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This paper examines how scientific excellence is performed in Nobel nominations for medical scientists. Performing excellence encompasses both conducting excellent scientific work and being recognized for it. Both dimensions are closely intertwined: doing and recognizing excellent work depend on each other. Tracing nominations from the Nobel Archives in Solna, Sweden, the paper shows that Nobel Prizes are only the tip of the iceberg of networks of scientific recognition, which belong to cultures of excellence. Approaching cultures of excellence through nominations helps to understand how scientific prizes were awarded. The nominations show that science is not just a cognitive activity but also a social endeavour, and that the decision about who is awarded the Nobel Prize is also an outcome of social processes. Analysing the nomination networks thus explains to a certain extent the predominance of researchers from the USA versus Canada (and other countries). It shows, among other things, that a proactive policy of Nobel Prize nominations is part of the culture of excellence in which American scientists often participate. The mechanisms of scientific recognition as reflected in Nobel Prize nomination networks and rhetoric give insight into the patterns and the background of awarding the prize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We approach field-configuring events (FCEs) as gatherings that engender formative moments in the trajectory of technologies, professions, or industries. Previous research has focused on the field-level consequences of FCEs, implying we still know little about how these events are produced and sustained. Our aim in this paper is concomitantly to theorize the particular role of prizes as elements that help produce and sustain FCEs. Drawing on a qualitative case study of awards allocated at the 2018 Gothenburg Book Fair, we show how prize givers arduously attempt to raise issues and celebrate accomplishments in ways that are packaged for dissemination through media outlets. And these awards generate occasional visibility for prize givers and – by extension – for event organizers. Our paper contributes by highlighting how FCEs and prizes co-construct each other, and how such co-construction regularly unfolds in relation to a media logic that favors simplification and standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two letters, Pliny and Trajan discuss a petition sent to the governor by the guild of athletes concerning their rewards after winning contests (Plin. Ep. 10.118–19). In his request, Pliny refers to a regulation by which Trajan had settled the rights of the victorious athletes in regard to their home cities. In his response, Trajan repeats the case with slight variations. The two letters pose both philological and historical difficulties, which this article aims to solve. The relevant passage in Trajan's letter is corrupt. As scholarship has misunderstood the historical background of the letters, no satisfying solution for the restoration of the text has been found to date. The argumentation of this article is twofold. First, it offers a new reading of the corrupt passage in the emperor's letter which respects both the textual transmission and the historical situation. Second, it is argued that the two letters refer to a Trajanic law which settled the regulations of iselastic contests for the first time, but left some details undecided. In sum, this article proposes a new reading of a damaged passage in Plin. Ep. 10.119 as well as offering a historical commentary on agonistic activities in imperial Asia Minor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This column explores a variety of prizes awarded to children's literature and their positive impact when leveraged in school libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the credential society, a sharp growth of the number of awards and prizes indicate an interest in assuming the authority to define quality, and to identify extraordinary accomplishments within certain jurisdictional domain. This ambition is associated not the least with ex ante awards, awards granted on basis of plans and documents that stipulate forthcoming material contributions, or other projected accomplishments. Drawing on actor network theory, the role of ex ante awards in the field of urban development is examined. Despite being epistemologically fragile entities, ex ante awards are organizationally significant as they operate as actants that provide a variety of benefits for equally award-winning agents and award-giving organizations, but also for the specific industry sector more generally. The article reports empirical data from two urban development projects in a major Swedish city, eventually receiving ex ante awards. Both projects were associated with desirable urban development qualities, boundary–spanning interests and objectives, and a recognition of shared social norms, and the awards given arguably served to strengthen the relationships between the actors included in the project work, at the same time as award-giving organizations advance their authority to define quality. The study contributes to the scholarly literature on awards by presenting an integrated analytical framework that shed light on the direct and indirect effects of formal awards. Awards and prizes are devices that enable control in credential societies, yet being undertheorized to date, and more research that examines how awards and prizes generate a variety of outcomes is welcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the current state of legal regulation of incentives for civil servants. Since the current state of legal regulation of civil service and civil servants in Ukraine lags behind the needs and functions of a democratic society, and therefore requires urgent improvement within the framework of the initiated reform of the entire civil service system. In particular, measures of incentives that can be applied to civil servants for certain achievements in professional activity need improvement. It has been established that the general legal principles of encouraging civil servants are enshrined in the Constitution, the Labor Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine "On Civil Service", which opens up