Search

Abstract We present data on the distribution of seven wasp families, Ceraphronidae, Diapriidae, Ismaridae, Megaspilidae, Platygastridae, Proctotrupidae and Scelionidae, collected in Georgia (Sakartvelo). Thirty-three genera are recorded for the first time from Georgia and 25 of them for the Caucasus. From these, 16 species level taxa are newly recorded in Georgia, and 14 identified species are new records for the Caucasus. This brings the number of known insect species in the Lagodekhi Protected Area (LPA) to 1682.

Astarteserphus grimaldii sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Holotype. ♀, AMNH LB-AE-137, deposited in the amber collection, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA. Etymology. The specific epithet honors our dear friend and colleague, David A. Grimaldi, for his decades of collaboration, friendship, and breadth of important contributions to the study of living and fossil insects. Diagnosis. As for the genus (vide supra). Locality and horizon. Lebanon: Bcharreh District, Bcharreh Mountains, Lower Cretaceous, A. Estephan coll. Description. ♀: Total body length (as preserved) 1.08 mm; forewing length 0.75 mm, maximum width 0.32 mm (length about 2.34× width). Integument dark brown to black throughout except palpi light brown. Head apparently slightly wider than long (direct frontal view not possible as preserved), integument apparently smooth with dense setigerous punctures, head with abundant, fine, short setae although apparently less abundant on lower face; compound eyes comparatively small, occupying only about 50% of lateral head surface, hirsute, ocular setae about as long as setae of remainder of head, inner ocular margins roughly parallel; malar space elongate, almost as long as compound eye and longer than mandible, with faint indication of malar sulcus at margin; mandible short, triangular, with acute apical tooth, without subapical teeth, upper margin slightly concave; maxillary palpus tetramerous; labial palpus trimerous; clypeus short, half-moon shaped, apical margin straight, width subequal to mandible length; antenna long, apex extending in repose to petiole; antennal toruli separated from clypeal base by about 3× torular diameter; scape short, robust, length 1.7× apical width; pedicel short, length 1.1× apical width and about 0.5× length of scape; flagellomeres I–VII each slightly longer than wide, flagellomeres VIII–X each about as long as wide, flagellomere XI enlarged, length 1.8× its maximum width; flagellomere I longer than pedicel and slightly longer than flagellomeres II–X, flagellomeres II–VII subequal in lengths, flagellomeres VIII–X subequal in lengths; flagellomeres I–VII of subequal widths, flagellomeres VIII–IX of subequal widths and slightly wider than preceding flagellomeres; flagellomere XI slightly wider than all preceding flagellomeres and about as wide as scape; flagellomeres with fine, short, subdecumbent to suberect setae; vertex gently arched above upper tangent of compound eyes, ocelli in small triangle at about upper tangent of compound eyes. Mesosoma longer than high, length 1.5× height; propleura producing a short neck; mesoscutum smooth, with scattered minute punctures, with notauli present as shallow furrows extending to posterior margin of mesoscutum, furrow more deeply impressed in anterior half, notauli simple (not areolate or foveolate), surface of mesoscutum gently arched and tapering anteriorly to meet pronotal posterior margin withoutdefinedanteriordeclivity;mesoscutumwithabundant, short (of similar lengths to ocular setae), fine, suberect, posteriorly sloped setae; mesoscutellum comparatively flat, sculptured as on mesoscutum, length approximately 0.5× mesoscutal length; metanotum not visible as preserved; dorsal surface of propodeum comparatively short, seemingly about as long as mesoscutellum, sculpturing of dorsal surface not visible as preserved, lateral surface apparently finely and irregularly areolate (ridges of individual areolae low); mesepisternum largely smooth with minute punctures although appearing faintly imbricate above; metepisternum as on mesepisternum, without demarcated area of smooth, polished, shiny integument compared to remainder of metepisternal surface. Forewing length about 2.3× maximum width, with venation reduced, with only Sc+R, pterostigma, and r-rs sclerotized, 3Rs nebulous and darkly pigmented, all other veins, inclusive of C, lacking (not even present as spectral veins); pterostigma of modest size, triangular, length about 1.5× depth; r-rs originated at about pterostigmal midlength, length less than pterostigmal width; 3Rs short, straight, forming short marginal cell, apical margin of marginal cell distinctly shorter than pterostigmal length, pterostigmal length 1.8× marginal cell length along anterior wing margin; wing membranes hyaline and clear, with modest abundance of microtrichia, wing margins with marginal microtrichia numerous and short along anterior margin from pterostigma to apex, such setae longer along apex and rounded apex of posterior margin, then shorter again along posterior wing margin, anterior wing margin proximal to pterostigma with scattered, fine setae longer than marginal microtrichia but not as long as apical setae. Hind wing with only Sc+R present, with marginal microtrichia numerous along anterior wing margin, becoming elongate setae at apex and along apical third of posterior margin, then reducing in size again for remaining proximal portion of posterior wing margin. Legs generally slender and with scattered erect to suberect, fine setae, those of tibiae more numerous than femoral setae; tibiae and femora long and slightly widening apically; trochantellus lacking; tibiae about as long as corresponding femora; tibial spur formula 1-2-2, spurs simple, outer metatibial spur distinctly shorter than inner metatibial spur; metafemur slightly swollen medially; basitarsi longer than each remaining tarsomere’s individual lengths, basitarsi about as long as combined lengths of tarsomeres II–IV, basitarsal lengths about 1.4–1.5× corresponding tarsomere V lengths; pretarsal claws simple and thin; arolium present, large. Metasoma with metasomal tergum I and sternum I short, fused, forming short petiole, petiole shorter than metacoxa and visible from above, sculpturing distorted as preserved but apparently longitudinally striate; remaining terga smooth and largely glabrous; terga II–IV fused to form syntergum although two faint furrows run transversely across syntergum likely indicating points of fusion between original terga II, III, and IV; terga V–VII roughly subequal in length, not as high as syntergum, tergum VII shortening in height apically to meet tergum VIII; tergum VIII reduced, shorter than preceding segment and approximately 0.5× as high as base of tergum VII; sterna I–IV seemingly fused; ovipositor sheaths downcurved and gently arched apically, with scattered, long, erect, fine setae ventrally, without evident sculpturing. ♂: Latet.

