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Reward-based crowdfunding has enabled an unprecedented number of consumers to provision capital for commercial and artistic ventures. Each year, consumers use digital platforms to transfer billions of dollars to entrepreneurs and artists to help them develop a wide range of market innovations. Notably, these consumers obtain no financial benefits, no formal guarantee that their money will be used aptly, and no reimbursement options. Under such materially unfavorable conditions, why do consumers transfer their money to these producers? The present research answers this question by introducing the concept of a "market-fostering gift system": a social contract that entices consumers to fund the creation and enhancement of market offerings by mobilizing the logic and practices of gift-giving. This conceptualization includes the core stakeholders, processes, outcomes, and shortcomings of reward-based crowdfunding, providing theoretical structure to this consequential articulation of platform capitalism. In addition, this conceptualization advances theory about how gift and market economies intersect. Whereas previous research emphasizes the tensions that characterize their interface, this article brings to the fore the complementary, scalable relationship between gift-giving and market exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I offer an ethnographic exploration of how Fatboys (a type of bean bag chair) and visuals co-constitute the atmosphere and religion inside a Copenhagen Night Church. By exploring the atmosphere as a distribution of agency – primarily from the visitors' perspective – I focus on how the Fatboys and visuals help constitute the atmosphere as an affective force by mediating visitors' engagement. Moreover, I claim that the Fatboys and visuals also contribute to an aesthetic of ambiguity that emphasises the role of visitors as producers and consumers of an affective religious atmosphere. Closely related to the cultural emphasis on individuality that pervades contemporary consumer society, this aesthetic of ambiguity enables different conceptual frames to inform visitors' atmospheric experiences and thus amplifies the existence of multiple atmospheres inside the Night Church. In this sense, religion is not only materially mediated but also co-created and carried out by the visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary offers a timely exploration of participatory food provisioning via emerging food technologies. Through an in-depth analysis of case studies of these technologies, we elucidate the changing nature of prosumption in orchestrating food market provisioning. Our investigation highlights a shift toward a non-anthropocentric vision of market provisioning, where value creation transcends human-centered paradigms to include alliances between humans, technology, and nature. By articulating the nuanced dynamics and outcomes of these alliances in the food market, we propose a reimagined perspective on value creation, urging macromarketing scholars to consider the broader implications of technology-driven, participatory food systems. Ultimately, we emphasize the necessity of integrating human and non-human stakeholders in the discourse on value creation, and challenge conventional notions of control, democratization, and sociality within prevailing food-provisioning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim is to present prosumerism of companies as a form of cooperation with consumers, their expectations, perceived benefits and challenges. Project/methodology/approach: The research tool was a survey questionnaire prepared by the author of this paper. The survey was conducted in 2022 among 1000 adults (18 years and older), by a research company, using CAWI method in a consumer panel. Results: The survey results show that consumers engage in various prosumer activities of companies. However, they also expect companies to be proactive in including them in such activities. They are aware of the prosumerism benefits for companies, but also recognize the challenges related to it. Research limitations/practical implications: Research was conducted among only one group of participants in prosumer activities – consumers. It is planned that future research will also include a second group – companies. This will provide insight into the prosumption activities undertaken, their barriers, as well as their benefits and opportunities. In the paper, recommendations are presented for companies to undertake prosumption activities in order to cooperate with consumers and respond to their expectations. Social implications: The importance of prosumption activities for companies, as well as for consumers, is highlighted, which can influence consumers to become more involved in companies’ activities, thus benefiting them more. Originality/value: The paper analyzes the company’s own research findings on the benefits, expectations and problems associated with prosumption practices of companies. Practical recommendations provide valuable guidance for companies planning and implementing prosumer activities aimed at cooperation with consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosumption is gaining momentum among the critical accounts of sustainable consumption that have thus far enriched the marketing discourse. Attention to prosumption is increasing whilst the degrowth movement is emerging to tackle the contradictions inherent in growth-driven, technology-fueled, and capitalist modes of sustainable production and consumption. In response to dominant critical voices that portray technology as counter to degrowth living, we propose an alternative symbiotic lens with which to reconsider the relations between technology, prosumption, and degrowth living, and assess how a degrowth transition in the context of food can be carried out at the intersection of human–nature–technology. We contribute to the critical debates on prosumption in marketing by analyzing the potentials and limits of technology-enabled food prosumption for a degrowth transition through the degrowth principles of conviviality and appropriateness. Finally, we consider the sociopolitical challenges involved in mobilizing such technologies to achieve symbiosis and propose a future research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Foucauldian framework, this research aims to analyze how fans’ prosumption of media products’ paratext reveals consumers’ governmentality. The Netnographic Foucauldian Genealogy was adopted to analyze the fans’ interaction with media paratexts of the movie Avengers: Endgame. Results show that fans’ opinions