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Dysmenorrhea is a medical term that describes the word “Menstrual pain”, Occurs during the menstruation cycle and normally stays for 2–3 days. It is divided into two main categories; Primary dysmenorrhea and Secondary dysmenorrhea. According to medical research study, about 30%-70% of women of reproductive age are suffering from menstrual cramps. It is a common gynaecological problem that affects more than half of the population of women, of which approximately 10–20% of women are disabled for 1–3 days of each menstruation and it is caused by the uterus prostaglandin production, well known for causing abdominal cramps. There are many Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesic Prostaglandin blockers medicines that work by preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins. In this review, we will discuss thirty-four Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and five analgesic combinations of drugs. By using these Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, menstrual pain can be relieved for a while. The purpose of this review is to study different types of drugs and methods through which menstrual pain can be relieved and it also includes deliberation of some herbal drugs like Achillea millefolium. It is an Iranian herbal medicine that has long been used to relieve menstruation discomfort.

Neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases are associated with great morbidity and mortality. Prostaglandins (PGs) are formed by sequential oxygenation of arachidonic acid in physiologic and pathologic conditions. For the production of PGs cyclooxygenase is a necessary enzyme that has two isoforms, that are named COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 produces type 1 prostaglandins and on the other hand, COX-2 produces type 2 prostaglandins. Recent studies suggest PGs abnormalities are present in a variety of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. In a disease state, type 2 prostaglandins are mostly responsible and type 1 PGs are not so important in the disease state. In this review, the importance of prostaglandins especially type 2 in brain diseases has been discussed and their possible role in the initiation and outcome of brain diseases has been assessed. Overall the studies suggest prostaglandins are the agents that modulate the course of brain diseases in a positive or negative manner. Here in this review article, the various aspects of PGs in the disease state have discussed. It appears more studies must be done to understand the exact role of these agents in the pathophysiology of brain diseases. However, the suppression of prostaglandin production may confer the alleviation of some brain diseases.

Alvarez waves are local rhythmic contractions of the myometrium with high frequency and low intensity. They can be detected using internal or external tocography and electrohysterography. Some researchers correlate these small contractions with the initiation of labor, since they have been described as a pattern representing the uterine response to prostaglandin production. Other authors either do not validate a causality relation between Alvarez waves and labor or suggest that they have low predictive value for preterm labor. Alvarez waves' research has become a multidisciplinary subject with inputs ranging from medical science, biomedical engineering, and related areas. A comprehensive review is herein conducted to summarize the state of the art regarding Alvarez waves and their role in the initiation of labor, namely in preterm birth. The results show that a large number of studies have analyzed and characterized Alvarez waves without necessarily digging into their relationship with labor. Publications were categorized in three groups: (A) reports about morphology and characterization of Alvarez waves; (B) publications reporting a positive causality relation between Alvarez waves and labor; and (C) publications reporting an absence of causality regarding the previous hypothesis. Studies in group B outnumbered those in group C. A critical analysis is presented. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Background: Corpus luteum plays key role in embryonic survival. Prostaglandins are the important regulator controlling the life span of corpus luteum. The present study investigated the effect of various doses of TNFα on in vitro PGF2α and PGE2 production and expression profiling of PGFS and PGES mRNA in buffalo Corpus Luteum (CL).Methods: Buffalo ovaries with mid-luteal phase CL were collected from the abattoir and CL were enucleated from surrounding tissues. Corpus luteum were finely chopped, rinsed with HBSS (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution) medium; supplemented with gentamycin and 0.1% BSA and incubated at 37°C for 1 hr in HBSS containing 0.1% collagenase. The cell suspension following filtration was washed by HBBS supplemented with gentamycin and 0.1% BSA (bovine serum albumin) and was treated with increasing doses of TNFα (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 nM) and cultured at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 level for 24 hr. Result: There was dose dependent increase in concentrations of PGF2α and PGE2 with increasing doses of TNFα. The PGFS (prostaglandin F synthase) mRNA expression increased with increasing doses of TNFα. However, there was decrease in PGES (prostaglandin E synthase) mRNA expression at 0.1 nM and 0.5 nM TNFα but PGES mRNA expression increased at 1.0 nM TNFα as compared to control. It can be concluded that TNFα may alter PGES and PGFS mRNA expression and prostaglandin secretion in buffalo CL.

The rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is considered as an insightful prognostic target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) therapy. Now, administration and prolonged utilization of selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) towards moderating the NSCLC has been associated with different side effects. In the present study, we focused on the structure-based drug repositioning approaches for predicting therapeutic potential de novo candidates for human COX-2. Due to discrepancies in the eminence of x-ray diffraction structures, creates a big barrier in drug discovery approach. Hence, the adaptable COX-2 structure was investigated using multi-template modeling method. Next, a dataset of twenty-six celebrex-associated optimized scaffolds were screened from ZINC database. Comparative docking approaches were then utilized to identify five compounds as best binders to the active site of COX-2 structures and strongly agree with enormous experimental consequences. MD simulations of regarded protein-ligand complexes reveals that lead molecules were stabilized dynamically in inside the cyclooxygenase site by forming potential salt bridges with Tyr348, Tyr385 and Ser530 residues. These significant results revealed that, identified druggables could prevent the tyrosyl radicals and prostaglandin production that reduces NSCLC progression. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics assets of respected ligands were analyzed, which incorporates similarity ensemble approach, druglikeness and ADMET properties. Finally, the identified novel candidates could serve as COX-2 inhibitors for NSCLC therapy, and coxibs are the best choices for designing new scaffolds to treat cyclooxygenases regard disorders.

Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that act to inhibit COX-1. The inhibition of COX-1 leads to inhibition of prostaglandin production. Prostaglandin is a regulator of gastric acid buffer secretion. Inhibition of prostaglandin decrease gastric and duodenum pH and damage the gastric and duodenum. Sea grapes (Caulerpa racemose var. cylindracea) are marcoalgae that contain flavonoids as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sea grapes on gastric and duodenum pH in rattus norvegicus induced by indomethacin. 32 male Rattus norvegicus were divided into 4 groups. Group K (-) without treatment. Group K (+) was induced by 30 mg/Kg BW indomethacin for 7 days. Group P1 was induced by 30mg/Kg BW indomethacin for 7 days followed by administration of 1g/100g BW sea grape extract for 14 days. Group P2 was induced by 30mg/Kg BW indomethacin for 7 days followed by administration of 2g/100g BW sea grape extract for 14 days. On the 29th day, rats were terminated, gastric and duodenal were isolated then the fluid pH was measured. One-way Anova test obtained p = 0,023. Post hoc test pH Gaster significantly different between group K (-) and K (+) (p= 0,005) and between group K (-) with P2 (p= 0,020). While in group K (+) with P1 and P2 there was no significant difference in pH. Post hoc test of pH duodenum showed no differences in all group. The administration of sea grape extract did not show a differences of the gastric and duodenal pH significantly between rats induced by indomethacin.

Aspirin is currently the most widely used drug worldwide, and has been clearly one of the most important pharmacological achievements of the twentieth century. Historians of medicine have traced its birth in 1897, but the fascinating history of aspirin actually dates back >3500 years, when willow bark was used as a painkiller and antipyretic by Sumerians and Egyptians, and then by great physicians from ancient Greece and Rome. The modern history of aspirin precursors, salicylates, began in 1763 with Reverend Stone – who first described their antipyretic effects – and continued in the 19th century with many researchers involved in their extraction and chemical synthesis. Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann synthesized aspirin in 1897, and 70 years later the pharmacologist John Vane elucidated its mechanism of action in inhibiting prostaglandin production. Originally used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug, aspirin then became, for its antiplatelet properties, a milestone in preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aspirin story continues today with the growing evidence of its chemopreventive effect against colorectal and other types of cancer, now awaiting the results of ongoing primary prevention trials in this setting. This concise review revisits the history of aspirin with a focus on its most remote origins.

