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War newsreels distributed in France from 1914 to 1918 comprise a body of work which has long been ignored by traditional film historians. In order to draw attention to this material, this article, summarising many years of the author's work on the subject, places these films in their context of production and analyses them in detail, showing that they are valuable sources both for documenting the socio-cultural history of the time and for the history of the cinematograph. Keywords: Newsreels; propaganda film; cinematic representation of war; attraction; polysemic nature of images; emotional power; spectacular distraction; archival images., In France, when war broke out in August 1914, the newsreels already occupied a substantial place in cinemas. They interested the elite as well as the more popular audience. (1) [...]

In a provocative essay published in the Jewish monthly ha-Schiloah in 1907 under the title 'The Hidden Question', Yitzhak Epstein opened the public debate among the Jewish community in Palestine [...]

The Tudor monarchy's monopoly of printing--which had peaked in the 1530s when Thomas Cromwell sponsored writers to promote both the royal supremacy as well as the corresponding obligation of political [...]

The Victoria League, founded in 1901 as a result of the South African War, was the only predominantly female imperial propaganda society in Britain during the Edwardian period. To accommodate women's activism within the `man's world' of empire politics the League restricted its work to areas within woman's `separate sphere' while transforming them into innovative methods of imperial propaganda. Through philanthropy to war victims, hospitality to colonial visitors, empire education, and the promotion of social reform as an imperial issue, the League aimed to encourage imperial sentiment at home and promote colonial loyalty to the `mother country'. The League's relationship with its colonial `sister societies', the Guild of Loyal Women of South Africa and the Canadian Imperial Order, Daughters of the Empire, demonstrates both the primacy of the self-governing dominions in its vision of empire, and the importance of women's imperial networks. The Victoria League illustrates both significant involvement by elite women in imperial politics and the practical and ideological constraints placed on women's imperial activism.

This article examines the 1550 'The Complaynt of Scotland', published in Paris, and contributing to the propaganda war between England and Scotland during the minority of Mary, Queen of Scots. The author focuses on the less political chapter 6 with its description of Scottish shepherds and their wives entertaining themselves with songs that resist identification, including 'My hart is leiuit on the land', which appears in fragments in other manuscripts and was apparently quite popular in its time.

This article examines the use of mass culture by political elites to influence the political ethics of Americans in during World War II towards an internationalist and pro-British stance. Topics addressed include international cultural relations between Britain and the US, and the relationship between filmmakers, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association, and the US and British governments.

This article examines historical scholarship regarding the 'false Dmitrii', tsar of Russia from 1605-1606, during the Time of Troubles, questioning the popular assumption that he was an unpopular imposter. The author suggests that the 'real' Dmitri was a charismatic, popular warrior-prince who believed he was the real son of Ivan the Terrible, and the image of him as a frivolous and lascivious pawn was propaganda constructed by his enemies.

This article examines John Milton's theatrical use of nationalism in his work. The author asserts that Milton employed two types of thinking simultaneously and this has caused confusion among scholars of his diverse works; his rhetorical versatility and self-dramatization are seen as being theatrical.

Hannah More (1745-1833) made an important contribution to the developing art of propaganda in the period 1788-99. She first learned the techniques of the propaganda of agitation from her involvement in the movement for the abolition of the slave trade, though she devoted most of the 1790s to the propaganda of integration. In a large number of popular tracts she used fictional narratives to urge the poor to deference and the rising middle class to contentment. As an independent woman writer, much of her work was directed to the female sex, but her desire to see women play a more constructive role in society came to conflict with her fear of revolutionary ideas. Consciously aware of the techniques of propaganda, she saw these being used in radical literature, especially in German Romantic drama and in the works of Mary Wollstonecraft. One of the major purposes of her Strictures on... Female Education (1799) was to alert British women to the serious social and political dangers inherent in those forms of radical propaganda.

The independence movement in the Viceroyalty of New Granada during the 1800s is unique in the sense that printing presses and newspapers were established after, rather than before the outbreak of war. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that spoken words, in the form of political gossip and rumors, became the more powerful propagandistic tools since these were the least different from conventional means of communication.