Astarteserphus gen. nov. Type species. Astarteserphus grimaldii sp. nov. Etymology. The new genus-group name is a combination of the Ancient Greek name for the Near Eastern goddess Ἀστάρτη / Astártē (particularly worshipped among the Phoenicians) and Serphus Schrank (from Ancient Greek σέρΦΟΣ / sérphos, meaning, “small winged insect” and at the time likely referring to gnats), the latter a historical name for Proctotrupes Latreille. The gender of the name is masculine. Diagnosis. As for the subfamily (vide supra).

Astarteserphinae subfam. nov. Type genus. Astarteserphus gen. nov. Diagnosis. The subfamily is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: Females with head broad, slightly wider than long; antennal toruli separated from clypeal base by about 3× torular diameter; scape short; flagellomere XI enlarged; compound eyes short, occupying upper portion of lateral head surface, hirsute, inner ocular margins roughly parallel; malar space elongate, nearly as long as compound eye and longer than mandible; mandible simple, without subapical teeth; maxillary palpus tetramerous; labial palpus trimerous; occipital carina wholly lacking (neither present dorsally nor laterally). Mesoscutum with notauli present as shallow furrows extending to posterior margin of mesoscutum; metepisternum without demarcated smooth polished area. Forewing with only Sc+R, pterostigma, and rrs as sclerotized veins; C absent, thus costal cell open along entire anterior length (marginal cell only closed cell); 3Rs nebulous, short, straight, forming short marginal cell shorter than pterostigma. Metasoma with metasomal tergum I and sternum I short, fused, forming short petiole, petiole visible from above; terga II–IV fused to form syntergum, with two faint furrows running transversely across syntergum indicating points of fusion between original terga II, III, and IV.

Cresogmus grimaldii Rasnitsyn & Kolyada gen. et sp. nov. is described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber in the tribe Disogmini (subfamily Proctotrupinae) as the first representative of the family Proctotrupidae encased in Burmese amber. This new genus is diagnosed by the occipital carina extending to the lower half of the head, the pronotum lacking an epomia, the pterostigma short, the petiole open but very short, the ovipositor wide and bent throughout, with its apex widely rounded. Diagnostic characters of Disogmini are revised.