opportunities for further detailing them in other normative legal acts. The significance of the provisions of the analyzed normative legal acts regarding the encouragement of civil servants is extremely important, because the efficiency and quality of solving national and local problems depends on each employee of the state body (depending on the field). It is emphasized that all normative legal acts are interrelated and each separately regulates an important part of relations in the field of encouraging civil servants as subjects of labor law. At the same time, attention was drawn to the fact that the legal regulation of incentives for civil servants needs further study and improvement, especially in today's conditions. Since the current labor legislation does not contain a definition of the concept of "incentive", even in the projects of new codified acts in the field of labor relations, it is also absent. Attention is drawn to the fact that the profile law on civil service does not contain it, which ultimately complicates law enforcement in the relevant sphere of relations, creates prerequisites for a subjective approach to its interpretation. The situation is the same with determining the grounds and criteria for the application of incentives in general, the application of one or another type of incentive in particular, there is a lack of uniform and clear rules for the application of such measures, etc. The proposal of other researchers of the issue under consideration regarding the normative consolidation of the definition of incentives in the basic law on civil service, as well as in labor legislation, is supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current federal regulations limit the use of incentives in contingency management (CM) interventions to a nominal total value (i.e., up to $75/patient/year in aggregate of federal funds). This limit represents a striking divergence from the magnitudes used in evidence-based CM protocols. In the present report, we re-analyze data from the Petry et al. (2004) study, which was designed to test the efficacy of two different magnitude CM protocols ($80 and $240 in 2004 dollars) relative to usual intensive outpatient services for treatment-seeking patients with cocaine use. Petry et al. (2004) found that the $240 condition [~$405 in 2024 dollars], but not the $80 condition [~$135 in 2024 dollars], improved abstinence outcomes relative to usual care. The lower-cost $80 condition is the closest condition to the current federal $75 limit that permits a head-to-head comparison of magnitudes. A re-analysis offers an opportunity to examine the impact of low magnitude protocols in more detail, specifically in terms of non-engagement with treatment (defined as absence of negative samples and thus not encountering incentives for abstinence). We found moderate to large effects favoring the $240 condition over both usual care (d s ranging 0.33 to 0.97) and the $80 condition (d s ranging 0.39 to 0.83) across various thresholds of non-engagement with the incentives/reinforcers for abstinence. Importantly, the $80 condition evidenced higher (worse) rates of non-engagement compared to the usual care condition (i.e., small and negative effect sizes ranging −0.30 to 0.14), though not reaching statistical significance. These results suggest that CM protocols designed to stay within the federal limitation of $75 should be discouraged, and evidence-based protocols should be recommended along with the regulatory reforms necessary to support their implementation. • Low incentive magnitude may have iatrogenic effects on patient engagement. • The $75/patient/year limit on incentives is a barrier to evidence-based contingency management. • Regulatory reforms are needed to promote best practices in contingency management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Islamic & Religious Studies / Majallah-yi ʿUlūm-i Islāmiyyah va Dīniyyah is the property of University of Haripur, Pakistan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate the effect of a status-enhancing prize on the attention that a recipient’s “neighbors” subsequently receive. Do neighbors—individuals who work in economic, intellectual, or artistic domains that are proximate to prize winners—bask in the reflected glory of the ascendant actor and therefore gain as well? Or does competition for attention ensue, attenuating the recognition neighbors would otherwise have garnered? We study the spillover effects of status shocks using life sciences research articles published from 1984 through 2003. Exploiting expert-assigned article keywords, we identify papers that are topically related to publications of future appointees to the prestigious Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). In difference-in-difference specifications, we find that these scientific neighbor articles experience substantial declines in citation rates after HHMI appointments are announced. That is, neighboring articles attract less attention when authors of papers near them receive a prestigious prize. This pattern reflects more than the trivial transfer of attention from non-winners to winners: once prizes are announced, actors cede scientific territory to prize winners and pursue other opportunities. These negative spillover effects are moderated or even reversed by scientists’ social connections and by the novelty and stature of scientific domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“We don’t live in a meritocracy, and to pretend that simple hard work will elevate all to success is an exercise in willful ignorance.” (Reni Eddo-Lodge wrote in her book “Why I’m no longer talking to white people about race” (Published by Bloomsbury, London, p. 79, ISBN: PB: 978-1-4088-7)). This echoes through the academic scientific community, and can be readily seen in the demographics of physics prize winners. Prizes are extremely influential in both projecting how a community is outwardly perceived and actively shaping the community through facilitating career advancement. But how can biases in the awards process be addressed? We do not pretend to have all the answers, nor is there a single solution, but in this perspective article we explore one pragmatic approach to tackling chronic underrepresentation in the space sciences when it comes to nominations for awards and prizes.