ranged from acknowledging the quality of paratexts to feeling disappointed with them. Thus, it is possible to state that fans allow themselves to be governed by the entertainment industry to safeguard their fan condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosumers in many markets are increasingly using platforms for their inter-related production and consumption pursuits. Using a practice theory lens, this paper examines how the connections between the bundle of marketing practices performed by entrepreneurial prosumers in the craft market are altered when they come to rely on platforms like Etsy. It identifies a new practice, labeled "platformance," that these prosumers adopt in response to changes in their practices bundle. Platformance is a restless practice in that it aims to alter the market in which it is embedded. Findings reported here suggest that platformance may help prosumers deal with platformization by changing certain market elements, but ironically may also increase their platform dependence. Platformance may also contribute to altering aspects of the platform markets in which it is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, consumers do not want to be just recipients of the market offer, but they want to influence it, which is why companies must change their business models to be more open, taking into account the activity and involvement of consumers. Prosumerism therefore refers to the activities of companies that are focused on cooperation with consumers. Prosumption, defined as consumer activity, takes various forms, from expressing one’s opinions, sharing one's experience, through adapting the offer to one's own needs, to participating in its creation. Prosumption activities are beneficial for both companies and consumers. However, they also involve certain threats and challenges for both parties.The article contains an analysis of the results of research aimed at finding out how respondents perceive prosumerism? What are their expectations regarding cooperation with companies? and what benefits and threats do they see related to prosumerism? Most respondents expect them to be included in the company's activities in various areas. They also undertake various prosumer activities themselves, focusing more on giving opinions on the market offer and testing products than on activities requiring greater involvement, such as designing or co-creating products and services. Prosumption enables consumers, among others, to: sharing their knowledge, ideas, access to information based on which they can make more informed decisions, thus reducing the risk of purchasing products that are inconsistent with expectations, also through the ability to modify and adapt products/services to their own needs. Prosumers also have the opportunity to stand out by submitting their own proposals for solutions that can be used by other consumers or companies. The respondents also emphasized participation in consumer networks, thanks to which they do not feel lonely, but have a sense of belonging to a group of people who share common interests. Apart from the benefits, the respondents also notice certain threats related to the prosumerism of companies, i.e. consumers doing work without remuneration, manipulating consumers by creating the appearance of cooperation, but in fact not taking into account their proposals and opinions, and thus underestimating their work by companies. Therefore, companies should create solutions that enable consumers to cooperate with them, as well as encourage them to be active and involved, because thanks to this they can prepare an offer in line with their expectations and thus strengthen their position on the market.

Modern protest movements rely on digital activism on social media, which serves as a conduit for mobilization. In the social media landscape, internet memes have emerged as a popular practice of expressing political protest. Although it is known that social media facilitates mobilization, researchers have neglected how distinct types of content affect mobilization. Moreover, research regarding users’ perspectives on mobilization through memes is lacking. To close these research gaps, this study investigates memes in the context of climate protest mobilization. Based on the four-step model of mobilization, a survey of users who create and share memes related to the Fridays for Future movement on social media (N = 325) revealed that the prosumption of climate crisis memes increases users’ issue involvement and strengthens their online networks. These factors serve as crucial mediators in the relationship between users’ prosumption of climate crisis memes and political participation. The results suggest that mobilization through memes is effective at raising awareness of political issues and strengthening online discussion networks, which means that it has strategic potential for protest movements. By looking at memes from the perspective of their creators and examining a specific type of social media content, this study contributes to the literature on digital mobilization.

The fusion of cutting-edge information technology and manufacturing, like cloud computing, the Internet of Things, big data fosters greater consumer involvement and engagement throughout the entire product life cycle. A shared vision for socially responsible, personalized, service-driven, smart, sustainable, and eco-friendly development is a global priority. The rapid progress of the „Internet +” and „intelligence +” scientific and technological revolution blurs the lines of various media channels, establishing an evolved environment that encourages expression, communication, creation, and sharing. This revolution launched the advent of prosumption, allowing consumers to take part in the production process via an „open + continuous” model that eclipses older, traditional media. This article endeavors to showcase the concept of prosumption during the era of digital transformation. Exploring recent prosumption case studies in enterprises, this article also utilized theoretical research methods. In addition to analyzing relevant literature through analytical-synthetic analysis, the study employed abstraction to focus on crucial elements for analysis. Furthermore, generalization and inference were utilized to draw conclusions from the findings. It should be stated as the main hypothesis that the prosumption has a great importance in the digital world. This article explores the notion of prosumption in the context of digital transformation. It’s important to note that digital transformation has revolutionized all aspects of businesses, especially the use of social media.

