram + trifloxystrobin and pyraclostrobin + boscalid, performed better than contact and penetrant products and showed up to 90% control against RLB. However, the efficacy of the tested fungicides varied depending on the year. In terms of application strategies, when fungicide applications were conducted following specific meteorological conditions (after 15 days from >15 mm rainfalls with ≈10-15C as the minimum average temperature), their efficacy was comparable to that of calendar-based treatments (every 14, 21, or 31 days from petal fall) but with fewer applications (depending on the year, 2-4 applications as compared with 5-9 for calendar treatments).
- Published
- 2022
37. First record in Africa of the parasitoid Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) from tomato fields in Algeria
- Author
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Farial Krache, Malika Boualem, Jose Fernandez-Triana, Amber Bass, Judit Arnó, Fouzia Benourad, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
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Insecta ,Arthropoda ,Gelechioidea ,biological control ,Afrotropical region ,tomato ,accidental introduction ,Biota ,Hymenoptera ,Tuta absoluta ,Gelechiidae ,Lepidoptera ,Ichneumonoidea ,Braconidae ,QL1-991 ,Insect Science ,Animalia ,species diagnosis ,DNA barcoding ,Microgastrinae ,Zoology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
The Neotropical parasitoid wasp Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris (Marsh, 1975) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), one of the most important biocontrol agents of the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is reported for the first time from Africa, from tomato grown in open fields and greenhouses in several regions of Algeria. Color photos of specimens from Algeria, Spain and South America, as well as the holotype and one paratype are provided. Morphological and molecular details to better characterize and recognize the species are also provided. We speculate that D. gelechiidivoris arrived accidentally to Algeria from Spain, where it has recently been reported. The consequences for future biocontrol projects against T. absoluta in Africa are discussed.
- Published
- 2021
38. Laboratory evaluation of the effects of different concentrations of calcined kaolin applied on orange fruits on the behaviour of Ceratitis capitata
- Author
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Campos-Rivela, José Miguel, Martínez-Ferrer, María Teresa, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
hemic and lymphatic diseases ,fungi ,food and beverages - Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera Tephritidae), is one of the most devastating agricultural pests worldwide. The kaolin particle film has been demonstrated to effectively control C. capitata on several crops although several studies have proved that kaolin treatments may alter the agroecosystem entomofauna, and specifically in citrus crops. The aim of this work was to study, under laboratory conditions, the efficacy of different kaolin particle film concentrations (1.5%, 2.5%, 3%, 5% and 6% w/v) applied on orange fruits cv “Valencia Late” to optimize its use against C. capitata in citrus groves. We assessed the effect of different kaolin particle film concentrations on the fruit acceptance, repellence, behavioural response, and efficacy fruit infestation. Through all the specific approaches, the 2.5% kaolin treatments applied in two layers successfully reduced the fruit infestation by C. capitata. This processed kaolin treatment should offer efficacy in real field conditions as satisfactory as conventional pesticides towards high populations. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
39. Detection and monitoring of Drosophila suzukii in raspberry and cherry orchards with volatile organic compounds in the USA and Europe
- Author
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Stefano Colazza, Emmanuel Desouhant, Jaime Strickland, Lucia Zappalà, Heidrun Vogt, Vonnie D. C. Shields, Patricia Gibert, Lucía-Adriana Escudero-Colomar, Felix Briem, Antonio Biondi, Carmelo Cavallaro, Nicholas R Larson, Aijun Zhang, François Débias, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Evolution, adaptation et comportement, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Science ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy ,Early detection ,Prunus avium ,Insect Control ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Pheromones ,Article ,[SDV.BDLR.RS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Reproductive Biology/Sexual reproduction ,[SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN] ,[SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology ,Animals ,Species identification ,Drosophila suzukii ,Drosophila ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Volatile Organic Compounds ,Multidisciplinary ,Ecology ,biology ,[SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience ,[SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,[SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences ,Trap (plumbing) ,biology.organism_classification ,Apple cider vinegar ,United States ,Europe ,Blowing a raspberry ,[SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology ,010602 entomology ,Horticulture ,Medicine ,Environmental science ,Orchard ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Rubus ,Zoology - Abstract
Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) causes significant economic loss in fruit crops to growers worldwide. There is immediate need for efficacious and selective monitoring tools that can detect infestations early. Previously, volatile organic compounds derived from apple were studied and a quinary chemical component blend (QB) was identified as the key SWD attractant in a blueberry orchard in the United States. This study’s aim was to determine whether previously observed QB efficacy, selectivity, and early detection levels could be attained within raspberry and cherry fields in the USA and Europe. Results demonstrated that sticky trap baited QB dispenser provided earlier SWD detection potential than the usually adopted apple cider vinegar (ACV) trap. The number of SWD captured/trap by QB baited trapping systems was significantly lower than that of the ACV trap. However, percent SWD/trap of QB baited traps was same within cherry. Lower non-target capture will save farmer/grower’s labor and time allocated to traps installation and drosophila species identification. Within the USA, SWD selectivity of QB baited liquid traps was consistently greater than sticky trap in raspberry field, suggesting that the QB dispenser can be an alternative to the standard ACV lure and that trap design could improve selectivity further.
