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Cicero delivered his speech in March 56 BC in defence of Publius Sestius, who was charged on the grounds of the lex Plautia de vi with acts of violence offending public order/public tranquillity. He convincingly proved that they were measures required by the situation of lawful defence. We need to make it clear: the speech can be considered primarily a brilliantly executed statement of one of the important fundamental postulates of Cicero's philosophy of the state rather than a lawyer's or orator's achievement. Pro Sestio is the first occasion on which Cicero, having returned from exile, was able to formulate his program of rethinking the idea of a res publica harrowed by civil strife and the preserving-renewing reorganisation of the state. In this speech Cicero clearly takes a stand for Sulla's "constitution", that is, for what he interpreted as Sulla's constitution: An argument for strengthening the position of the senate meant to govern the state. His defendant was acquitted, owing not only to the brilliant handling of the facts of the case, but most probably also to the political program presented in the speech with such exhaustive details: A captivating pathos that won his audience's approval.

Submitted by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-08-29T19:32:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Francisco A. C. Lima.pdf: 3121777 bytes, checksum: 21ac03c60e84e3b7f26da586f703ed36 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2017-08-29T19:32:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Francisco A. C. Lima.pdf: 3121777 bytes, checksum: 21ac03c60e84e3b7f26da586f703ed36 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Francisco A. C. Lima.pdf: 3121777 bytes, checksum: 21ac03c60e84e3b7f26da586f703ed36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-19 The speech in defense of Sestius (oratio pro Sestio), delivered in 56 B. C., is one of the most fascinating pages written by Cicero, among his huge literary production, especially for the passion and vigor with which the speaker wields the words to defend his client and to express his impressions on the troubled political moment experienced by the Roman Republic in the end of the first half of the first century B. C.. The defense strategy established by that attorney in a cause that already seemed to be lost reveals to us a mature orator with long experience, forged in the long years of forensic practice. Concerning that specific point, the aim of this report is to study the rhetorical strategy, built by Cicero, in the oratio pro Sestio, to defend his client, from the primary use of a common topic (????????????????? ??????????????) to the three discursive genres of rhetoric, that is: the amplificatio (????????????????????). The use of this argumentative resource allows to build a positive amplification, that occurs by increasing the figures of Sestius, of Cicero and of the optimates, along with a negative amplification, which happens through the decrease of the images of Clodius, Gabinius and Piso, contributing to the success of the speaker in winning the jury's adhesion to his thesis. And it is precisely for this reason that we consider, in this work, the amplificatio as an important key of interpretation of the argumentative strategy adopted in the judicial discourse analyzed here. We assume as theoretical framework the Aristotelian conceptions defined in his Rhetoric work, with the support of other works of classical rhetoric and new studies of rhetoric that corroborate the analysis of the text which is object of this research. With the aid of these analysis tools, the argumentative scheme of the oratio pro Sestio has been presented here starting from the ??tekhnai and ??ntekhnai proofs (non-technical or inartistics proofs and technical or artistic proofs), which were used by Cicero in the judicial discourse analyzed here, placing the amplification (amplificatio) in this Aristotelian division; we define the procedure of amplification according to the canons of classical rhetoric and the new studies of rhetoric; We identify in the text the techniques of amplification adopted by Cicero from the resources pointed out by Aristotle in Rhetoric; We identify in the style (elocutio), other linguistic resources that support amplification, such as the use of adjectives, nouns and verbs. Under a general perspective, this work reflects on the meanings of this argumentative resource in the work under study, seeking to know what justifies the adoption of this strategy and what are the subliminal messages of Cicero's arguments in promoting such amplifications. In the same way, this work also considers, in a transversal way, if this resource is related to a possible political project for the Republic. O discurso em defesa de S??stio (oratio pro Sestio), pronunciado em 56 a. C., constitui uma das mais belas p??ginas escritas por C??cero em sua vasta produ????o liter??ria, sobretudo pela paix??o e pelo vigor com que o orador empunha as palavras para defender seu cliente e exprimir suas impress??es sobre o conturbado momento pol??tico vivido pela Rep??blica romana no final da primeira metade do s??culo I a. C.. A estrat??gia de defesa estabelecida pelo advogado em uma causa que j?? parecia perdida revela-nos um orador maduro, detentor de larga experi??ncia, forjada nos longos anos de pr??tica forense. Observando particularmente esse ponto, a presente disserta????o tem como objeto de estudo a estrat??gia ret??rica, constru??da por C??cero, na oratio pro Sestio, para defender seu cliente, a partir da utiliza????o primordial de um t??pico comum (???????????????? ??????????????) aos tr??s g??neros discursivos da ret??rica: a amplificatio (????????????????????). O emprego desse recurso argumentativo permite erigir uma amplifica????o positiva, que se d?? por aumento das figuras de S??stio, de C??cero e dos optimates, ao lado de uma amplifica????o negativa, que se realiza pela diminui????o das imagens de Cl??dio, Gab??nio e Pis??o, contribuindo para o ??xito do orador na conquista da ades??o do j??ri para sua tese de que S??stio merecia a absolvi????o. Da??, considerarmos, neste trabalho, a amplificatio como importante chave de interpreta????o da estrat??gia argumentativa adotada no discurso judicial em tela. Assumimos como arcabou??o te??rico as concep????es aristot??licas definidas em sua obra Ret??rica, com o apoio de outras obras da ret??rica cl??ssica e dos novos estudos de ret??rica que corroboram a an??lise do texto objeto desta pesquisa. Com o aux??lio dessas ferramentas de an??lise, apresentamos o esquema argumentativo da oratio pro Sestio a partir das provas ??tekhnai (n??o t??cnicas ou inart??sticas) e ??ntekhnai (t??cnicas ou art??sticas), empregadas por C??cero no discurso judicial em tela, situando a amplifica????o (amplificatio) nessa divis??o aristot??lica; definimos o procedimento de amplifica????o segundo os c??nones da ret??rica cl??ssica e dos novos estudos de ret??rica; identificamos, no texto, as t??cnicas de amplifica????o adotadas por C??cero a partir dos recursos apontados por Arist??teles na Ret??rica; identificamos, na elocu????o (elocutio), outros recursos lingu??sticos que corroboram a amplifica????o, tais como o uso de adjetivos, substantivos e verbos. Numa perspectiva geral, este trabalho reflete sobre os sentidos desse recurso argumentativo na obra em apre??o, perquirindo o que justifica a ado????o dessa estrat??gia e quais as entrelinhas da argumenta????o de C??cero ao promover tais amplifica????es, bem como, pondera, de modo transversal, se tal recurso guarda rela????o com um poss??vel projeto pol??tico para a Rep??blica.