The nature of prosumption is one of the most important areas of debate within the study of contemporary consumer culture. David L. Andrews and George Ritzer highlighted how the majority of literature in the 21st century has focused on the sociology of sport as a form of consumer culture, and that there is a distinct lack of research into the exploration of fan atmospheres in regard to physical prosumption at live sports events as opposed to virtual spaces. We seek to address this through utilising findings from a 3-year ethnographic study at a range of live Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events across the globe. Our findings extend existing knowledge on prosumer fandom, providing valuable insights for researchers on how sports organisations, when promoting their sporting event, utilise the fans as both producers and consumers to help create fervent atmospheres and market their sport to associated media outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value within prosumption systems such as Twitter is underexplored. We adopt an economic sociology perspective to measure prosumption value, using the #ProjectRestart campaign as football looked to resume following COVID-19. We use social network analysis to analyse 21,000 tweets involving 10,810 Twitter users using the #ProjectRestart hashtag. Specifically, we apply network theory measures, community clustering, betweenness, domain prestige and proximity prestige to explore how prosumption value can be measured. Our empirical findings demonstrate how value can be perceived within prosumption systems. Specifically, it shows how developing cohesive prosumer networks is vital in exploiting prosumer capital, creating value in the virtual space, which is imperative in negotiating through times of uncertainty, like COVID-19. The practical implications encourage the industry to think of value in the virtual space differently, embedding this into future management strategies. This research provides a theoretical contribution of prosumer value, blending prosumption and economic sociology theories. Empirically, it demonstrates how actors in the football world used prosumer networks to create value during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prosumption capital is underexplored within social media sites, especially within sports. This article explores how the Covid-19 disruptions were used to extract prosumption capital from Twitter. Adopting an economic sociology perspective to measure prosumption capital, 2.3 million tweets were analyzed across the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer sports properties. This article applies social network analysis measures, indegree, domain, and proximity prestige to measure prosumption capital and shows how media organizations and other public figures capitalized on the Covid-19 disruptions. It also shows how the structure and those capitalizing through prosumption on Twitter are similar across the sports properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the literature indicates that consumers have acted as prosumers voluntarily and for hedonic or leisure motivations. Only a few studies contend that consumers engage in prosumption activities forcibly because of social or material constraints. Through 15 in-depth interviews and complementary secondary data, the present research aims to outline an involuntary form of prosumption and investigate its formation. Findings show that consumers are socially and ideologically convoked to become prosumers, even at times against their will, learning 'the hard way' how to produce. Our theoretical contribution lies in delineating involuntary prosumption in a context marked by stigma, social invisibility, and market constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have focused on athletes' use of social media by examining the content posted on social media sites, revealing an opportunity to gather firsthand experiences from athletes. Using uses-and-gratifications theory as a theoretical framework to inform an open-ended questionnaire, the authors examined athlete attitudes toward their social media use during a major sport event, as well as the gratifications they received and the challenges they experienced from this use. The study assessed a sample of 57 athletes and their social media use across 20 international major sport events. Findings revealed that social media enabled athletes to communicate with family and friends. Having a connection to home through social media can make athletes feel relaxed in a high-pressure environment. The results reveal uses and gratifications not previously found in research on athlete social media, while also underscoring opportunities for sport organizations to enhance social-media-education programs they provide to athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The key argument of this article is that fan communities create, in their own way, a kind of prosumer media activism. Through a netnographic approach, I analyze aspects of fan labor and value creation, self-organization and entrepreneurship, agency and exploitation in an online discussion forum about the American singer Britney Spears in Brazil. Based on this case study on social networking, I develop the argument that it is possible to see digital fandom as a stage for a commodified cyberactivism, in which some social actors in the role of prosumers, on the one hand, exercise their freedom and find, more than gratification, ways to project themselves individually in society. But, on the other hand, they are subject to exploitative relationships, such as unpaid work, to promote the personality whose concrete relationship with their lives often does not go beyond media practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the remaking of classical liberal rights in digital spaces, with a focus on property rights in artificial intelligence (AI) crowds. The rise of crowds in digital and technological spaces has created new opportunities for users, but their accumulated contributions create added value for the platforms and manufacturers that manage the crowd, leading to a curtailment of individual autonomy. The article identifies two parallel processes that characterize individuals' involvement in digital crowds: manufacturers construct