Cresogmus grimaldii Rasnitsyn & Kolyada sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6A725B80-1483-4107-88BF-45E9BD135927 Holotype. Female, PIN no. 5620/144, complete but somewhat distorted (laterally compressed and otherwise deformed) insects with integuments degraded, surface sculpture modified and not well visible. Etymology. The species is named to honor David Grimaldi. Diagnosis. As for genus. Locality and horizon. Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, Myanmar; mid-Cretaceous. Description. General color dark fuscous, with antennae, knees, tibiae, tarsi and ovipositor sheaths less dark. Surface sculpture distorted and difficult to reliably describe. Head form somewhat distorted, as preserved longer than high and wide, with eyes rather small, subcircular, weakly convex, in lateral view distant from hind head margin for almost eye length, with two hind ocelli visible distant from all eyes, antennal bases, hind head margin and from each other. Occipital carina low but distinct along all hind head margin visible. Antennal attachments distinctly apart from each other, margined with small ridges medioventrally, distant from both eyes and clypeus. Clypeus rectangular, slightly wider than long, with fore and, partially, lateral sides margined, with fore margin slightly emarginate. Antenna with scape longer than other antennomeres, pedicel hardly visible, flagellum apparently widened apically (unless due to compression); length ratio of antennomeres (very tentatively because of deformation, possibly uneven, and improper position in amber) 1:0.2:0.7:0.7:0.7:0.7:0.7:0.7:0.65:0.55:0.55:0.8. Labrum, if correctly identified, long, wide, with narrow base. Mandible of usual proctotrupine form (short sicklelike with sharp apex). Maxillary palp with five long, narrow segments visible. Pronotum moderately long medially on fore declivity of mesosoma, with spiracle at its surface near to its upper and hind margins, with impressed posterior area with vertical row of several (apparently 5) tubercles and imperfectly visible subvertical crease outlining possible rudiment of netrion (= postspiracular sclerite sensu Rasnitsyn, 1980: 86 and Shcherbakov, 1980; = interpleurite, prepectus sensu Gibson, 1993). Notauli percurrent, wide, with no distinct signs of being transcostate; scutellum long, with prescutellar fossa(e) not well visible; metanotum long, weakly convex in side view, with slit (hidden metapostnotum) delimiting it with propodeum; propodeum evenly, gently arching down to metasomal base, extending behind hind coxal attachment for near half hind coxa length. Propleura not well visible, mesopleuron with transverse groove apparently distinct in hind half and fan-like widened before, apparently with no other gross sculpture; metapleuron apparently longitudinally costate in fore half, propodeal sculpture not clear; distance of mesosomal articulation of hind coxa to that of mid coxa three times that to metasomal articulation. Legs apparently thin (deformed by compression), with tibiae apparently subequal or slightly longer than respective femora, and tarsi apparently so in respect to their tibiae (varying at figures because of deformation and improper position in amber); trochantelli delimited, tibial spurs 1:2:2, each pair of subequal length, basitarsus subequal to three mid tarsomeres combined, tarsomeres 3 and 4 of similar lengths, claw thin, simple, gently curved, arolium slightly longer than claw; fore tibial spur evenly slightly bent, bifid apically; fore basitarsus slightly excised almost over all its length, with row of 13 erect setae of subequal length along excision. Forewings somewhat deformed (particularly left one), with only C, R, 2r-rs and RS behind and shortly before 2r-rs tubular, with only cells c and 3r closed, pterostigma semicircular, with 2r-rs slightly behind its middle, 2r-rs about twice as long as wide, RS before 2r-rs about as long as 2r-rs as tubular, further continuing as nebulous for similar distance; cell 3r as long as pterostigma (0.75× so along wing margin), C extending shortly behind 3r apex. Hind wing with only C+R tubular for distance equal to length of pterostigma and with distinct but colorless section of anal vein near wing midlength, with three hamuli, one (basal) gently bent and two hook-like. Metasoma long, with petiole short but distinct, syntergum taking half of its visible length, following three terga (one elongate, another almost as long as high, third very short in lateral view), all lacking visible sculpture, spiracles, traces of fusion and other important features; ovipositor sheaths evenly wide except apically, strongly, evenly bent down except in basal third, widely rounded apically. Ovipositor extending subapically (a deformation occurring sometimes with encasement in resin as well as with alcohol storage: normally ovipositor protrudes only between apices of sheaths; Townes & Townes, 1981: 8), with apex very thin, sharp, bearing traces of oblique notch. Measurements (in mm, tentative because of deformations). Body length (without antennae and ovipositor) 2.15, head length 0.36, antenna length ca. 1, mesosoma length 0.8, height 0.31, forewing length 1.2, width 0.57, fore femur length 0.3, tibia 0.32, tarsus 0.31, mid femur 0.35, tibia 0.31, tarsus 0.36, hind femur 0.31, tibia 0.44, tarsus 0.33, dorsal length of syntergum and visible free terga 0.61, 0.33, 0.11, 0.02, length of ovipositor sheath 0.23, width at midlength 0.05., Published as part of RASNITSYN, ALEXANDR P., KOLYADA, VIKTOR A., VORONTSOV, DMITRY D. & ÖHM-KÜHNLE, CHRISTOPH, 2022, The first Proctotrupidae (Hymenoptera) in Burmese amber, with description of a new genus and species, pp. 445-451 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on pages 449-450, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7333709, {"references":["Townes, H. & Townes, M. (1981) A revision of the Serphidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 32, 1 - 541. http: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 24336"]}