The US Army Propaganda Subsection started the practice of psychological warfare for the first time in 1918. Captain Heber Blankenhorn, who commanded from American Expeditionary Force headquarters, made significant contributions in developing and organizing combat propaganda. The officers working with Blankenhorn developed an effective organisational structure between military leaders and the sites of combat, propaganda distribution methods and propaganda strategy, as well as writing and number of the leaflets used in World War I.

In the second half of the sixteenth century, increasing regulation of the English press served not only censorship purposes, but also facilitated production of materials the government wished to promote. Evidence from bibliographic records, diplomatic correspondence, and biographical accounts is pieced together to suggest the existence of a network of government and church officials, printers, translators, diplomats, and spies who channeled works into England from the Continent and helped see them into print. By this route, English language editions of large numbers of French propaganda works made their way into the hands of English readers. A discussion of recent work in the history of reading, the role of Gabriel Harvey as a facilitator, and the extensive use by Marlowe of French pamphlets in The Massacre at Paris demonstrates how themes from such imported literature might have had a strong influence on the minds of English readers

The official British government propaganda organizations started during the war years were formally dismantled, but did not disappear. Many mechanisms designed to promote and explain British policy at home and abroad were redistributed among other organizations, such as the Central Office of Information. While it is in the interest of British government public relations managers to present an image of neutral information provision and responsiveness to public opinion, the reality is that censorship and management of news continues.

John Buchan's 'Nelson's history of the war' is not just propaganda but an expression of his philosophy of life. He was a conservative who believed in the social hierarchy of pre-war England, a romantic who believed in codes of chivalry, and these are the values his book reflects. The contemporary stress on objective presentation of fact is not Buchan's way of presenting history. However, it is his prejudiced intrusions and flowery language which make the book seem like government-sponsored writing.

The use of propaganda during World War I was expected to demoralize the enemy population, rendering it unable to fight. Propaganda in the form of caricatures and cartoons were less effective in that role than in instilling ideas into the subconscious of the citizenry, particularly in Germany. Cartoonists of both sides ridiculed various images of their opponents in an effort to defame or belittle them in the eyes of the viewer. The success of this propaganda form is best demonstrated by the low esteem held by Germany for US will and fighting ability prior to World War II.

FOR UKRAINIAN CANADIAN LEFTISTS, the 1920s represented a golden age of domestic cultural production. The strict hierarchy that constituted the communist movement in the 1930s was not yet extant, and [...]

This article is concerned with a famous Japanese fairy tale, Momotaro, which was used during the war years in school readers as a primary part of nationalistic propaganda. The tale and its central motif are analyzed and traced back through history to its earliest forms. Heroes from legend and history offered perfect identification patterns and images for the propagation of state ideals that were spread through education, the military, and war propaganda. Momotaro subtly transmitted to young school pupils that which official Japan looked upon as the goal of its ideological education: through a fairy tale the gate to the "Japanese spirit" was opened.

Iain Fenlon explores how Catholic Europe's great 16th-century sea victory over the Turk was celebrated and propagandised. Question. What do the following have in common: a make of Spanish brandy, [...]

At the end of December 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson received a letter which began: `Dear Mr President. When I was a little boy, my father always told me that [...]

The article identifies the 'Acta Lanfranci' as propaganda defending the patriarchate of Canterbury, based on inconsistencies between its narrative and that produced by other evidence, and paleographical evidence that requires a later dating than that currently assumed.

Dutch Republic printed pamphlets, drama, visual imagery, and poetry are used to examine how the House of Orange incited and justified direct action by the common people in the absence of a stadtholder prince.

When I commented in 1979 on two 'captivity' tales written by Alexander Kellet as early spoofs of an emerging genre, the plagiaristic retellings of his 'Innocent Suicide' anecdote in American [...]

David Welch argues that propaganda has had an essential, and not always dishonourable, role in conduct of affairs in the twentieth century. PROPAGANDA,' SAID ITS MOST NOTORIOUS EXPONENT, Josef Goebbels, [...]