- Published
- 2021
40. Development of a multiprimer metabarcoding approach to understanding trophic interactions in agroecosystems
- Author
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Ivan Batuecas, Oscar Alomar, Cristina Castañe, Josep Piñol, Stéphane Boyer, Lorena Gallardo‐Montoya, Nuria Agustí, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
Coleoptera ,Heteroptera ,Food Chain ,Insecta ,Insect Science ,Predatory Behavior ,Animals ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Arthropods ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
To understand trophic interactions and the precise ecological role of each predatory species, it is important to know which arthropod and plant resources are used by generalist predators in agroecosystems. Molecular approaches, such as the use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS), play a key role in identifying these resources. This study develops a multiprimer metabarcoding approach for screening the most common trophic interactions of two predatory arthropods with contrasting morphologies, Rhagonycha fulva (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) and Anthocoris nemoralis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) collected from a peach crop. To reduce the time and cost of this metabarcoding approach, we first evaluated the effect of using two different predator-pools of different size (10 and 23 individuals of the same species). We also used our system to analyze the performance of one and two primer pairs in the same library. Our results show that the analysis of 23 individuals together with the use of two primer pairs in the same library optimize the HTS analysis. Using these best-performing conditions, we then analyzed the entire bodies of field-collected predators as well as the washing solutions used to clean the insect bodies. We were able to identify both gut content (i.e., diet) and external pollen load (i.e., on the insects’ bodies). This study also demonstrates the importance of washing predatory insects’ bodies prior to HTS analysis when the target species have a considerable size (>10 mm) and hairy structures. This metabarcoding approach has significant potential for the study of trophic links in agriculture, revealing expected and unexpected trophic relationships. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
- Published
- 2021
41. Improvement of Alternaria Leaf Blotch and Fruit Spot of Apple Control through the Management of Primary Inoculum
- Author
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Jordi Cabrefiga, Maria Victoria Salomon, Pere Vilardell, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, and Fructicultura
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Alternaria leaf blotch ,Alternaria fruit spot ,Trichoderma ,spore release ,inoculum management ,Virology ,Microbiology - Abstract
Alternaria spp. is the causal agent of apple leaf blotch and fruit spot, diseases of recent appearance in Spain. The overwinter inoculum of Alternaria spp. is the source of primary infections in apple, thus the aim of this work was to optimize the control of infection through two environmentally friendly inoculum-management strategies, the removal of winter fallen leaves and the treatment of leaves with the biological agent Trichoderma asperellum to inhibit or prevent inoculum development in commercial orchards. The results of commercial orchard trials showed that leaf aspiration and application of T. asperellum on the ground have efficacy to reduce fruit spot between 50 and 80% and leaf blotch of between 30 and 40% depending on the year. The efficacies on the reduction of leaf blotch were slightly lower than of fruit spot. Disease reduction has been related to a reduction of total spores released during the season. Results of dynamics of spore release indicate that factors influencing spore release were rainfall and temperature. In conclusion, the use of environmentally friendly strategies combined with standard fungicides, and with monitoring environmental conditions, might allow a reduction in the number of phytosanitary applications, thus achieving the goal of reducing their use. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
42. Control of Aculops lycopersici with the Predatory Mite Transeius montdorensis
- Author
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Cristina Castañé, Oscar Alomar, Alfred Rocha, Enric Vila, Jordi Riudavets, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
Insect Science ,tomato russet mite ,eriophyid mite ,Phytoseiidae mite ,tomato crop ,biological control - Abstract