Prizes - formal systems that publicly allocate rewards for exemplary behavior - play an increasingly important role in a wide array of social settings, including education. In this paper, we evaluate a prize system designed to boost achievement at two high schools by assigning students color-coded ID cards based on a previously low stakes test. Average student achievement on this test increased in the ID card schools beyond what one would expect from contemporaneous changes in neighboring schools. However, regression discontinuity analyses indicate that the program created new inequalities between students who received low-status and high-status ID cards. These findings indicate that status-based incentives create categorical inequalities between prize winners and others even as they reorient behavior toward the goals they reward.

Prizes - formal systems that publicly allocate rewards for exemplary behavior - play an increasingly important role in a wide array of social settings, including education. In this paper, we evaluate a prize system designed to boost achievement at two high schools by assigning students color-coded ID cards based on a previously low stakes test. Average student achievement on this test increased in the ID card schools beyond what one would expect from contemporaneous changes in neighboring schools. However, regression discontinuity analyses indicate that the program created new inequalities between students who received low-status and high-status ID cards. These findings indicate that status-based incentives create categorical inequalities between prize winners and others even as they reorient behavior toward the goals they reward.

This essay tracks Kamau Brathwaite's life, his poetic and critical writing, and his travails and thinking, from youth and early career—in Barbados, England, Ghana, and the Caribbean, but mainly from his arrival at New York University in 1991—through his retirement in 2013 and return to Barbados, up to his death in 2020. It especially follows Kamau from his low "time of salt" of the late 1980s in Jamaica through the stunning critical and poetic burgeoning from the 1990s on, with such works as Barabajan Poems; the two-volume MR; the prize-winning Born to Slow Horses; and Elegguas and his unpublished third poetry trilogy, Missa Solemnis, Rwanda Poems, and Dead Man Witness, commemorating and trying to rise beyond what he called his "cultural lynching." The essay looks at Brathwaite's online/print Sycorax voice and the politico-philosophico-cultural concept of tidalectics that he developed over these years to create an ongoing Caribbean-based decolonizing of mind, spirit, and material life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a book prize administered by the Canadian Organization for Development through Education (CODE) - the CODE Burt Award for First Nations, Inuit and Métis Literature, created to prize books aimed at young adult readers. It examines CODE's statements about the prize, which solicited funding by associating the cultivation of leisure reading with socio-economic development for Indigenous communities in Canada. It also considers how the prize reinforced links between Indigenous writing and social responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prize giving has grown exponentially, with agencies like the World Bank and USAID using them to help solve critical development challenges in low-income countries. This paper draws on findings from a DFID programme that has been experimenting with a suite of global prizes, including in Ghana, Kenya, and Nepal. The paper reflects on prizes used to deliver social change: where they work, why, and for whom. We find that development impact can be enhanced when prizes are not implemented alone. Complementary support is often necessary to help innovators participate, overcome barriers, and support innovation that leads to social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies of the legacy of people enslaved in the British Caribbean have neglected how non-plantation owners in colonies such as Antigua sometimes became enormously wealthy. This article examines how the Scottish-born Antiguan merchant Charles Kerr acquired his fortune through his activities as a prize agent, especially relating to the British occupation of St Eustatius (1781) and of Guadeloupe (1794) and as a contractor/supplier to the Royal Navy and others for a variety of goods and services. Charles Kerr, and those like him, need to be added to the subjects requiring study to strengthen our understanding of the various legacies of slavery and the nature of the British Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its origins, the European Union (EU) has increasingly relied on prizes to highlight the values and principles channelling European integration. In the last two decades, such symbolic tools of governance have shifted away from the kind of distinctions granted by elites to elites and aiming to honour prominent figures offered as role models mainly in the field of identity, memory and cultural policies. In an increasingly market‐oriented Europe, prizes are used as incentives and disciplining instruments to enhance self‐compliance of economic and social actors with an ethos of competitiveness and innovation. They work as a magnifying glass of