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A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 30434T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Luoyang, Henan Province, PR China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and coccoid or short rods. The strain was found to be oxidase-positive and weakly catalase-positive. Strain CFH 30434T grew optimally at 28 °C, pH 7.0–9.0 and in the presence of up to 0–1.5 % NaCl (w/v). The whole-cell sugars were glucose, mannose and rhamnose. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-9(H8) and the major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids compositions) were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15:0 and iso-C14 : 0. The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 72.3 mol%. The results of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that CFH 30434T clustered within the family Promicromonosporaceae , and closely with the type strains of Xylanimicrobium pachnodae DSM 12657T, Myceligenerans crystallogenes DSM 17134T and Promicromonospora xylanilytica CCTCC AA 208046T (97.3 %, 96.2 and 95.9 % sequence similarities, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain CFH 30434T formed a separate evolutionary branch, and was parallel to other related genera of Promicromonosporaceae . Its phylogenetic distinctiveness and distinguishing phenotypic characteristics supported that strain CFH 30434T represents a novel genus of the family Promicromonosporaceae , for which the name Antribacter gilvus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 30434T (=CGMCC 1.13856T=KCTC 49093T).

Cultivation of the actinobacteria strain Isoptericola chiayiensis, a mangrove-derived actinobacteria that was isolated from a mangrove soil collected in Chiayi County, resulted in the isolation of one new 2-furanone derivative, isopterfuranone (1), one new sesquiterpenoid, isopterchiayione (2), one new benzenoid derivative, isopterinoid (3), five new flavonoids, chiayiflavans A-E (4-8), and 4 metabolites isolated for the first time from nature source, methyl 3-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-3-yl)propanoate (9), 3-ethyl-4-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione (10), chiayiensol (11) and chiayiensic acid (12). Their structures were determined through in-depth spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric analyses. Most of the isolates showed potent inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages cells with IC50 values ranging from 9.36 to 40.02 μM. Of these isolates, 4 and 5 showed NO inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 17.14 and 9.36 μM, stronger than the positive control quercetin (IC50 =36.95 μM). This is the first report on flavan metabolites from the genus Isoptericola.

A Gram-staining positive aerobic bacterium, designated TLY-12T, was isolated from the Pu-erh tea pile-fermentation process in Pu'er city, Yunnan, China. Strain TLY-12T grew at 15–37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0–11.0 (optimum, pH 9.0) and 0–9.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0%). The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, C16:0 and iso-C16:0. The respiratory quinone were menaquinones MK-9 (H2) and MK-9 (H4). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphoglycolipid (PGL), glycolipid (GL) and an unidentified phospholipid (PL). The peptidoglycan contained glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and lysine, with the last named being the diagnostic diamino acid. Whole-cell sugars of the isolate were ribose, galactose and glucose. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene showed that this strain belonged to the family Promicromonosporaceae, and was most closely related to Isoptericola cucumis DSM 101603 T, which gave sequence similarity of 97.9%. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 3.91 Mbp and a G + C content of 75.0%. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values were all below the species threshold of described Promicromonosporaceae species. Genome phylogenetic analysis showed that strain TLY-12T formed a separate evolutionary branch, and was parallel to other related genera of Promicromonosporaceae. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genome pairwise data, strain TLY-12T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus in the family Promicromonosporaceae, for which the name Puerhibacterium puerhi gen. nov, sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TLY-12T (= CGMCC 1.17157T = KCTC 49467T).

Choi, Jung-Hye, Cha, Ju-Hee, Bae, Jin-Woo, Cho, Jang-Cheon, Chun, Jongsik, Im, Wan-Taek, Jahng, Kwang Yeop, Jeon, Che Ok, Joh, Kiseong, Kim, Seung Bum, Seong, Chi Nam, Yoon, Jung-Hoon, Cha, Chang-Jun (2016): Report on 31 unrecorded bacterial species in Korea that belong to the phylum Actinobacteria. Journal of Species Research 5 (1): 1-13, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.001, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12651/jsr.2016.5.1.001

To screen the phylogenetically-nearest members of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans for the production of cellulosome-like multienzyme complexes and extracellular β-xylosidase activity against 7-xylosyltaxanes and to get corresponding molecular insights. Cellulosimicrobium (family Promicromonosporaceae) and all genera of the family Cellulomonadeceaec produced both cellulosome-like multienzyme complexes and extracellular β-xylosidase activity, while the other genera of the family Promicromonosporaceae did not. Multiple sequence alignments further indicated that hypothetic protein M768_06655 might be a possible key subunit. This is the first report that many actinobacteria species can produce cellulosome-like multienzyme complexes. The production of cellulosome-like complexes and the extracellular β-xylosidase activity against 7-xylosyltaxanes might be used to differentiate the genus Cellulosimicrobium from other genera of the family Promicromonosporaceae.