Key to subfamilies and tribes of Proctotrupidae 1. Forewing with 3Rs typically short to of modest length, forming short marginal cell, marginal cell along anterior wing margin typically shorter than pterostigma, if as long as pterostigma, then pterostigma comparatively narrow and distinctly less than 1.75× width of costal cell; sclerotized spot (medial sclerite) absent; preoccipital carina present (either complete or present only dorsally) or absent; ovipositor decidedly downcurved; syntergum at most with setae laterally, lateral margins short largely or entirely covering synsternum..........................................................................2 –. Forewing with 3Rs elongate, forming long marginal cell, marginal cell along anterior wing margin about as long as pterostigma, which itself is large, about 2× width of costal cell; sclerotized spot (medial sclerite) present at juncture of where M+Cu and 1M would meet; preoccipital carina scarcely evident; ovipositor not downcurved, projecting caudally in line with longitudinal axis of metasoma; syntergum hirsute, with lateral margins short and thus exposing synsternum [type genus: Heloriserphus Masner; couplet serves as diagnosis].............. Heloriserphinae subfam. nov. 2(1). Forewing C present, at least as pigmented trace, enclosing distinct costal cell; preoccipital carina present, at least dorsally if not fully; notauli typically absent or if present, then incomplete, faint, or represented by anterolateral pits or depressions.............................................................................3 –. Forewing C wholly absent, thus costal cell open along entire anterior margin; preoccipital carina absent, area wholly rounded; notauli present and complete [type genus: Astarteserphes gen. nov.]............. Astarteserphinae subfam. nov. 3(2). Forewing without M+Cu and 1A; scape without dorsoapical spine or process [Proctotrupinae Latreille]...................4 –. Forewing with M+Cu and 1A present as distinct nebulous veins; scape with distinct dorsoapical spine or process [type genus: Austroserphus Dodd]..........Austroserphinae Kozlov 4(3). Forewing 2Rs absent or present as short tubular or nebulous stub; preoccipital carina typically complete, extending laterally; notauli variable, but absent to virtually absent aside from pits or shallow grooves; metepisternum typically with smooth, polished area of integument of variable size, but sometimes absent; metasoma subsessile or petiolate; ovipositor variable...................................................................5 –. Forewing 2Rs nearly complete as nebulous vein; preoccipital carina present only dorsally; notauli present, typically extending beyond mesoscutal midlength; metepisternum without smooth, polished area of integument; metasoma petiolate; ovipositor long and slender [type genus: Disogmus Förster]............................................ Disogmini Kozlov 5(4). Metepisternum with large area of smooth, polished, and glabrous integument; notauli typically short and represented by anterolateral pits or weakly impressed grooves; metasoma typically subsessile [type genus: Cryptoserphus Kieffer].............................................Cryptoserphini Kozlov –. Metepisternum lacking smooth, glabrous area or, if present, then area small; notauli absent or represented by broadly shallow impressions but never as grooves; metasoma petiolate [type genus: Proctotrupes Latreille]................................................Proctotrupini Latreille, Published as part of ENGEL, MICHAEL S., HERHOLD, HOLLISTER W. & BARDEN, PHILLIP, 2022, A proctotrupid wasp in Lebanese Lower Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae), pp. 439-444 in Palaeoentomology 5 (5) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7333697

The first fossil proctotrupid wasp in Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber is described and figured. Astarteserphus grimaldii gen. et sp. nov. is distinguished from all other living and fossil Proctotrupidae and placed into its own subfamily, Astarteserphinae subfam. nov. A key is presented to the living and fossil subfamilies and tribes of Proctotrupidae, and a brief discussion is provided on the unique features and diminutive size of the fossil.

Abe, Junta, Kolyada, Victor (2021): First record of the genus Phoxoserphus Lin, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae) from Japan. Zootaxa 5057 (4): 597-600, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5057.4.10

Phoxoserphus chikoi Lin, 1988 (Figs. 2–7) Phoxoserphus chikoi Lin, 1988: 22. Holotype: female, Sungkang (Taiwan) (TARI) Diagnosis. Female. Body, including pronotal plate, sparsely haired; in front view, pronotal corner distinctly projecting; in lateral view, upper anterior margin with short, straight carina, and with pit just low end; scrobe smooth; its upper part with few scattered hairs (Fig. 3). Ovipositor sheath about 0.66 times as long as hind tibia, and about 7.7 times as long as width at midpoint (Fig. 5). Male. Similar to female, but flagellomeres with long erect hairs; tyloids small, circular, found on segments 2–8. Distribution. Palaearctic Region: Japan, new record (Kyushu and Ryukyus); Oriental Region: Taiwan. Host. Unknown. Specimen examined. Type material. Paratypes, Taiwan: 1♂ 1♀ (CNCI). Non-type material. Japan: [Kyushu] Fukuoka Pref., 1♀, Fukuoka-shi, Mt. Tachibana, 21 IV 1977, K. Konishi (NIAES); Fukuoka C., Mt. Tachibana: pond, YPT, 31 XII 1993, H. Honda (ELKU); 1♀, Fukuoka C., Mt. Tachibana: 2nd forest, YPT, 15 I 1994, H. Honda (ELKU); 1♀, Nishi-ku, Motooka, 15 IV 2019, J. Abe leg. (ELKU); 1♀, Fukuoka-shi, Nishi-ku, Myôbaru, Kanetsuki-yama, 33.563N, 130.265E, 200 m, 7 IV 2020, K. Nishiya leg. (ELKU); 2♂ 3♀, Itoshima-shi, Iwara-yama, An-no-taki, 33.483N, 130.254E, 500 m, 14 IV 2020, K. Nishiya leg. (ELKU); 1♀, Iizuka City, Ae, 33.5644ºN, 130.6427ºE, 2 I 2020, Yu Hisasue leg. (ELKU); 1♂ 1♀, Itoshima-shi, Zuibaiji, Mt. Iwara, alt. 250 m, 33.495ºN, 130.250ºE, YP-FIT, 3–6 IV 2021, T. Hashizume leg. (ELKU); 1♂, Itoshima-shi, Zuibaiji, Mt. Iwara, 33.487ºN, 130.252ºE, alt. 380 m, 8 IV 2021, J. Abe leg. (ELKU); 1♂ 1♀, same locality data, 10 IV 2021, J. Abe leg. (ELKU); 2♂ 1♀, same locality data, 14 IV 2021, J. Abe leg. (ELKU). Nagasaki Pref., 2♂, Nagasaki C., Suwa shrine, TF, 21 I 1984, S. Nomura (ELKU). [Ryukyus] Kagoshima Pref., 1♀, Is. Yaku-shima, Hinokuchi, 27–30 III 1971, K. Yamagishi leg. (ELMU); 2♀, Kagoshima Pref., Is. Yaku-shima, Miyanoura, 5–6 IV 1971, K. Yamagishi leg. (ELMU). Remarks. According to Lin (1988), all paratypes should have been deposited in TARI. However, we found that some of the paratypes are stored at CNCI. Although the label data are incomplete, we have examined one male and one female paratypes. According to Lin (1988), Ph. chikoi has numerous grooves at the base of the syntergite: a median groove and five grooves on each sides of it. However, the number of these grooves sometimes vary in Japanese specimens. One of these grooves is incomplete or lacking in some specimens (Fig. 7). The type series was collected in the alpine zone at altitudes of 2150–2560 m, but the specimens treated intreated in this paper were collected in the plains (Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan) and in the low altitude zone at altitudes about 200–500 m from Japan. The Taiwanese samples werewere collected between April to December, while the Japanese ones were collected between December to April., Published as part of Abe, Junta & Kolyada, Victor, 2021, First record of the genus Phoxoserphus Lin, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae) from Japan, pp. 597-600 in Zootaxa 5057 (4) on pages 598-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/5598797, {"references":["Lin, K. S. (1988) Two new genera of Serphidae from Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Serphoidea). Journal of Taiwan Museum, 41 (1), 15 - 33. http: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 24337"]}