In Indonesia, red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) is usually used as topical pain reducer by directly applying the fresh rhizome. The aim of this research was to provide information regarding the pharmacological activity of Z. officinale var. Rubrum rhizome infusion on the rate of prostaglandin production. The Z. officinale var. Rubrum rhizome used in this research was purchased from Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Plants (Balittro) Manoko Lembang, West Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted by applying TMPD (N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-p-phenylendiamine) as the reagent. COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibitory activity can be seen from TMPD chromogenic changes that occur during PGG2 reduction to PGH2. Phytochemical screening showed that flavonoid, quinone, and monoterpenoid/sesquiterpenoid were detected in both dried rhizomes and the water extract. Three spots were detected on thin-layer chromatography system which employing chloroform-methanol (5:5) as the eluent. The rate of prostaglandin formations either by Z. officinale var. Rubrum rhizome infusion or acetylsalicylic acid on COX-1 is slower (at 25th minutes) rather than COX-2 (5th minutes). We concluded that the rhizome of Z. officinale var. Rubrum reduces the rate of prostaglandin production. The rhizome of red ginger reduces the rate of prostaglandin production, which is slower in COX-1 than in COX-2. This plant could be further developed as anti-inflammatory drug candidate. Keywords: acetosal, antiinflammation, cyclooxygenase, NSAIDs, red ginger

Synovium in tissue culture has a degradative effect on cartilage which is partly chemically mediated. This effect has been shown to be more marked in the inflammatory arthropathies. The possibility of similar effects of haemophilic synovium were investigated. Synovial tissue from patients with either chronic haemophilic arthropathy, rheumatoid arthritis or no inflammatory arthropathy was cultured. The prostaglandin production of the tissue in culture, and the effects of the haemophilic synovium conditioned medium (HCM) on human cartilage were compared. Results show that haemophilic synovium produces prostaglandin E in culture, at markedly higher levels (upto 872 pg/mg synovium/hour n = 11) compared with normal (maximum 217 pg/mg/hour; n = 3). The HCM also stimulated glycosaminoglycans breakdown and decreased retention of newly synthesised chondroitin sulphate (CS) in cartilage cultured in it when compared to the normal conditioned medium (NCM). Expressed as a percentage of CS in the whole culture system after 14 days co-culture, CS lost from the cartilage compared to controls was 11.7% (S.E. 3. 4, n = 6) for HCM and 1.8% (S.E. 0.6 n = 4) for NCM. In comparison in two rheumatoid conditioned media (RCM) the loss was 14.7% and 12.6%. a similar effect has been demonstrated for haemophilic synovium as has previously been reported for rheumatoid synovium.

Aim of this study was to present a simple, fast and reliable method to examine the capacity of NSAIDs to inhibiting COX-2 activity that uses rapid (stimulation takes only 5 h compared to other existing protocols) and routine testing. The assay includes elimination of COX-1-activity using ASS (a selective COX-1 inhibitor) and the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (TXBSI), COX-2 induction via LPS and measurement of PGE(2). Using TXBSI reduces the amount of LPS and results in higher prostaglandin production. Cremophor EL-EtOH was used as vehicle instead of DMSO because within a defined concentration range, Cremophor EL-EtOH allows even very hydrophobic drugs to be solubilized and applied in vitro without cell damage. Cremophor EL-EtOH at 0.2% was optimal as at this relatively low concentration excellent drug dissolution was obtained whereas many hydrophobic substances precipitate in 0.2% DMSO. Our results demonstrate that the IC(50) values for the tested NSAIDs are in the range of published data.

Senegal sole larvae were fed live prey enriched with different amounts of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) to re-evaluate the effect of these two fatty acids on flatfish pigmentation. Echium oil, a plant-derived oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (18:4n-3) was also used as a component of one of the enrichment emulsions. Although ARA content did not have any effect on growth there was a clear influence on pigmentation that correlated clearly with prostaglandin production. Inclusion of Echium oil, on the contrary, exerted a positive effect on pigmentation rate even though dietary ARA levels were as high as in the other emulsions. The relationships between dietary ARA levels and dietary ARA/EPA ratio, prostaglandin production and pigmentation are discussed.