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Presented within this paper are the findings and illustrated experimental results, for the extracting parameters of specific chemical solutions, used to represent the complicated permittivity and the loss tangent of liquids at microwave frequencies. In particular, the endothelial cells growth medium and Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) solution in the case of the experiment's sample were evaluated in 50 ml water-based solution at a test frequency between 200 MHz and 50 GHz. The vector network analyzer model E8361A was used for measuring complex reflection and permittivity coefficient parameters. From the numerical results, different values of the loss tangent were identified when compared with test samples of plain water in the frequency range of 200 MHz to 10 GHz. Findings obtained produced the same results in the 10 GHz as well as higher frequency ranges. Moreover, the research presents the characteristics, differential measurement results of growth medium used for human endothelial cells and DPBS, two of the most common solutions required for culturing cells in vitro. By enabling to distinguish sample characteristics in response to magnetic resonance, this method has potential to be applied for non-invasive and non-destructive analysis of biological samples in biology and medicine., QC 20230404

This AIP article is published under license by AIP: https://publishing.aip.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/AIPP-Author-License.pdfPublishing.https://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_termsofuse.html, Altres ajuts: ICN2 is supported by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya., The widespread use of nanostructures and nanomaterials has opened up a whole new realm of challenges in thermal management, but also leads to possibilities for energy conversion, storage, and generation, in addition to numerous other technological applications. At the microscale and below, standard thermal measurement techniques reach their limits, and several novel methods have been developed to overcome these limitations. Among the most recent, contactless photothermal methods have been widely used and have proved their advantages in terms of versatility, temporal and spatial resolution, and even sensitivity in some situations. Among them, thermoreflectance and Raman thermometry have been used to measure the thermal properties from bulk materials to thin films, multilayers, suspended structures, and nanomaterials. This Tutorial presents the principles of these two techniques and some of their most common implementations. It expands to more advanced systems for spatial mapping and for probing of non-Fourier thermal transport. Finally, this paper concludes with discussing the limitations and perspectives of these techniques and future directions in nanoscale thermometry.

Two-dimensional topological insulators (2D TIs) are a remarkable class of atomically thin layered materials that exhibit unique symmetry-protected helical metallic edge states with an insulating interior. Recent years have seen a tremendous surge in research of this intriguing new state of quantum matter. In this Perspective, we summarize major milestones and the most significant progress in the latest developments of material discovery and property characterization in 2D TI research. We categorize the large number and rich variety of theoretically proposed 2D TIs based on the distinct mechanisms of topological phase transitions, and we systematically analyze and compare their structural, chemical, and physical characteristics. We assess the current status and challenges of experimental synthesis and potential device applications of 2D TIs and discuss prospects of exciting new opportunities for future research and development of this fascinating class of materials.