Genus Phoxoserphus Lin Phoxoserphus Lin, 1988: 20 (type species: Phoxoserphus chikoi Lin, 1988 by original designation) Diagnosis. Mandible sharpened apically and with a small subapical tooth on the upper edge. Mesopleuron with horizontal groove (Fig. 3). Metapleuron with large smooth area; its upper anterior part without carina (Fig. 4). Anterior margin of radial cell of forewing about 1.6 to 1.8 times as width of stigma; basal length of radial vein longer than its width. The longest spur of hind tibia about 0.4 times as long as hind basitarsus. This genus similar to Cryptoserphus Kieffer, 1907 and Tretoserphus Townes 1981. Differences between the genera due to the following characters: the anterior margin of the radial cell of the forewing about 1.6 to 1.8 times as long as the width of the stigma (similar in Cryptoserphus and Tretoserphus); the mandible with a small subapical tooth on the upper edge (similar in Tretoserphus and sometimes Cryptoserphus); the longer spur of the hind tibia about 0.4 times as long as the hind basitarsus (0.5–0.8 times in Cryptoserphus and about 0.4 times in Tretoserphus); the carina on the upper anterior part of the metapleuron lacking (absent in Cryptoserphus and present as a fine short carina in Tretoserphus). Distribution. Palaearctic Region: Japan, new record (Kyushu and Ryukyus); Oriental Region: Taiwan. Host. Unknown.

A list of all 117 hymenopteran species recorded from Rovno amber is presented for the fi rst time. Th is list includes 50 named species (43 %) known only in Rovno amber fauna. Of the remaining species, 59 (50 %) are recorded also from Baltic amber, 37 (32 %) from Bitterfeld amber, 26 (22 %) from Scandinavian amber as well. Half of the species (50 %) are known on both sides of the Subparathetys (that is, recorded in Baltic amber as well), and another half is recorded only to south of the Subparathetys (from the Rovno, Bitterfeld and Scandinavian amber only). One subfamily, Eucoilinae Th omson, one tribe, Protomicroidini Antropov, and 19 genera (Archaeocercus Simutnik, Archaeogryon Kononova & Simutnik, Astigmaton Kasparyan, Boltonidris Radchenko & Dlussky, Dipriocampe Bouček, Disogmus Főrster, Fallomyrma Dlussky & Radchenko, Foveorisus Martynova, Lissonota Khalaim, Pristomyrmex Mayr, Protomicroides Antropov, Pseudidris Kononova, Pseudotelea Kononova, Rovenosa Khalaim, Rovnoecus Antropov, Rovnoeucoila Buffi ngton & Perkovsky, Rovnosoma Simutnik, Sierola Cameron, Trjapitzion Simutnik) are recorded only from south of the Subparathetys. Th ese data provide evidence supporting the previously proposed suggestion on the diff erent origin of four main European sources of succinite. Th e data mentioned above confi rm that the source area of the Rovno amber, contrary to the Baltic amber, had been situated southwards from Subparathetys. Platystasius gracilis Kononova & Simutnik and Oxyserphus obsolescens (Brues) are recorded for the fi rst time respectively from Baltic and Scandinavian amber.

