Search

Objective: The present work is undertaken for phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Diplazium esculentum leaf's hydroalcoholic extract (DEHAe). Methods: Antioxidant activity was estimated by DPPH assay and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition was determined using Griess reagent. Diabetes was induced artificially by streptozotocin (STZ). DEHAe was administered orally to see its affect on fasting glucose level, lipid profile, biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzyme activity. Hepatoprotective activity was examined by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic injury method. Histological slides of pancreas were prepared to observe the histological changes. Results: The experiments yielded expected activity of the plant extract in animal model. IC50 value of DEHAe for in vitro antioxidant activity and NO inhibition activity was found to be 138.8 and 151.9 μg/mL respectively. Fasting blood glucose level was reduced 50.2% by DEHAe (500 mg/kg) in STZ induced diabetic rats. Significant normalization (p

Background Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) has a long history of use in herbal medicine with various applications, and the flower heads contain numerous secondary metabolites which are medicinally active. In the major crop plants, next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are intensely applied to exploit genetic resources, to develop genomic resources and to enhance breeding. Here, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) has been used in the non-model medicinal plant chamomile to evaluate the genetic structure of the cultivated varieties/populations, and to perform genome wide association study (GWAS) focusing on genes with large effect on flowering time and the medicinally important alpha-bisabolol content. Results GBS analysis allowed the identification of 6495 high-quality SNP-markers in our panel of 91 M. recutita plants from 33 origins (2–4 genotypes each) and 4 M. discoidea plants as outgroup, grown in the greenhouse in Gatersleben, Germany. M. recutita proved to be clearly distinct from the outgroup, as was demonstrated by different cluster and principal coordinate analyses using the SNP-markers. Chamomile genotypes from the same origin were mostly genetically similar. Model-based cluster analysis revealed one large group of tetraploid genotypes with low genetic differentiation including 39 plants from 14 origins. Tetraploids tended to display lower genetic diversity than diploids, probably reflecting their origin by artificial polyploidisation from only a limited set of genetic backgrounds. Analyses of flowering time demonstrated that diploids generally flowered earlier than tetraploids, and the analysis of alpha-bisabolol identified several tetraploid genotypes with a high content. GWAS identified highly significant (P

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia generally associated with oxidative stress. The present study aims to evaluate the hypoglycaemic activity of hydro-ethanolic (3:7) leaf extracts of Tetrastigma angustifolia (Roxb.) (Family: Vitaceae) to streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar albino rats. The blood glucose level was measured using single touch blood glucose test strips and glucometer on weekly intervals until the end of 21st day. Other blood parameters like total lipid and liver profiles were investigated after oral administration of extracts to diabetic rats after the treatment of three weeks. The Histopathological changes of the diabetic and vehicle control rats were also investigated in this study. Daily oral administration of hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts (HSE 250 mg/kg & 500 mg/kg body weight) and metformin hydrochloride (5 mg/kg body weight) showed improvement effect on blood glucose level as well as hyperlipidaemia and liver functions due to streptozotocin induced diabetes (Type II). The extract has beneficial effects to maintain the animal body weight and has the regenerating power to pancreatic cells. The hydro-alcoholic leaf extracts dose fractions of Tetrastigma angustifolia (Roxb.) exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activities. The extract showed improvement in parameters like body weight and lipid profiles as well as regeneration of â-cells of pancreas and so might be of value for the treatment of diabetes (Type- II).

STRUCTURE* analysis (K = 4) including outgroup M. discoidea (last 4 samples, blue) reveals strict genetic separation from M. recutita. * The genotypes are represented by the vertical bars, whereas the different colours indicate the four genetic clusters. (DOCX 48 kb)

Alpha-bisabolol in relation to the average heterozygosity for all polymorphic SNPs for the chamomile genotypes. The high alpha-bisabolol rich genotypes displayed an elevated level of heterozygosity, but more genotypes with the same level of heterozygosity contained no alpha-bisabolol (R2 = 0.056). The underlying data are listed in Additional file 16: Table S7. The two datasets used: (1) demultiplexed fasta-file of the barcoded reads for each genotype and. (2) the matrix for the filtered 6495 SNPs will be made publicly available after acceptance via e!DAL ( http://edal.ipk-gatersleben.de ) with a proprietary DOI, and during the revision process sent on request by the corresponding author. (DOCX 55 kb)

Genomic heritability: result from analysis 20 times with 5-fold cross validation (DOCX 13 kb)

STRUCTURE analysis assuming 3 clusters (K = 3). * The genotypes are represented by the vertical bars, whereas the different colours indicate the three genetic clusters (Additional file 5: Table S1). (DOCX 48 kb)

Average ploidy level for the groups of plants organized according to their number of main STRUCTURE-clusters (> = 9.5%). (DOCX 35 kb)

PCoA analysis of the 91 samples M. recutita coloured according to (a) ploidy, (b) geographic origin, (c) flowering time. (a) ploidy. (b) geographic origin. (c) flowering time. PCoA performed as described in Additional file 1: Fig. S1. (a): red: diploid, green: tetraploid (b) code for geographic origin see Table 1 (c) start flowering from days after sowing (DAS): 1 (78 DAS - 107 DAS), 2 (108 DAS - 200 DAS), 3 (201 DAS - 260 DAS), 4 (261 DAS - 298 DAS), 1–2: short day conditions; 3–4: long day conditions. (DOCX 431 kb)

Calculation of Delta K according to Evanno et al. (2005) by structure harvester for K = 1 to 15 (Earl and von Holdt 2012; K = number of clusters) determines values of 3 and 7 to fit the data best (DOCX 25 kb)

The different genetic clusters (K = 7) from the STRUCTURE analysis for the chamomile genotypes. (DOCX 18 kb)