the evolution of the EU towards a government at distance through policy instruments. The focus is on four areas where prizes have multiplied since the 2000s: research and innovation, economic governance, territorial and environmental policies, and communication policies. The article draws on a qualitative analysis of a corpus of ninety‐one prizes, institutional documentation, parliamentary debates and media controversies related to prizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the economic effects of prizes with implications for the diversity of market positions, especially in cultural fields. Many prizes have three notable features that together yield an emergent reward structure: (1) consumers treat prizes as judgment devices when making purchase decisions, (2) prizes introduce sharp discontinuities between winners and also-rans, and (3) appealing to prize juries requires costly sacrifices of mass audience appeal. When all three conditions obtain, winning a prize is valuable, but seeking it is costly, so trying and failing yields the worst outcome-a logic we characterize as a Tullock lottery. We test the model with analyses of Oscar nominations and Hollywood films from 1985 through 2009. We create an innovative measure of prize-seeking, or "Oscar appeal," on the basis of similarity to recent nominees in terms of such things as genre, plot keywords, and release date. We then show that Oscar appeal has no effect on profitability. However, this zero-order relationship conceals that returns to strong Oscar appeals are bimodal, with super-normal returns for nominees and large losses for snubs. We then argue that the effect of judgment devices on fields depends on how they structure and refract information. © American Sociological Association 2014.

Much of the literature on production in cultural fields has been dominated by gatekeeper and rational-actor narratives. These literatures argue that the production of art objects tends to be driven by competition for status within fields and by institutional forces that shape how actors produce their work and define success. While much of the existing research has provided insight on the structural determinants that organize the opportunity structures within cultural fields, much less is known about how cultural producers make sense of the competitive prize-seeking bound up in professional integration. This article examines the role that juried prizes and competitions play in shaping how cultural producers understand who they are and what they do as artists seeking professional integration in their fields. Drawing on 41 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with contemporary art music composers in the early stages of their careers, the article shows how composers engage in self-curation strategies that seek to mitigate the uncertainty of selection associated with competition participation. The article discusses three additional findings. First, composers participate in different competition types and make decisions about which types are best suited for achieving their professional goals. Second, self-curation strategies map on to different aspects of composer's self-concepts and the actions warranted by these differences. Third, composers move within and across three different self-curation strategies outlined in the article. By engaging these strategies, it is argued that composers come to understand competitions as meaningful in their efforts to professionalize and as mechanisms through which they reconcile legibility within the field with an authentic pursuit of their artistic voice. This research locates self-curation as a phenomenon at the intersection of rational and meaning-centered action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mainstream business and economics, prizes such as the Presidential Medal of Freedom are understood as special types of incentives, with the peculiar features of being awarded in public, and of having largely symbolic value. Informed by both historical considerations and philosophical instances, our study defines fundamental theoretical differences between incentives and prizes. The conceptual factors highlighted by our analytical framework are then tested through a laboratory experiment. The experimental exercise aims to analyze how prizes and incentives impact actual individuals' behavior differently. Our results show that both incentives (monetary and contingent) and prizes (non-monetary and discretional rewards) boost motivation to perform if awarded publicly, but only prizes crowd in motivation promoting virtuous attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study Tullock contests with n symmetric players. We show that in a contest without an exit option, if prizes and punishments (negative prizes) have the same cost, it is optimal for the designer who wants to maximize the players' total effort to allocate the entire prize sum to a single punishment without any prize. On the other hand, in a contest with an exit option, it is optimal to allocate the entire prize sum to a single prize and a single punishment, where independent of the costs of the prize and the punishment, the optimal value of the prize is larger than the optimal value of the punishment. We also show that allocating a prize and a punishment in a two-stage contest