Despite having only one named species, confusion surrounds the identity of Afroserphus wasps. We hereby describe Afroserphus masneri Buffington, Copeland and van Noort, new species, to accommodate some of the specimens previously attributed to Afroserphus bicornis Masner, and redescribe A. bicornis in the process, including description of the female. Afroserphus fisheri Buffington, Copeland and van Noort, new species, is described based on a unique male from Madagascar, extending the genus to that island. We also present new collection records for Afroserphus, as well as habitat preferences and phenological data.

Austrocodrusgladiogeminussp. n. is described from southernmost South America. It is a member of the primitive subfamily Austroserphinae (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupidae), which is distributed in Oceania and South America, and is characterized from other Austrocodrus species by its relatively larger body size, the presence of long and sword-shaped ovipositor sheaths, M arising very close and distal to 1cu-a, and Cu and m-cu joining at a distance equivalent to the length of 2cu-a. We consider this species to be a Gondwanan relict. It has southernmost distribution of any proctotrupid.

There are no known troglobiotic hymenopterans, although a few species regularly occur in caves, usually for an inactive phase of their life-cycles. During a recent faunistical survey of the invertebrate fauna of Bakony Mountains’ caves (Hungary) several Hymenoptera specimens were collected in hypogean environments. In this paper we report the results of the survey regarding Hymenoptera. Although the Hymenoptera material was small in numbers, they provided valuable faunistical data: very rare or rarely collected species were found, and 5 taxa are first reported from hypogean environment. Aclastus longicauda Horstmann (Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae) was found new to the Hungarian fauna, considerably extending the distributional area of this species that has been known only from Northern Europe so far. Our local results clearly indicate that, both at local and world-wide level, research focusing on the usually overlooked Hymenoptera fauna of caves will certainly provide valuable faunistical, distributional and biogeographical data.

A new species of proctotrupid wasps, Phaneroserphus coreanus sp. n., is described from South Korea, Japan and Russian Far East. An illustrated key to Palaearctic Phaneroserphus Pschorn-Walcher species is provided.

Two species of the genus Parthenocodrus Pschorn-Walcher, 1958 (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae) are reported: P. elongatus from Japan and South Korea and P. puncticauda from South Korea. Parthenocodrus elongatus is easily distinguished by having posterior surface of propodeum without transverse carinae and ovipositor sheath with distinct longitudinal striations. Parthenocodrus puncticauda is easily distinguished by having posterior surface of propodeum with transverse carinae and ovipositor sheath without distinct longitudinal striations. This genus is also newly recorded in each country. Redescriptions and photographs of the diagnostic characters are provided. All specimens for this study are deposited in the Yeungnam University (YNU), Gyeongsan-si, South Korea.

Austrocodrusgladiogeminussp. n. is described from southernmost South America. It is a member of the primitive subfamily Austroserphinae (Hymenoptera, Proctotrupidae), which is distributed in Oceania and South America, and is characterized from other Austrocodrus species by its relatively larger body size, the presence of long and sword-shaped ovipositor sheaths, M arising very close and distal to 1cu-a, and Cu and m-cu joining at a distance equivalent to the length of 2cu-a. We consider this species to be a Gondwanan relict. It has southernmost distribution of any proctotrupid.

This chapter attempts to document all the parasites of Staphylinidae worldwide. It is based on a 1982 work of the author and considers all changes in Staphylinidae taxonomy; in higher classifications of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) , the most species-rich order of parasites (Laboulbeniales); and in the family Proctotrupidae (Hymenoptera). The host(s) and geographical distribution of the parasites (sensu latissimo) are documented by genus/species in descending species richness .

Key to species of Trachyserphus 1 Area between antennal sockets strongly convex. Occipital carina developed in its upper part as high collar (Figs 2 E, 2F). Longer spur of hind tibia reaching 0.7 basitarsus length (Fig. 2 M). Fore wing basally with well expressed sclerotized medio-cubital crossvein (Fig. 2 N).................................................................. T. segregatus (Townes) - Area between antennal sockets weakly convex or flat (Figs 3 E, 4H). Occipital carina less developed (Fig. 4 I). Longer spur of hind tibia reaching 0.5 basitarsus length (Figs 3 J, 4M). Medio-cubital crossvein at fore wing base unsclerotized (Fig. 3 H)... 2 2 Distance from lower edge of clypeus to centre of tentorial pit 1.1× less than distance to lower edge of antennal socket (Fig. 4 G). Mesoscutum posteriorly with noticeable depressions (Fig. 4 D)................................. T. masneri sp. n. - Distance from lower edge of clypeus to centre of tentorial pit 1.3× less than distance to lower edge of antennal socket (Fig. 3 D). Mesoscutum posteriorly without noticeable depressions (Fig. 3 C)........................... T. defrictus (Townes)

