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Raelia M Lew,1,7 Leslie Burnett,2,3,4 Anné L Proos,2 Martin B Delatycki5,6 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, QEII Research Institute for Mothers and Infants, The University of Sydney, Australia; 2NSW Health Pathology North, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia; 3SEALS, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia; 4Sydney Medical School-Northern, Royal North Shore Hospital E25, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; 5Department of Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia; 6Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; 7Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Abstract: Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal, recessively inherited neurodegenerative condition of infancy and early childhood. Although rare in most other populations, the carrier frequency is one in 25 in Ashkenazi Jews. Australian high-school-based TSD preconception genetic screening programs aim to screen, educate, and optimize reproductive choice for participants. These programs have demonstrated high uptake, low psychological morbidity, and have been shown to result in fewer than expected Jewish TSD-affected births over 18 years of operation. The majority of Jewish individuals of reproductive age outside of the high school screening program setting in Australia have not accessed screening. Recent recommendations advocate supplementing the community high school screening programs with general practitioner- and obstetrician-led genetic screening of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals for TSD and other severe recessive diseases for which this group is at risk. Massively parallel DNA sequencing is expected to become the testing modality of choice over the coming years. Keywords: Tay-Sachs disease, genetic screening, Australia

Artiklis käsitleme asendiverbi seisma polüseemiat. Kasutame mõisteliste tunnuste hindamise katset uurimaks, kuidas eesti keele kõnelejad seisma eri tähendusi tajuvad. Palusime eesti keele kõnelejatel hinnata seisma tähenduste seotust viie tunnusega, mis peegeldavad füüsilise seismise kogemust: vertikaalsus, kontakt, tasakaal, võimelisus ja liikumisvõime. Kasutasime katses samu lauseid nagu Renate Pajusalu (2001a. Kas moos ja buss seisavad sarnaselt ehk väike katse verbiga „seisma“. Toim Reet Kasik, Keele kannul. Pühendusteos Mati Erelti 60. sünnipäevaks, 250–274. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus). Tulemusi analüüsisime klasteranalüüsi ja segamudeldamise teel. Klasteranalüüsis jagunesid laused rühmadesse, põhihargnemisega konkreetseteks ja abstraktseteks kasutusteks, mis omakorda jagunesid väiksemateks tähenduslikeks rühmadeks. Segamudelite abil leidsime, et rühmade tekkimisel olid statistiliselt olulised kõik viis tunnust (vertikaalsus, tasakaal, kontakt, võimelisus ja liikumisvõime). Erinevate statistiliste analüüside tulemusi kombineerides järeldasime, et kõige tugevamalt olid eesti keele kõnelejate jaoks füüsilised seisma tähendused seotud vertikaalsuse ja liikumisvõimega, kuid abstraktsete seisma tähenduste seotus tunnustega ei olnud nii selgepiiriline. See tulemus viitab asjaolule, et seisma abstraktsed tähendused ei tugine üheselt seismise füüsilisele kogemusele ning seos füüsilise seismise ja seisma abstraktsete tähenduste vahel vajab edasist uurimist. Abstract. Ann Veismann, Mariann Proos, Piia Taremaa: Are jam and bus still standing? Polysemy of seisma ‘to stand’ in Estonian and the physical experience of standing. The present paper takes the polysemy of the Estonian position verb seisma ‘to stand’ as its focus. We use a conceptual feature rating task to find out how Estonian speakers perceive the different meanings of seisma ‘to stand’. We used sentences from Renate Pajusalu (2001a. Kas moos ja buss seisavad sarnaselt ehk väike katse verbiga „seisma“. In Reet Kasik (ed.), Keele kannul. Pühendusteos Mati Erelti 60. sünnipäevaks, 250–274. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus) to represent the meanings and asked native Estonian speakers to rate the connection of these sentences to five features: verticality, contact, balance, enablement, and mobility. We applied hierarchical clustering and mixed-effects modelling to analyse the results. For Estonian speakers, verticality and ability to move are the features most connected to the physical experience of standing. Abstract meanings of seisma, however, did not show such uniform behaviour. This result suggests that the abstract meanings of seisma ‘to stand’ are not based on the physical experience of standing in a clear-cut manner, and that the connection between abstract meanings of seisma and the physical experience of standing requires more research attention.