the property rights of individual users as crowd-based rights, while also working to de-crowd users in other contexts. The article compares crowd-based rights to potential group rights and individual rights in non-digital spheres, exposing the weakness of manufacturer-constituted crowd-based rights. The article concludes by discussing possible legal conceptions of the crowd and its governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper situates the 'Blind Box' consumption, collection and prosumption practices in China within globalisation and the 'media-mix' fandom, which is to consume and resell media merchandise in opaque packages as probability goods. We re-centre the focus of fandom studies on the then much neglected 'missing child' and now the 'emerging adult' in a globalising world. We argue the Chinese emerging adult consumes, collects and resells Blind Boxes as a generative and agentic collection and fandom practice, defined as 'probabilistic and elastic prosumption' in a quasi-social and quasi-individual manner. We then critically examine and unpack the cultural production and meaning making process undertook by collectors who also accumulate sociality and form identity through affective and economic investments, mediated collection and exchange of figurines in a post-socialist and consumerist society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Organizações em Contexto is the property of Revista Organizacoes em Contexto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microgrids and, in general, active distribution networks require ultra-short-term prediction, i.e., for sub-second time scales, for specific control decisions. Conventional forecasting methodologies are not effective at such time scales. To address this issue, we propose a non-parametric method for computing ultra short-term prediction intervals (PIs) of the power prosumption of generic electrical-distribution networks. The method groups historical observations into clusters according to the values of influential variables. It is applied either to the original or to the differentiated power-prosumption time series. The clusters are considered statistically representative pools of future realizations of power prosumption (or its derivative). They are used to determine empirical PDFs and, by extracting the quantiles, to deliver PIs for respective arbitrary confidence levels. The models are validated a posteriori by carrying out a performance analysis that uses experimentally observed power-prosumption for different building types, thus allowing the identification of the dominant model. • Method for computing prediction intervals of electrical production/load. • Clustering of measurements based on power level and time of day. • Construct the histogram of the data empirically in an online fashion. • Algorithm tested for buildings at different aggregation levels. • Method achieves high confidence levels at sub-second resolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to show how consumers' pursuit of social identity drives collaborative consumption. A survey conducted among active participants in various forms of collaborative consumption found four types of users with clearly distinguishable characteristics: Social Followers, Distrustful Prosumers, Doubtful Laggards and Traditional Spenders. We use social identity theory to explain why those users who engage in collaborative consumption because of sociability and seeking excitement are also highly environmentally conscious (Social Followers), while very frugal users show the least trust towards what collaborative consumption has to offer (Distrustful Prosumers). We observe favourable social identity for collaborative consumption in the Social Followers segment and unfavourable social identity in the Doubtful Laggards segment. Our findings suggest that social identity plays an important role in forming consumers' intentions to participate in collaborative consumption. At the general level of collaborative consumption, our study confirms previous findings that social values outweigh environmental and economic values. However, this study contributes to the discussion and closes the research gap by explaining that each component may predominate depending on the type of collaborative consumption user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russia-Ukraine war of 2022 showed the danger of reliance on autocratic regimes for energy supply. The use of renewables is a viable opportunity to substitute energy imports. Prosumption is one of the essential pillars of the Fourth Energy Package of the EU. After the war, Ukraine will require recovery packages, among other policies, aimed at increased energy prosumption. It will spur energy generation and foster employment, as well as being one of the means to avoid CO2 emissions. Following the example of Austria, the investment grant sizes for households and energy cooperatives in Ukraine were assessed. Potential job growth was estimated using the employment factor method and the size of CO2 emissions reduction. Should investment grants of EUR 50–200/kW for households and energy cooperatives be introduced, up to EUR 359.4 million would be required in 2022–2030. Households and energy cooperatives in Ukraine will still need to invest up to EUR 988 million until 2030. About 11 thousand full-time jobs may appear by 2030. Energy generation by households in 2020–2030 would enable the avoidance of 3.39–5.94 million tons of CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last forty years, the increasing popularity of Japanese anime, manga, light novels, and other related transmedia texts has created a demand for the promotion, review, and criticism of such content among Anglophone, non-Japanese audiences. One of the most prominent communities meeting this demand is YouTube's AniTube community. With its roots in pre- and early internet fan reviewing, AniTube has transitioned from a fan to a creator culture, demonstrating how contemporary online communities adapt previously noncommercial practices for commercial production. Through interviews with creators and analyses of AniTube videos, this article details the tensions between cultural intra- and intermediation and between the communal and individualistic values and practices of its members.