Trachyserphus defrictus (Townes in Townes & Townes, 1981), comb. n. (Figs 3 A���J) Sminthoserphus defrictus Townes in Townes & Townes, 1981: 57 (male). Redescription. Male: Fore wing length 3.1 mm. Frons sparsely pilose, entire head except for frons finely punctate. Area between antennal sockets weakly convex, slightly pointed. Distance between antennal sockets 1.2 times as great as their diameter. Occipital carina present, not reaching oral carina for about 0.3 of its lower part. Сlypeus flat, wide and short, its apex broadly truncate. Distance from lower edge of clypeus to centre of tentorial pit 0.8 of distance to lower edge of antennal socket. Labrum gently rounded apically. Mandible moderately stout, with a single point. Gena high, 0.38 eye height. Antenna long, filiform; 3rd antennomere 3 times as long as broad; flagellomeres with no noticeable tyloids. Eye bare. Notauli narrow, devoid of coarse sculpture basally, reaching mid mesoscutum as shallow depressions. Mesoscutum posteriorly without noticeable depressions. Humeral tubercle well developed, broadly rounded, with neither keels nor wrinkles. Pronotal scrobe with coarse vertical wrinkles. Speculum without fan of developed keels in upper anterior part. Horizontal mesopleural groove deep and wide. Vertical mesopleural suture entirely foveate, large, below with group of diverging coarse wrinkles. Longer spur of hind tibia reaching 0.5 basitarsus length. Propodeum with coarse reticulation and long rather dense setae, dorsally with two large lateral areas separated by weakly reticulated keel. Metapleuron laterally with shiny bare area occupying about half of its surface; the area with shallow but distinct groove in its upper part. Stigma deep, trapezoid. Fore wing basally with indistinct medio-cubital crossvein. Syntergite base with small longitudinal groove. First pair of tyridia elongate, slightly longer than longitudinal groove at base of syntergite. Colour: Body black, shining; legs entirely yellow. Stigma light brown. Female: Unknown. Type material examined. Holotype ♂: Mexico: Durango, El Salto [23��47'N 105��22'W], 9000 ft, 1.vii.1964, W.R.M. Mason (CNCI). Distribution. Mexico. Remarks. Sminthоserphus defrictus Townes, 1981 was placed in the South American Sminthоserphus on the basis of its superficial similarity to other members of the genus. Scrutiny of S. defrictus characters has proved that the species does not belong to Sminthоserphus and should be included in the new genus Trachyserphus. The edges of the syntergite in S. defrictus are broadly overlapping ventrally along its posterior third, whereas species of Sminthоserphus are characterized by non-overlapping syntergite edges that leave a wide portion of the synsternite visible., Published as part of Kolyada, Victor & Mostovski, Mike B., 2017, Revision of the genus Hormoserphus Townes, 1981 (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae), with description of Trachyserphus gen. n. and a new species, pp. 575-583 in Zootaxa 4254 (5) on pages 579-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/556301, {"references":["Townes, H. & Townes, M. (1981) A revision of the Serphidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 32, 1 - 541."]}

Trachyserphus segregatus (Townes in Townes & Townes, 1981), comb. n. (Figs 2 A���N) Hormoserphus segregatus Townes in Townes & Townes, 1981: 115 (female). Hormoserphus chinensis He & Fan, 1991: 220 (male), syn. n. Hormoserphus striatus He & Xu, 2015: 203 (male), syn. n. Redescription. Female: Fore wing length 3.7 mm. Entire frons densely pilose, entire face finely punctate. Area between antennal sockets strongly convex, weakly pointed. Distance between antennal sockets 2 times greater than their diameter. Occipital carina developed in its upper part as high collar, not reaching oral carina for approx. 0.3 length of its lower part. Сlypeus flat, wide and short, its apex broadly truncate. Distance from lower edge of clypeus to centre of tentorial pit 1.3 times less than distance to lower edge of antennal socket. Labrum evenly rounded apically. Mandible moderately stout, unidentate. Gena very short. Antenna long, filiform; 3rd antennomere 4 times as long as wide. Eye bare. Notauli wide and coarse at base, reaching mid mesoscutum as shallow excavations. Mesoscutum posteriorly without noticeable depressions. Humeral tubercle very well developed, broadly rounded, with neither keels nor wrinkles. Pronotal scrobe with coarse vertical wrinkles. Speculum with fan of developed keels in upper anterior part. Horizontal mesopleural groove deep and wide. Mesepimeral sulcus entirely foveate, large, in lower part with group of diverging coarse wrinkles. Metapleuron laterally with shiny bare area occupying about one third of its surface; the area with shallow indistinct groove in its upper part. Longer spur of hind tibia reaching 0.7 basitarsus length. Propodeum with coarse reticulation and dense, long setae, dorsally with two large lateral areas separated by weakly reticulated keel. Stigma deep, trapezoid. Fore wing basally with well expressed sclerotized medio-cubital crossvein. Syntergite base with small longitudinal groove. First pair of tyridia elongate, approximately as long as longitudinal groove at base of syntergite. Ovipositor sheath broad and short, 0.3 times as long as hind tibia; sheath surface neither punctate nor striated and also devoid of setae save for small tuft near apex. Colour: Entire body black, shining; legs except for coxae and trochanters light to dark brown. Stigma dark brown. Male: Differs from female in having smaller and apically evenly rounded convexity in lower part of face (Figs 2 E, F). Flagellomeres without noticeable tyloids; 3rd antennomere 3 times as long as wide. Type material examined. Holotype ♀ (CNCI No. 17159): Nepal: Katmandu, Godavari [27��35'N 85��24'E], 6000 ft, 23���26.vii.1967, Mal[aise]. Tr[ap]., Can[adian]. Exp[edition]. Other material examined. PR China: ♂ Sichuan, 20 km E Maerkang, Qionglai Shan [31��30'N 102��30'E], 2656 m, 3.viii.2002, S.A. Cameron & J.B. Whitfield. Taiwan: ♀ Taichung Hsien, Anmashan [24��15'N 120��54'E], 2225 m, 2.v.1990, A. Smetana. Vietnam: Tam Dao N.P., Tam Dao env., 21��27'38"N 105��38'28"E, 900���1200 m, 13���26.vi.2011, E. Jendek (CNCI). Distribution. South and South-East Asia (Nepal, southern China, Taiwan and Vietnam). Remarks. Hormoserphus chinensis He & Fan, 1991 and Hormoserphus striatus He & Xu, 2015, were described from the Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in southern China. The authors provided good quality photographs of the holotypes of both species, as well as thorough original descriptions and comparisons. Minor differences indicated by the authors of these species, the shape of the smooth area on the metapleuron and the degree of striation on the mesopleuron, are treated by us as intraspecific variation. This prompted synonymy of Н. chinensis and H. striatus under T. segregatus., Published as part of Kolyada, Victor & Mostovski, Mike B., 2017, Revision of the genus Hormoserphus Townes, 1981 (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae), with description of Trachyserphus gen. n. and a new species, pp. 575-583 in Zootaxa 4254 (5) on page 578, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/556301, {"references":["Townes, H. & Townes, M. (1981) A revision of the Serphidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 32, 1 - 541.","He, J. & Fan, J. (1991) New species and new records of Cryptoserphini from China (Hymenoptera, Serphoidea, Serphidae). Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Zhejiangensis, 17 (2), 218 - 225.","He, J. & Xu, Z. (2015) Fauna Sinica. Insecta Lol. 56. Hymenoptera Proctotrupoidea (I). Science Press, Beijing, pp. 1 - 1034."]}