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic actinomycete, designated strain T6220-5-2bT, was isolated from a sample taken from a mouldy spot on the surface of a mural painting (the white tiger, Byakko) inside the stone chamber of Takamatsuzuka Tumulus in Asuka village, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the isolate, it was closely related to the genus Promicromonospora , but formed of a novel lineage within the family Promicromonosporaceae . The closest related species to strain T6220-5-2bT was Promicromonospora flava , with which it shared 99.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The isoprenoid quinone systems were menaquinones MK-9(H2), MK-9(H0) and MK-9(H4). The predominant cellular fatty acids for the isolate were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The peptidoglycan contained glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and lysine, with the last named being the diagnostic diamino acid. The cell-wall acyl type was acetyl. The major polar lipids of the isolate were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositolmannoside, two unknown phospholipids and an unknown phosphoglycolipid. Whole-cell sugars of the isolate were galactose, glucose and ribose. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 75.2 mol%. Based on the results of phylogenetic, physiological and biochemical analyses and DNA–DNA hybridization experiments, the isolate was considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Promicromonosporaceae , for which the name Krasilnikoviella muralis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Krasilnikoviella muralis is T6220-5-2bT (=JCM 28789T=NCIMB 15040T). The reclassification of Promicromonospora flava as Krasilnikoviella flava comb. nov. is also proposed with the emended description of this species.

Description of Isoptericola nanjingensis RS 5-5_B Cells are Gram-staining-positive, non-flagellated and coccoid­shaped. Colonies are circular, entire, smooth and light yellow­colored after 2 days on R2A at 30°C. Positive reactions are obtained for nitrate reduction, esculin hydrolysis and β-galactosidase in API 20NE, and negative reactions are obtained for indole production, glucose fermentation, arginine dihydrolase, urease and gelatinase. D­glucose, L­arabinose, D­mannose, D­mannitol, N ­acetyl­glucosamine, D­maltose and potassium gluconate are utilized. Does not utilize capric acid, adipic acid, malic acid, trisodium citrate and phenylacetic acid. Strain RS5­5_B (= NIBRBA0000113943) was isolated from a sample of ginseng field, Iljuk, Anseong, Korea., Published as part of Choi, Jung-Hye, Cha, Ju-Hee, Bae, Jin-Woo, Cho, Jang-Cheon, Chun, Jongsik, Im, Wan-Taek, Jahng, Kwang Yeop, Jeon, Che Ok, Joh, Kiseong, Kim, Seung Bum, Seong, Chi Nam, Yoon, Jung-Hoon & Cha, Chang-Jun, 2016, Report on 31 unrecorded bacterial species in Korea that belong to the phylum Actinobacteria, pp. 1-13 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.001, http://zenodo.org/record/8120360

Description of Cellulosimicrobium funkei NS 3-4_B Cells are Gram-staining-positive, non-flagellated and coccoid­shaped. Colonies are punctiform, entire, smooth and light yellow­colored after 2 days on NA at 30°C. Positive reactions are obtained for nitrate reduction, esculin hydrolysis and β-galactosidase in API 20NE, negative reactions are obtained for indole production, glucose fermentation, arginine dihydrolase, urease and gelatinase. D­glucose, L­arabinose, D­mannose, N ­acetyl­glucosamine, D­maltose and potassium gluconate are utilized. Does not utilize D­mannitol, capric acid, adipic acid, malic acid, trisodium citrate and phenylacetic acid. Strain NS3­4_B (= NIBRBA0000113954) was isolated from a sample of ginseng field, Iljuk, Anseong, Korea., Published as part of Choi, Jung-Hye, Cha, Ju-Hee, Bae, Jin-Woo, Cho, Jang-Cheon, Chun, Jongsik, Im, Wan-Taek, Jahng, Kwang Yeop, Jeon, Che Ok, Joh, Kiseong, Kim, Seung Bum, Seong, Chi Nam, Yoon, Jung-Hoon & Cha, Chang-Jun, 2016, Report on 31 unrecorded bacterial species in Korea that belong to the phylum Actinobacteria, pp. 1-13 in Journal of Species Research 5 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2016.5.1.001, http://zenodo.org/record/8120360