In this study, the predatory mite Transeius montdorensis (Acari, Phytoseiidae) was tested for the control of the tomato russet mite (TRM) Aculops lycopersici (Acari, Eriophyidae) in experiments with small plants, under semi-field and crop conditions. The releasing strategy consisted of repeatedly introducing the predator together with additional breeding prey. The predator was able to move and disperse to the upper part of the tomato plant where the TRM seeks refuge. At the crop level, significant reductions in TRM populations were observed that resulted in a significantly higher yield compared to the conventional control plot, where pesticides were used to control the pest. Caution should be taken when extreme temperatures or humidity occur as they could be deleterious to the predator population. Hence, crop practices should include the management of environmental parameters in the greenhouse to ensure the success of this TRM-control strategy. In conclusion, this biological approach seems to be an effective measure to control the pest and should be further implemented at crop level. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
43. Biological N fixation but not mineral N fertilization enhances the accumulation of N in peanut soil in maize/peanut intercropping system
- Author
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Fengyan Zhao, Zhanxiang Sun, Liangshan Feng, Yongyong Zhang, Chen Feng, Wei Bai, Jiaming Zheng, Zhe Zhang, Ning Yang, Qian Cai, Wuyan Xiang, Hui Li, Yong Jiang, Pierre Hohmann, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science - Abstract
Legume/cereal intercropping has the potential to maximize the use of resources to raise yields due to enhanced nitrogen (N) fixation by legume root nodules, while high N fertilization may inhibit the nodulation of legume. However, whether legume/cereal intercropping can promote the accumulation of soil N storage with N fertilization and its underlying mechanism are less clear. Here, we evaluated the long-term (5 years) effects of maize/peanut intercropping and mineral N fertilization on peanut soil total N content and soil N cycling functional genes. The experiment includes two planting patterns (peanut maize intercropping and peanut monocropping) with three N fertilization rates (0, 150, and 300 kg N ha−1). Intercropping increased soil total N content (STN) by average 18.2%, and the positive effect of intercropping on STN decreased with N application rate. Highest N application decreased the nodule fresh weight (NFW) by 64.3% and 46.0% in intercropping and monocropping system, respectively. However, intercropping has no effect on NFW. Intercropping increased the nifH gene abundance by average 26.5%. SEM analysis indicated that NFW and nifH gene abundance combined can explain 46% of the variance of STN. Our results indicate that biological N fixation but not mineral N fertilization enhances the accumulation of N in soil planted with peanut in maize/peanut intercropping system. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
44. Direct and Indirect Effects of Planting Density, Nitrogenous Fertilizer and Host Plant Resistance on Rice Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies
- Author
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Finbarr G. Horgan, Eduardo Crisol-Martínez, Alexander M. Stuart, James M. Villegas, Ainara Peñalver-Cruz, Enrique A. Mundaca, Marivic O. Perez, Carmencita C. Bernal, Maria Liberty P. Almazan, Angelee F. Ramal, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
Plant Science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Bph3 ,Bph32 ,density dependence ,herbivory tolerance ,parasitoids ,pesticides ,regulatory ecosystem services ,rice yields ,tillering ,tropical rice ,Food Science - Abstract
In rice ecosystems, seeding densities can be adjusted to compensate for lower nitrogen levels that reduce GHG emissions, or to increase farm profitability. However, density-induced changes to plant anatomy could affect herbivore-rice interactions, and alter arthropod community dynamics. We conducted an experiment that varied transplanting density (low or high), nitrogenous fertilizer (0, 60 or 150 kg added ha−1) and rice variety (resistant or susceptible to phloem-feeding insects) over two rice-growing seasons. Yields per plot increased with added nitrogen, but were not affected by variety or transplanting density. Planthopper and leafhopper densities were lower on resistant rice and in high-density field plots. Nitrogen was associated with higher densities of planthoppers, but lower densities of leafhoppers per plot. High planting densities and high nitrogen also increased rodent damage. The structure of arthropod herbivore communities was largely determined by season and transplanting density. Furthermore, two abundant planthoppers (Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) segregated to low and high-density plots, respectively. The structure of decomposer communities was determined by season and fertilizer regime; total decomposer abundance increased in high-nitrogen plots during the dry season. Predator community structure was determined by season and total prey abundance (including decomposers) with several spider species dominating in plots with high prey abundance during the wet season. Our results indicate how rice plasticity and arthropod biodiversity promote stability and resilience in rice ecosystems. We recommend that conservation biological control, which includes a reduction or elimination of insecticides, could be promoted to attain sustainable rice production systems. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
45. Mushroom Phorid Flies—A Review
- Author
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Lucía Adriana Escudero-Colomar, María J. Navarro, Francisco J. Gea, Jaime Carrasco, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
Mushroom ,Seasonal distribution ,biology ,Biological pest control ,biological control ,Agriculture ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,edible fungi ,infestation sources ,Toxicology ,chemical control ,Megaselia halterata ,Chemical products ,Infestation ,Natural distribution ,medicine ,PEST analysis ,mushroom flies ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Diptera are among the most serious arthropod pests affecting mushroom crops. Phorid flies, especially Megaselia halterata, have traditionally been globally considered as a minor pest, although they are a very important problem on Spanish mushroom farms. The concerns with respect to the phorid fly populations have recently increased, notably jumping from being a minor to major pest in India, UK and the USA, where yield losses ranging between 10% and 40% were reported. This review updates and summarizes the available literature regarding mushroom phorid populations, stressing the natural distribution of phorids and their seasonal distribution, their biology within the growing substrates and the initial sources of infestation on mushroom farms. Moreover, the review also highlights the scarce available tools for their control and the current alternatives to chemical products. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
46. Banker plants and landscape composition influence colonisation precocity of tomato greenhouses by mirid predators
- Author
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Nuria Agustí, Rosa Gabarra, Martí Figueras, Judit Arnó, Montserrat Matas, Oscar Alomar, Ramon Albajes, Agnès Ardanuy, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,2. Zero hunger ,Ecology ,Biological pest control ,Greenhouse ,Context (language use) ,Colonisation ,15. Life on land ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Tomato ,Banker plants ,Predation ,Crop ,010602 entomology ,Habitat ,Biological control ,Landscape ,Macrolophus ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Predator - Abstract
Conservation biological control involves manipulation of the environment to enhance the efectiveness of natural enemies in controlling crop pests. In this study, we combined historical data, sticky trap sampling of tomato greenhouses and beat sampling of adjacent vegetation to identify which greenhouse characteristics, habitat management practices and landscape features favour an early colonisation of tomato greenhouses by the key mirid predator Macrolophus pygmaeus and its establishment in NE Spain. Results show that landscape composition and the use of Calendula ofcinalis banker plants inside the greenhouse are key factors. In general, greater amounts of herbaceous semi-natural cover at the landscape scale promoted M. pygmaeus colonisation, while the use of C. ofcinalis banker plants encouraged M. pygmaeus colonisation independently of the landscape context. We identifed host plants adjacent to tomato greenhouses that sustain M. pygmaeus populations; however, they did not have a major efect on M. pygmaeus colonisation compared to larger landscape and banker plant efects. Early colonisation of greenhouses by this predator species also translated into lower accumulated incidence of pests at the end of the sampling period. This study demonstrates the importance of active habitat management practices in promoting the early arrival of M. pygmaeus in greenhouses with delayed spontaneous colonisation. This study was funded by EU-funded projects, EUCLID (Project Number: 633999-2) and EMPHASIS (Project Number: 634179-2), the project AGL2016-77373-C2-1-R (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) and the CERCA Programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya. AA was partly supported by a Ramón Areces fellowship while writing this manuscript.