Trachyserphus masneri Kolyada, sp. n. (Figs 4 A���O) LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:78102765-7CDE-4C31-AAF2-0B5F8F1D78DE Etymology. The species is named in honour of a world renowned hymenopterist Lubomir Masner. Description. Female: Fore wing length 3.8 mm. Frons sparsely pilose, entire face except for frons finely punctate. Area between antennal sockets flat. Distance between antennal sockets equal to their diameter. Occipital carina developed as transverse bolster with faint wrinkles laterally and disappears far from oral carina. Clypeus flat and narrowed, with broadly truncate apex. Distance from lower edge of clypeus to centre of tentorial pit 0.9 of distance to lower edge of antennal socket. Labrum gently rounded apically. Mandible shortened and thickened basally, with a single point. Gena high, 0.5 eye height, with developed malar sulcus. Antenna long, filiform; 3rd antennomere 4 times as long as broad. Eye bare. Notauli narrow, with faint wrinkles basally, reaching mid mesoscutum as shallow depressions. Mesoscutum posteriorly with noticeable depressions. Humeral tubercle well developed, broadly rounded, with neither keels nor wrinkles. Pronotal scrobe with coarse vertical wrinkles. Epomia weak. Speculum anteriorly with fan of developed keels. Horizontal mesopleural groove deep and wide, reticulated inside. Vertical mesopleural suture entirely foveate, large, below with group of diverging coarse wrinkles. Longer spur of hind tibia reaching 0.5 basitarsus length. Propodeum with coarse reticulation and long sparse setae, dorsally with two large lateral areas separated by coarsely reticulated keel. Metapleuron laterally with shiny bare area occupying about two thirds of its surface; the area with deep reticulated suture in its upper part. Stigma shallow, trapezoid. Fore wing basally with indistinct medio-cubital crossvein. Syntergite base with no longitudinal groove. First pair of tyridia elongate, 6 times as long as wide. Ovipositor sheath narrow, with moderately tapered and curved apex, 0.5 times as long as hind tibia; sheath surface punctate with no longitudinal wrinkles. Colour: Entire body including legs black, shining. Stigma dark brown. Male: Similar to female, except for having flagellomeres with no noticeable tyloids and 3rd antennomere 3.6 times as long as broad. Type material. Holotype ♀: Chile: Cautin, N.P. Conquillio [38��40'S 71��39'W], 1150 m, 4.ii.1988, yellow pan trap, Araucaria ��� Nothofagus forest, L. Masner (CNCI). Paratypes: 31♀ 4♂ same data as holotype; Chile: 2♀ Osorno, N.P. Puyehue [40��38'S 72��00'W], 1250 m, Argent[inian]. border, 13.ii.1988, L. Masner (CNCI). Distribution. Central Chile., Published as part of Kolyada, Victor & Mostovski, Mike B., 2017, Revision of the genus Hormoserphus Townes, 1981 (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae), with description of Trachyserphus gen. n. and a new species, pp. 575-583 in Zootaxa 4254 (5) on page 581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4254.5.6, http://zenodo.org/record/556301