Search

Introduction and Background: Lymphadenopathy is an abnormal increase in size and/ or altered consistency of lymph nodes. The use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the investigation of lymphadenopathy has become an acceptable and widely practiced minimally invasive technique, which is safe, simple and rapid. The main objective of present study was categorizing various lesions of lymphadenopathy by cytology. Materials and Methods: This was a 2 years and 3 months study done in Department of Pathology, Kodagu Institute of Medical Sciences, Madikeri, Karnataka, India. It included 309 patients with lymphadenopathies at various sites. Acellular aspirates were excluded from the study. FNAC was conducted with the help of a 22 guage disposable needle attached to a 5cc syringe. Haematoxylin, Eosin stain & Papanicolaou stains were done on alcohol fixed smears. May-Grunwald Giemsa Stain was done on air-dried smears. Ziehl-Neelsen stain was done when tuberculosis was suspected for the demonstration of acid-fast bacilli. The results were expressed as percentage and were tabulated. Results and Discussion: Maximum number of patients were diagnosed with Reactive Lymphadenitis followed by Granulomatous lymphadenitis. The other lesions were acute suppurative lymphadenitis, Metastatic Lymphadenopathy, Tuberculous Lymphadenitis, Lymphomas and Non -Specific Lymphadenitis. The most common site of lymph node aspiration was cervical group of lymph nodes. The most common malignancy with lymph node metastasis was Squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: FNA is a convenient, quick and accurate procedure that can be performed in patients attending outpatient department. Reactive lymphadenitis was the most common lesion detected in FNA of lymph nodes in our study with cervical group of lymph nodes being the most commonly affected group.

Chemical burns on the gingiva can be caused by the use of certain pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical products by patients or by injudicious use of caustics by the dental clinician. These lesions in the oral cavity, however, are rarely reported. Hence, information about the product and needful instructions is necessary to be given to the patients for prevention of the same. These burns can be caused by the way of self-infliction, allergic tendency toward certain products, or it may be iatrogenic. A detailed history is the key to diagnosing and managing these cases. Chemical burns are usually treated by eliminating the etiology and managed by palliative therapy.

Introduction: Passive Microvolume Irrigation (PMI) with Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been proposed as a new method for root canal disinfection. It is based on the concept that irregular surface characteristics of endodontic instruments can carry NaOCl into the canal space with controlled fluid volume, without applying any pressure. Aim: To compare and evaluate the efficacy of 3% and 5% NaOCl PMI, Saline PMI, and 3% NaOCl Standard Irrigation (SI) in removing the Smear Layer (SL) from the root canal walls at the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of single-rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Vishnu Dental College, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted in February 2018. Forty maxillary central incisors with a single canal, extracted within three months of the study, were collected. The teeth were divided into four groups (n=10) based on the irrigation method: Group-1 (3.0% NaOCl SI), Group-2 (3.0% NaOCl PMI), Group-3 (5.0% NaOCl PMI), and Group-4 (Saline PMI). All samples were instrumented upto F4 size with Protaper rotary files, and a final rinse of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) was used. SL removal was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. Statistical tests used were Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney-U tests. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all comparisons. Results: There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in SL removal between 3.0% NaOCl SI, 3.0% NaOCl PMI, and 5.0% NaOCl PMI in the middle and apical thirds of the root canals. However, 5.0% NaOCl PMI showed significantly higher efficiency in SL removal at the cervical third compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Passive microvolume irrigation with 3% and 5% NaOCl showed comparable efficacy to 3% hypochlorite SI in the middle and apical thirds of the root canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of education is determined by the quality of the teachers. As teachers are entrusted with the responsibility of shaping and guiding the future citizens of a nation, it is essential for them to be involved and committed toward their job. This brings out the importance of retaining teachers in their job. The concept of workplace spirituality (WPS) brings in the very feeling of being connected to the workplace, which, undoubtedly helps them to remain attached to the job. The study tries to understand the relationship between WPS and job embeddedness (JE) among the higher secondary school teachers in Ernakulam District. WPS was measured using the scale adapted from Milliman et al. and JE was measured using the scale developed by Mitchell et al. A sample size of 105 was selected using simple random sampling method. The study found a satisfactorily good level of WPS and JE among the respondents. The result of the study also shows a significant positive relationship between WPS and JE.

Background and objectives: Proton pump inhibitors are used widely for gastroesophageal reflux disease and ulcer type dyspepsia. Majority of the patients require long term medication. H2 receptor antagonist are also used for relief of symptoms. Though tachyphylaxis has been reported, symptom response is seen with long term use. The aim of the present study was to study the effects of long-term acid suppressants on gastric antral histology. Methods: Patients who received long-term acid suppressants such as ranitidine and omeprazole for gastroesophageal reflux disease or dyspepsia were included. All of them had an antral biopsy for histology and H. pylori status at baseline, at 6 months and 12 months. Patients on acid suppressants for less than a year or on long-term non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs were excluded from the study. The grading of gastritis was classified as chronic active gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Results: Thirty patients received ranitidine and 28 omeprazole. In H. pylori positive group, the median duration of ranitidine and omeprazole were 3 years (1.5 to 8 years) and 4 years (1 to 10 years) respectively. Two thirds of patients had chronic active gastritis (ranitidine: 35.5% omeprazole:26.6%); 10 had gastric atrophy (ranitidine: 6.6% omeprazole:15.5%) and 7 had intestinal metaplasia (ranitidine4.4% omeprazole11.1%). Four of the 10 patients on omeprazole showed progression of histology as against only one of the 13 patients on ranitidine at one year of follow up. In omeprazole pylori negative patients, the median duration of ranitidine and omeprazole was 2.5 years (range 1 to 6 years) and 3 years (range 2 to 7 years) respectively. Irrespective of the acid suppressants, the baseline histology was either chronic active gastritis (78.5%) or gastric atrophy (21.5%). None had intestinal metaplasia. Also there was no progression in histology staging during the follow up. Conclusions: Long-term acid suppressants irrespective of the H. pylori status are not associated with significant histological changes in gastric mucosa. Despite a significant drop out of cases, among the cases followed up no significant progression in histological staging was seen during a one year follow-up. (J Dig Endosc 2013;4(1):1–5)