- Published
- 2021
47. Development of a PCR-based method for the screening of potential predators of the African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio)
- Author
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Paula Molina, Jordi Riudavets, José Miguel Campos-Rivela, María Teresa Martínez-Ferrer, Nuria Agustí, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Hemerobiidae ,biology ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Anthocoridae ,Miridae ,Trioza erytreae ,010602 entomology ,Insect Science ,Coccinellidae ,Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Chrysopidae ,Chrysoperla carnea ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Trioza erytreae is one of the vectors of Huanglongbing (HLB), the main global citrus groves threat. Since its recent detection in the north-western Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), its contention and eradication have been a priority to prevent its spread. For the biological control of T. erytreae, it is important to understand the role that each potential natural enemy could have. With the aim to determine which predators have incorporated T. erytreae into their diet, a PCR-based method has been developed for the specific detection of T. erytreae in their gut contents. For this, a pair of specific primers was designed from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region. Specificity of this pair of primers was studied and feeding trials with two predator species were conducted to determine the decay rates of T. erytreae within their gut. None of the non-target species was amplified, showing the high specificity of these T. erytreae primers. Feeding trials showed 4.8h and 4.5h half-life time detections of T. erytreae ingested by Chrysoperla carnea and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, respectively. Finally, field-collected generalist predators of T. erytreae-infested citrus trees from the Canary Islands and Galicia (Spain), were analysed by conventional PCR for the presence of T. erytreae in their guts. Results showed that a wide range of predator taxa ingested the target prey, like the families Coccinellidae, Anthocoridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Forficulidae, Miridae, Syrphidae, Formicidae, Erythraeidae and the order Araneae, with detection percentages ranging from 20 to 100%. These results confirm that most of the analysed generalist predators found in citrus trees could be potential candidates for the biological control of T. erytreae in future biological control programs of this HLB vector. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
- Published
- 2021
48. Development of a PCR‐based method to monitor arthropod dispersal in agroecosystems: Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) from banker plants to tomato crops
- Author
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Oscar Alomar, Irene Fraile, Cristina Castañé, Nuria Agustí, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
Male ,Nymph ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Integrated pest management ,Biological pest control ,Brine shrimp ,Insect Control ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,01 natural sciences ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Heteroptera ,Crop ,03 medical and health sciences ,Solanum lycopersicum ,Animals ,Pest Control, Biological ,Predator ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Hemiptera ,Miridae ,010602 entomology ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,Predatory Behavior ,Insect Science ,Biological dispersal ,Female ,Animal Distribution ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Development of conservation biological control programs requires the identification of sources that contribute to predator colonization of crops. Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an efficient polyphagous predator used in biological control programs in vegetable crops in Europe. We have developed a marking method based on spraying with a solution of the brine shrimp Artemia spp. (Anostraca: Artemiidae) cysts, followed by a PCR detection of Artemia DNA to monitor M. pygmaeus dispersal from banker plants to tomato crops. Experiments conducted in climatic chambers show that the topical application of this marking solution on M. pygmaeus does not significantly reduce adult longevity and that it is detected up to 6 d after the application. When this Artemia solution was applied on Calendula officinalis L. banker plants harboring M. pygmaeus and maintained outdoors, Artemia DNA was still detected on 62% of the insects after 6 d. The conducted field applications in commercial greenhouses have confirmed the usefulness of this method to monitor M. pygmaeus dispersal from banker plants to a newly planted tomato crop. This method can be used to assess arthropod movement, being an interesting molecular approach for further improving future pest management strategies. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
- Published
- 2019
49. Evaluation of Residue Levels of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam After Foliar Application to the Citrus Varieties Lane Late, Valencia Late, Rohde Summer, and Nules
- Author
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María Dolores Hernando-Guil, Ana Isabel García-Valcárcel, José Miguel Campos-Rivela, María Teresa Martínez-Ferrer, Producció Vegetal, and Protecció Vegetal Sostenible
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Citrus ,Insecticides ,Orange (colour) ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Neonicotinoids ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Imidacloprid ,Pollinator ,Pollen ,medicine ,Animals ,Nectar ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Ecology ,Neonicotinoid ,General Medicine ,Bees ,Nitro Compounds ,010602 entomology ,Horticulture ,chemistry ,Insect Science ,Thiamethoxam ,After treatment - Abstract
Neonicotinoids are used to protect citrus trees against pests. Dissipation and persistence of neonicotinoids in pollen and nectar of citrus trees after foliar applications and their potential exposure to pollinators have not been well characterized. Field studies were conducted using three orange and one mandarin varieties to compare the imidacloprid and thiamethoxam residue levels and their decline in pollen and nectar after treatments in pre-bloom close to flowering period and their persistence 1 yr after treatment. The possible risk to honeybees was assessed. In nectar, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid residues were between 61 and 99% lower than in pollen, depending on the citrus variety or/and the days after treatment when applied close to blooming. At the end of the flowering period, imidacloprid in pollen and nectar was not detected in the mandarin variety after treatment in pre-bloom, whereas for thiamethoxam, no residues were detected in nectar but 10 ng/g was detected in pollen. There were no quantifiable levels of residues for either neonicotinoids in pollen or nectar during the flowering period of the following year. Neonicotinoid residue levels and their decline in nectar and pollen in citrus depended on the timing of applications relative to flowering and on the citrus variety. The absence of neonicotinoid residues 1 yr out after foliar applications in all varieties assayed demonstrated that none of the neonicotinoids tested were persistent. The results could be different in other citrus varieties, and therefore, also the exposure assessment for managed pollinators.