An increase in South African domestic tourism could potentially be realised through offering locals easily accessible and affordable tourist products. Niche tourism may present this opportunity. Internationally numerous forms of niche tourism have started to emerge including battlefields, beach, beer, sex, and dark tourism. South Africa has much to offer for the niche tourism market, and one such product offering is artisanal beverage tourism. Artisanal beverage tourism includes beverages ranging from craft beer to vodka, gin, brandy, and rum. Artisanal beverage tourism is also a form of consuming local heritage and experiencing local history and cultures as reflected in drink. The papers main aim was to establish artisanal beverage tourist to the Free State province, typical profile, behaviour, and motivations. The research further identified marketing guidelines, and the need for the establishment of an artisanal beverage tourist route for the Free State province. Ten artisanal breweries/distilleries were identified in the Free State province, South Africa. The study made use of a quantitative research design. The population of the study was visitors to artisanal breweries/distilleries in the province. Questionnaires were administrated at several artisanal breweries/distilleries throughout the province where all patrons on the day of data collection were approached to complete a questionnaire. A total of 130 respondents completed the questionnaire.

A first-year undergraduate course at Uppsala University has been redesigned in a process exploring different levels of student participation. In the first part of the project, the student voice was heard through interviews focusing on the role of the course in the degree program. In the second part, a student-teacher team was formed to develop course curriculum and teaching material in partnership. Among the implemented changes were new seminars focusing on conceptual understanding, redesign of all lectures to include active student participation, and a change of the course literature. The redesigned course significantly increased student satisfaction compared to previous years. Important success factors were involvement of the student organization to promote the project, institutional support, early selection of concrete development tasks, and allowing team members to choose what they wanted to develop according to their own expertise.

Artiklis arutleme inimestelt semantilist leksikaalset infot koguva uurimuse peamiste probleemide üle. Kirjeldame katset, millega kogume konkreetsushinnanguid eestikeelsetele sõnadele. Artikli eesmärk on analüüsida semantiliste tunnuste hinnangutena kogumist kui meetodit tervikuna. Hinnangute kogumise metoodikat on vaja sisuliselt ja kriitiliselt hinnata, sest sellise info kogumine on nii keelepsühholoogia kui ka keeletehnoloogia valdkonnas aina olulisemal kohal. Esmalt käsitleme konkreetsust ja abstraktsust kui mõisteid ning seda, kuidas neid varem uuritud on. Seejärel anname ülevaate uuringutest, mis on kogunud konkreetsushinnanguid teiste keelte sõnade kohta ning toome välja selliste hinnangute peamised kasutusalad. Kolmandaks anname ülevaate eestikeelsete sõnade konkreetsushinnanguid koguvast katsest ning sellega kaasnevatest probleemidest nii sisu kui ka vormi osas. *** Collecting concreteness ratings for Estonian words This paper analyzes introspection as a method of collecting large amounts of semantic data from human participants. Semantic indexes, such as lexical concreteness ratings, are becoming increasingly predominant in current psycholinguistic and language technology research. However, human introspection and categorized semantic properties also constitute fields over which researchers traditionally quarrel. Hence, an analysis of the issues introduced by this methodology is needed, with the aim of sparking discussion and introducing doubt into overly confident frameworks, hopefully even leading to more uniform and solid research designs where fewer classic mistakes are made. In this paper, we first discuss the concepts of concreteness and abstractness as well as the usefulness of such lexical indexes, followed by the description of a vast experiment collecting concreteness ratings from at least 2000 Estonian speakers. In the main part of the paper, however, we discuss a number of stimulus-based and organisatory issues, which this method either inherently entails or might introduce, as well as make suggestions for overcoming them.