Xylanimonas cellulosilytica Rivas et al. 2003 is the type species of the genus Xylanimonas of the actinobacterial family Promicromonosporaceae. The species X. cellulosilytica is of interest because of its ability to hydrolyze cellulose and xylan. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence, and annotation. This is the first complete genome sequence of a member of the large family Promicromonosporaceae, and the 3,831,380 bp long genome (one chromosome plus an 88,604 bp long plasmid) with its 3485 protein-coding and 61 RNA genes is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.

Strain XLG9A10.2T was isolated from an alkaline salt marsh soil in western China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain XLG9A10.2T constitutes a distinct lineage within the family Promicromonosporaceae, sharing 94·8–95·1 % gene similarity with members of the genus Promicromonospora and 94·4–95·7 % similarity with those of Xylanimonas and related genera. The general colony and cell morphology of strain XLG9A10.2T is similar to that of members of Promicromonospora, but differs from members of the genus Xylanimonas in forming a well-developed branching mycelium and production of coccoid spores. Strain XLG9A10.2T shows the peptidoglycan type A4α (l-lys←l-thr←d-Glu), contains glucose, mannose and galactose as whole cell sugars and has MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6) as major menaquinones, while phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, three unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA base composition is 71·9 mol% G+C. On the basis of morphological, chemotaxonomic, metabolic and phylogenetic differences from other species of Promicromonosporaceae, a new genus and species, Myceligenerans xiligouense gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is XLG9A10.2T (=DSM 15700T=CGMCC 1.3458T.)

The monogeneric family Sanguibacteraceae, defined on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison and signature nucleotides, is a member of the order Micrococcales. Its precise 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic position among the other 14 families of the order has not yet been determined with confidence as this lineage branches with varying neighbors depending upon algorithms and selection of sequences used in the analyses. The monogeneric family Rarobacteraceae was included in this chapter as it branches adjacent to Sanguibacteraceae in several ML and NJ trees. The six species of Sanguibacter possess a DNA mol% G+C between 69 and 73 mol%, an A4a peptidoglycan type, the predominant menaquinone MK-9(H4), straight-chain saturated, as well as iso- and anteiso-methyl-branched fatty acids and resemble certain members of Cellulomonadaceae and Promicromonosporaceae. Some type strains were isolated from blood of apparently healthy cows while others were found in soil, sand, and sediment. An extended range of habitats was revealed by non-culture studies and encompasses terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Strains are medically nonrelevant and have limited application potential. The genus Rarobacter embraces two specieswithyeast-lysingabilities.Theornithine-containing peptidoglycan type is A4b, and menaquinones are fully unsaturated and oftheMK-9 type. Membersof thegenus mustbeconsidered rare actinobacteria as the literature mentions almost no additional cultures or 16S rRNA gene clones.

A bacterial strain, designated XIL07T, isolated from a decayed tree, Ulmus nigra, in Salamanca (Spain) produced abundant cellulases and xylanases. The micro-organism was Gram-positive, aerobic, coccoid and non-motile. Growth was observed on many carbohydrates, including cellulose and xylan as the sole carbon sources. No growth was observed with acetate, citrate, gluconate, inositol, malate or mannitol as carbon sources. The strain showed very weak catalase activity. HPLC analysis of menaquinones revealed two peaks: the main peak corresponded with MK-9(H4) and the smaller one with MK-8(H4). The major fatty acid found was anteiso-C15:0 (12-methyl tetradecanoic acid). Mycolic acids were absent. The polar lipids detected were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Peptidoglycan type was A4alpha, L-Lys-D-Asp. The cell-wall sugars detected were galactose and rhamnose. The complete 16S rDNA sequence of strain XIL07T was obtained and phylogenetic analysis based on the neighbour-joining method indicated that this bacterium belongs to the high-G + C-content Gram-positive bacteria and that the closest related genera are Promicromonospora and Cellulosimicrobium. The DNA G + C content was 73 mol%. According to the data obtained in this work, this bacterium belongs to a new genus in the family Promicromonosporaceae and the name Xylanimonas cellulosilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is strain XIL07T (=LMG 20990T =CECT 5975T).