- Published
- 2019
50. Sap flow of a wild cherry tree plantation growing under Mediterranean conditions: Assessing the role of environmental conditions on canopy conductance and the effect of branch pruning on water productivity
- Author
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C. Biel, Alejandro Galindo, Xavier Aranda, Pilar Llorens, Antonio Molina, Producció Vegetal, Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, Molina, Antonio J. [0000-0002-2073-5843], Llorens, Pilar [0000-0003-4591-5303], Water Management, Molina, Antonio J., and Llorens, Pilar
- Subjects
Stomatal conductance ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,Penman–Monteith equation ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Canopy stomatal conductance ,Soil Science ,02 engineering and technology ,Drip irrigation ,Noble wood plantations ,Sap flow ,Heat pulse ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology ,Transpiration ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,n/a OA procedure ,Canopy conductance ,metropolitan_transit.transit_stop ,020801 environmental engineering ,Agronomy ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,metropolitan_transit ,Tree circumference ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Pruning ,Cherry tree - Abstract
In recent decades, wild cherry has been one of the species most widely used for reforestation in Europe. Studies aiming to select and improve trees to give them the best growth rates and wood properties have increased in response to growers’ demands. However, information relating to key physiological processes such as transpiration or stomatal conductance and to the effect of the common practice of pruning on plant–water relations is scarce. The main objective of this study was to assess the effects of environmental conditions on canopy conductance dynamics. Its secondary objective was to examine the short- and medium-term effects of branch pruning on tree transpiration, growth and derived water productivity. To this end, we measured sap flow in an experimental plantation where trees were subjected to drip irrigation and rain-fed conditions and where variables characterizing climate, soil and tree growth were also monitored. The results demonstrated that the Jarvis–Stewart approach was appropriate for studying the responses of canopy conductance to environmental factors. As well as the role of vapour pressure deficit and net radiation in controlling the daily variations of canopy conductance, the single effects of decreasing soil water content (optimum relative extractable water, REW, higher than 0.4) and increasing air temperature (optimum of 21 °C), as summer conditions approached, were correctly incorporated into the modelling exercise. Soil water content exerted the greatest control on canopy conductance for trees growing under rain-fed conditions, while air temperature did for irrigated trees. Pruning significantly reduced transpiration to about 35% when pre- and post-sub-periods were compared, but also affected annual water productivity regardless of the irrigation treatment. To assess the long-term effects of pruning on water productivity, measurements in both pruned and unpruned trees would be desirable. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., This research was financially supported by the GRIFO (AGL2010-21012) and CONSOLIDER-MONTES (CSD 2008-00040) projects. A.J. Molina is beneficiary of a Juan de la Cierva post-doctoral fellowship. A. Galindo is beneficiary of a Ramón Areces foundation post-doctoral fellowship. The field work of Eulalia Serra, Beatriz Grau, Marc Ferrer and Cristian Morales is greatly appreciated. We also want to thank the work of two anonymous reviewers in improving the quality of the manuscript.
- Published
- 2019
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