Astro-Tourism involves ‘using the natural resource of unpolluted night skies, and appropriate scientific knowledge for astronomical, cultural and environmental activities’. Astro-Tourism further includes specialised activities that differ from mass tourism, as tourists are exposed to knowledge-rich experiences. Well-known examples of Astro-Tourism destinations include Bryce Canyon National Park and Death Valley in the United States of America (USA). The Free State Gambling, Liquor and Tourism Authority (FSGLA) is the marketing arm of the Free State province and is responsible for attracting potential tourists to the province and solidifying the Free State as a destination of choice. Astro-Tourism has been identified as an opportunity to grow tourism in Bloemfontein and the Free State. This study found that Astro-Tourism is a niche product, and that the facilities currently on offer in Bloemfontein are in excellent condition and can potentially be further exposed to a broader audience through dedicated marketing initiatives and events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five cultivars of bread wheat and spelt and three of emmer were grown in replicate randomised field trials on two sites for two years with 100 and 200 kg nitrogen fertiliser per hectare, reflecting low input and intensive farming systems. Wholemeal flours were analysed for components that are suggested to contribute to a healthy diet. The ranges of all components overlapped between the three cereal types, reflecting the effects of both genotype and environment. Nevertheless, statistically significant differences in the contents of some components were observed. Notably, emmer and spelt had higher contents of protein, iron, zinc, magnesium, choline and glycine betaine, but also of asparagine (the precursor of acrylamide) and raffinose. By contrast, bread wheat had higher contents of the two major types of fibre, arabinoxylan (AX) and β-glucan, than emmer and a higher AX content than spelt. Although such differences in composition may be suggested to result in effects on metabolic parameters and health when studied in isolation, the final effects will depend on the quantity consumed and the composition of the overall diet.

Objectives Sierra Leone has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world. Timely and well-coordinated referrals are necessary to reduce delays in providing adequate care for women with obstetric complications. This study describes factors affecting timely and adequate referral of women with obstetric complications in rural areas of Sierra Leone as viewed by health workers in rural health facilities.Design Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews using open-ended questions. Data were analysed by systematic text condensation.Setting Interviews were held in nine peripheral health units in rural Sierra Leone.Participants 19 health workers including nurses, midwives and clinical health officers participated in nine interviews.Results From the interviews, four major themes describing possible factors of delay in referral of women in need of emergency obstetric care emerged: (1) communication between healthcare workers; (2) underlying influences on decision-making; (3) women’s compliance to referral and (4) logistic constraints.Several factors in rural Sierra Leone are perceived to complicate timely and adequate referral of women in need of emergency obstetric care. Notable among these factors are fear among women for being referred and fear among healthcare workers for having maternal deaths or severe obstetric complications occurring at their own facilities. Furthermore, decision-making of healthcare workers whether to refer a woman or not is negatively influenced by a hierarchical culture with high power distance between healthcare workers.Conclusion Factors identified that complicate timely and adequate referral of women in need of emergency obstetric care must be considered in efforts to reduce maternal mortality. Possible interventions that may reduce delay in referral include increased communication by mobile phones between health workers for advice and feedback regarding referrals, involvement of influential stakeholders to increase women’s compliance to referral, and consistent use of standardised management protocols.

A first-year undergraduate course at Uppsala University has been redesigned in a process exploring different levels of student participation. In the first part of the project, the student voice was heard through interviews focusing on the role of the course in the degree program. In the second part, a student-teacher team was formed to develop course curriculum and teaching material in partnership. Among the implemented changes were new seminars focusing on conceptual understanding, redesign of all lectures to include active student participation, and a change of the course literature. The redesigned course significantly increased student satisfaction compared to previous years. Important success factors were involvement of the student organization to promote the project, institutional support, early selection of concrete development tasks, and allowing team members to choose what they wanted to develop according to their own expertise.