Although prosumption and the sharing economy are currently at the cutting edge of consumer culture research, little attempt has been made to explore the theoretical relationship between these concepts and approach them with a pluralistic, dynamic, nuanced and ethnographically informed lens moving beyond the dichotomies of capitalism versus anti-capitalism, rhetoric versus reality, exploitation versus empowerment and traditional versus digital consumer culture. This article addresses these gaps by focusing on the phenomenon of pay-per-minute cafes – physical spaces inspired by digital culture and meant to apply its principles in the brick-and-mortar servicescape. Drawing on a multi-site, multi-method case study of the world's first pay-per-minute cafe franchise, the article shows a multitude of ways in which prosumption and the sharing economy, both shaped by different configurations of organisational culture, physical design, food offer and pricing policy, are conceived, interpreted and experienced by the firms and customers across the franchise and argues that conflicts and contradictions arising from this diversity cannot be reduced to the narrative of consumer exploitation. Finally, while both prosumption and the sharing economy are typically defined by the use of digital platforms, this article makes a case for a post-digital approach to consumer culture research, looking into the cultural impact of digital technology on traditional servicescapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosument is a person who plays the roles of consumer and producer simultaneously. Direct communication between producers and consumers is fast and accessible in the world of omnipresent globalization and the popularisation of information and communication technologies (ICT), particularly social media. The paper presents the results of the survey conducted on a group of 1,620 prosumers and the practical applications of the analysis of the results. The research aimed to identify the main components of the prosumer decision-making process and their importance in this process. A diagnostic survey was used in the study, and the collected data were statistically analyzed. The main findings are that prosumption destimulants, information contribution, information channels, incentives for prosumption and reactive attitude are five independent components of the prosumer decision-making process. The analysis of the results allowed determining that subjective income satisfaction significantly influences prosumer attitudes. People with higher income satisfaction are more willing and likely to participate in the information exchange process. Such analysis may be useful for producers to help them develop communication channels with prosumers as well as better target incentives for prosumption to support such attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO No curso do desenvolvimento das relações de produção capitalista, o avanço tecnológico tem engendrado diferentes modos viver e produzir. Com as recentes transformações, pesquisas científicas no campo da Administração têm dado destaque sobre os modos como o consumidor tem se envolvido nas relações de produção, seja participando diretamente na coprodução dos produtos e serviços que consome, seja produzindo conteúdos criativos ou dados passíveis de serem aproveitados em prol da lucratividade de determinada empresa. Neste contexto, emergem as discussões sobre o prosumption, tratado como a união da atividade de consumo com a atividade de produção. A discussão sobre o prosumption se torna ainda mais complexa quando se leva em conta o recente movimento de expansão do comércio e da socialização mediados por plataformas digitais. Buscando ir além dos estudos predecessores que trataram do tema, analisamos o prosumption com base na teoria do valor, amparados na crítica da economia política marxiana. Expomos, assim, como as atividades do consumidor-produtor se integram à dinâmica da acumulação capitalista. Perscrutar o fenômeno prosumption nos permitiu apreender tanto o avanço do capital sobre a mercantilização das relações sociais, no qual atividades geradoras de forças naturais-sociais são transformadas em mercadorias e inseridas em processos de troca; quanto o maior potencial de exploração da classe trabalhadora, por meio da transferência de trabalhos necessários à produção e realização do valor ao consumidor.

This paper presents an analysis of crowdsourcing work with a particular focus on exploring what forces and characteristics of the collaboration practices and technologies encourage and discourage prosumer work behaviours. Data were gathered through depth interviews with prosumers of a crowdsourced digital nautical map, observational netnographic research of prosumers on angling forums, and interviews and meetings with the map providers. Incorporating research on consumer work and prosumption, three distinct prosumer roles are identified based on how angling prosumers differentially produce and consume the crowdsourced maps. These roles show multiple behaviours along the prosumption continuum, and in so doing extend the continuum by introducing a second dimension – work as private versus public prosumer activity. It concludes by offering suggestions for marketers to engage with prosumers in crowdsourcing contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This commentary deals with the issue of alternative food and drink from the perspective of my work on such topics as disenchantment, enchantment, McDonaldization, nothing, prosumption, rationalisation and something. The conclusion is that the interests of, and pressure from, large-scale profit-making businesses will, to a large extent, undermine efforts to produce ‘true’ alternatives in food and drink. Those alternatives will survive on the margins in the developed world, but they will be more prevalent in the less developed world which is less attractive to those businesses, and therefore, the alternatives will be allowed to survive there. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)