STRUCTURE* analysis assuming 7 clusters (K = 7), organized according to Table 2. * The genotypes are represented by the vertical bars and the different origins are separated by vertical black lines, whereas the different colours indicate the seven genetic clusters (Additional file 5: Table S1). The top row indicates the geographical origin (upper) and ploidy (lower) for each sample according to Table 1 (DOCX 516 kb)

To investigate the pharmacognostic parameter, physico-chemical parameters, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening, and Thin Layer Chromatographic analysis of the stem barks of the plant Embilica officinalis Gaertn. The air-dried and powder bark of the plant Embilica officinalis Gaertn (Euphorbiaceae) were studied by morphology, microscopy, florescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and thin layer analysis of powdered drug. Other physicochemical parameters were also performed as per WHO guidelines. The dried powder leaves were investigated by morphology. The results of physic-chemical parameters such as loss on drying, ash values and extractive values, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC are summarized here. The present information on the pharmacognostic evaluation of the plant drug Embilica officinalis Gaertn delivered the qualitative and quantitative parameters serve the important information to the identity and to determine the quality and purity of the plant material in the future. It also signify the important information of the closely related other species and varieties. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.

Significant SNPs for the traits flowering time (ft, 9 SNPs) and alpha-bisabolol content (bis, 72 SNPs)*. * The SNPs for the traits flowering time (ft, 9 SNPs) and alpha-bisabolol content (bis, 72 SNPs) are contained in 5 and 60 different DNA-sequences, respectively. The sequences in the table are organized according to the p-value. ** Red letters in the sequence indicate the SNPs identified for this sequence, whereas bold red letters indicate the actual SNP for which the data are given in the corresponding line and for which the other alleles are listed in the fourth column. The single-letter IUPAC nucleotide code is used. (DOCX 23 kb)

PCoA analysis of the 95 samples reveals the outgroup M. discoidea to be clearly distinct from M. recutita. Colours: green: outgroup from M. discoidea (701_01, MD1_04, MD1_05, MD1_06); red: homogenous group of 14 tetraploid origins (007_02, 007_03, 007_04, 008_02, 008_04, 008_05, 011_01, 011_04, 011_05, 013_04, 013_06, 014_04, 014_05, 016_02, 016_04, 019_01, 019_03, 021_02, 021_03, 021_05, 022_01, 022_02, 022_04, 022_06, 023_01, 023_02, 023_03, 024_02, 024_03, 024_05, 024_07, 027_02, 027_03, 027_04, 032_01, 032_04, 032_05, 033_03, 033_05); blue: rather diverse group consisting of all remaining samples. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA, Gower 1966) based on one Euclidean distance matrix termed modified Rogers’ distance (mRD, Wright 1978; Goodman and Stuber 1983; Reif et al. 2005) as another presentation of population structure. The specific algorithm was illustrated in Reif et al. 2005. Corresponding programming is executed in R (R Core Team 2013). References: Goodman M M, Stuber C W. Races of maize. 6: Isozyme variation among races of maize in Bolivia[R]. 1983. Gower JC (1966) Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika. 53(3–4):325–338. R Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3–900,051–07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/. Reif J C, Melchinger A E, Frisch M. Genetical and mathematical properties of similarity and dissimilarity coefficients applied in plant breeding and seed bank management[J]. Crop Science, 2005, 45(1): 1–7. Wright, S. 1978. Evolution and genetics of populations. Vol. IV. The Univ. of Chicago Press. (DOCX 62 kb)

PCoA analysis of the 95 samples reveals the outgroup M. discoidea to be clearly distinct from M. recutita. Colours: green: outgroup from M. discoidea (701_01, MD1_04, MD1_05, MD1_06); red: homogenous group of 14 tetraploid origins (007_02, 007_03, 007_04, 008_02, 008_04, 008_05, 011_01, 011_04, 011_05, 013_04, 013_06, 014_04, 014_05, 016_02, 016_04, 019_01, 019_03, 021_02, 021_03, 021_05, 022_01, 022_02, 022_04, 022_06, 023_01, 023_02, 023_03, 024_02, 024_03, 024_05, 024_07, 027_02, 027_03, 027_04, 032_01, 032_04, 032_05, 033_03, 033_05); blue: rather diverse group consisting of all remaining samples. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA, Gower 1966) based on one Euclidean distance matrix termed modified Rogers’ distance (mRD, Wright 1978; Goodman and Stuber 1983; Reif et al. 2005) as another presentation of population structure. The specific algorithm was illustrated in Reif et al. 2005. Corresponding programming is executed in R (R Core Team 2013). References: Goodman M M, Stuber C W. Races of maize. 6: Isozyme variation among races of maize in Bolivia[R]. 1983. Gower JC (1966) Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika. 53(3–4):325–338. R Core Team (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3–900,051–07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/. Reif J C, Melchinger A E, Frisch M. Genetical and mathematical properties of similarity and dissimilarity coefficients applied in plant breeding and seed bank management[J]. Crop Science, 2005, 45(1): 1–7. Wright, S. 1978. Evolution and genetics of populations. Vol. IV. The Univ. of Chicago Press. (DOCX 62 kb)

Significant SNPs for the traits flowering time (ft, 9 SNPs) and alpha-bisabolol content (bis, 72 SNPs)*. * The SNPs for the traits flowering time (ft, 9 SNPs) and alpha-bisabolol content (bis, 72 SNPs) are contained in 5 and 60 different DNA-sequences, respectively. The sequences in the table are organized according to the p-value. ** Red letters in the sequence indicate the SNPs identified for this sequence, whereas bold red letters indicate the actual SNP for which the data are given in the corresponding line and for which the other alleles are listed in the fourth column. The single-letter IUPAC nucleotide code is used. (DOCX 23 kb)