yields a higher expected total effort than in a one-stage contest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the performance of a variety of innovation policy instruments when the government cannot commit to transfer cash rewards to an innovator and has the option to divert resources to alternative investments. In a dynamic environment in which government's investment opportunities evolve stochastically, we provide conditions under which the optimal mechanism is a price regulation system where the inventor owns intellectual property and receives a cash transfer when price equals marginal cost. We illustrate how a dynamic complementarity between cash rewards and intellectual property may arises when the government's budget is limited and monopoly distortions are not too severe. We discuss how other forms of complementarity between cash transfers and intellectual property may emerge, with patent rights serving as a discipline device that ensures the payment of the reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literary prize is one of the basic categories of the literary field. According to the latest research, the institution of an award is also the most effective capital conversion tool. It broadens the understanding of the term economics by its non-intuitive scope - the economy of culture. Thanks to the existence of prizes, economic capital turns out to be only one of the variants of capital, and the field of culture reveals the principle of transaction that guides it. The literary award is not only a tool for the exchange of capital, but also allows to see the dimension of social mission, tasks of governments, negotiating relationships between the public and private sectors. Prizes as well align the story of literary life, axiology and social reception of works by drawing an alternative history of Polish and world literature of late modernity, marked by awards themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their creation and with an increasing intensity since the 1980s, European institutions have used prizes, labels and other distinctions as political resources to perform and legitimize their action. The purpose of this article is to make sense of this governance by prizes. It documents the occurrences, uses and meanings of European prizes and what it reveals of EU politics and policies. It shows how the EU mobilizes and updates the three usual functions of prizes as claim of centrality and authority by the prize-giver, creation of incentives and compliance for recipients and construction/solutions of/to social problems. The conclusion is that the European governance by prizes mirrors what happens at other levels of governance while adapting it to its politico-institutional singularity. The EU operates with its own logic of symbolic production but remains secondary to member states in the definition of hierarchies of honours and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Galego de Literatura is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crowd-based ideation contests facilitate solution-seeking firms (seekers) to address their problems by soliciting ideas from external individuals (solvers). In this study, we examine how seekers' involvement—particularly in terms of the exemplars and prizes that they provide—shape the ideation process and outcomes in such contests. Although seekers' decisions about the exemplars to show and prizes to offer may be independent from one another, we show that certain aspects of these decisions jointly impact the extent to which solvers adopt seekers' exemplars in their ideas. This finding demonstrates that individual facets of seeker involvement could intertwine and have intricate effects on solvers right from the initiation of the contests. We further show that, by influencing solvers' exemplar adoption, seekers can also affect the effectiveness of the ideas. All in all, our results indicate that seekers acquire ideas not just through the crowd but also with the crowd, and they play an active role in how and what solvers ideate. Instead of simply delegating idea generation to solvers, seekers should thus share the onus of ideation and be aware of the impacts of their involvement in contests. To benefit from the wisdom of the crowd in ideation contests, seekers should understand how their involvement affects solvers' ideation and the ensuing ideas. This present study addresses this need by examining the antecedents and consequences of solvers' exemplar adoption (i.e., use of solution exemplars that the seekers provide) in such contests. We theorize how the characteristics of seekers' exemplars (specifically, quantity and variability) and prizes jointly influence exemplar adoption. We also consider how exemplar adoption affects the effectiveness of the resulting ideas, conditional on solvers' experience with the problem domain of the contests. The results from a company naming contest and an ad design contest show that exemplar quantity and exemplar variability both positively affect exemplar adoption, but the effects are strengthened and attenuated, respectively, by prize attractiveness. The outcomes of a campaign using the ads from the design contest further show that greater exemplar adoption improves ad effectiveness (in terms of click-through performance) although this is negatively moderated by solvers' domain experience. We discuss the theoretical and practical contributions of this research to ideation contests. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2018.0810. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the science and technology prize system of the Académie des Sciences through a first survey of the prizes granted over the period extending from the 1720s to the end of the 19th century. No reward policy was envisaged by the Royal Academy of Sciences in the Réglement (statute) promulgated by King Louis XIV in 1699. Prizes were proposed later, first by private donors and then by the state, and awarded in international contests setting out specific scientific or technical problems for savants, inventors and artists to solve. Using cash prizes, under the Ancien Régime the Academy effectively directed and funded research for specific purposes set by donors. By providing it with significant extra funding, the donor-sponsored prizes progressively gave the Academy relative autonomy from the political power of the state. In the 19th century, with the growing awareness of the importance of scientific research, the main question became whether to use the prizes to reward past achievements or to incentivize future research, and the scale and nature of the prizes changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prizes – formal systems that publicly allocate rewards for exemplary behavior – play an increasingly important role in a wide array of social settings, including education. In this paper, we evaluate a prize system designed to boost achievement at two high schools by assigning students color-coded ID cards based on a previously low stakes test. Average student achievement on this test increased in the ID card schools beyond what one would expect from contemporaneous changes in neighboring schools. However, regression discontinuity analyses indicate that the program created new inequalities between students who received low-status and high-status ID cards. These findings indicate that status-based incentives create categorical inequalities between prize winners and others even as they reorient behavior toward the goals they reward.

Research background: CoVid19 was a shock for governments, organizations as well as people. At the beginning of the pandemic, everyone was stunned and companies tried to adapt to the “new reality”, as some sectors were forced either to diminish their offer due to the downfall of demand, or even to fully stop offering products or services as a result of the lockdown restrictions, as in the case of tourism and events sector. Imminent health, social and economic crises seemed inevitable, and with more destructive power than the 2008 economic crises. Purpose of the article: Almost all organizations and companies were affected to a certain extent by this global crisis. On one hand, companies manufacturing medical products, drugs, devices, disinfectants, construction, digital industries, courier companies had an increase in the demand, while others like: automotive, aerospace, construction, hotels, spas, cultural and creative industries had a fall of demand due to the lockdown restrictions. Methods: In order to discover the steps taken by organizations from different industries, we analyzed several promotional marketing campaigns and we deployed research among the potential customers in order to discover their opinion towards these kinds of strategies. Findings & Value added: Organizations that encountered difficulties in the pandemic time appealed to promotional marketing campaigns bearing in mind several objectives, like: boosting sales, increase brand notoriety of the products or services offered and even gain more customers having a mixed expansion of the market, not only intensive or extensive growth.

Changes in the Soybean Logistic Chain and its impact to links (producers, stockers/processors, road drivers, train operators and port workers) are identified, owing to the advent and spread of transgenic soybean, under a systemic stance of segregation issues. Critical points, care and necessary procedures are identified so that soybean may not been contaminated throughout the chain and the product's purity guaranteed. A segregation prize is thus awarded. Current exploratory and qualitative analysis revealed that the stockers/processors link is crucial within the coordination of the soybean chain logistics, widening its limits, paying prizes to agents that segregate, perceived as coordinators of contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this economic debate, incentives (material, extrinsic) and awards (symbolic, intrinsic) are conceived as two opposite tools to prompt human actions. In this article, we provide a historical argument to problematise this opposition. We investigate the idea of prizes ("premi") in the works of civil economist Antonio Genovesi, and its seeds in Thomas Aquinas' thought. They both discuss if material rewards can crowd-in intrinsic motivations. Aquinas considered the crowding-out risks related to honour (award). Genovesi stressed the role of private prizes (incentives) and market in fostering the development of society, and claims that crowding-in is more common than crowding-out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]