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Padina boergesenii is a distinctive small brown algae with rounded fronds growing to a length and diameter of 04 to 06 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in). P. boergesenii is widely present in the shallow water of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate areas. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of crude ethyl acetate extract of P. boergesenii. Anti-bacterial activity of crude ethyl acetate extract of P. boergesenii against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was determined using the well diffusion method. MIC of P. boergesenii against biofilm was carried out by the Resazurin method. Antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH, FRAP, and the Hydrogen peroxide scavenging method. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using the albumin denaturation and heat-induced hemolysis method. Cytotoxicity activity of P. boergesenii against cell line L929 was analyzed by MTT assay. The maximum zone of inhibition obtained was 23 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, followed by 21 mm for Escherichia coli. Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis showed higher resistance (MIC= 25.00±00.00 mg/mL). Biofilm of Acinetobacter baumannii was found to be most susceptible (MIC= 06.25±00.00 mg/mL). The IC50 value for the crude ethyl acetate extract P. boergesenii was 155.5 μg/mL for the DPPH method, 1567.18 μg/mL for the FRAP method, and 3098.27 μg/mL for the H2O2 method. The results of in vitro anti-inflammatory studies exhibited IC50= 122.33 μg/mL and 2522.40 μg/mL for albumin denaturation assay and heat-induced hemolysis method respectively. The crude ethyl acetate extract of P. boergesenii showed cytotoxicity against the growth of the L929 cell line. The present study suggested that the crude ethyl acetate extract P. boergesenii has potent antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities. The bioactive components present in the P. boergesenii extract can be a promising source for pharmaceuticals.

The aim of the present study is to formulate and evaluate herbal Anti dandruff hair wash powder containing eighteen herbal ingredients and soluble egg shell membrane in a proportionate combination with an emphasis on safety and efficacy. It contains scientific blends of Poduthalai (or) Turkey tangle frog fruit, Shikakai, Pulankelangu (or) White turmeric, Amla extarct, Curry leaf powder, Venthayam (or) Fenugreek, Pasipayiru (or) Mung bean, Vettiveru (or) Vetivergrass, Rose powder, Sembaruti (or) Hibiscus powder, Avaram (or) Tanner's cassia, Kadukkai (or) Indian hog plum, Lady’s finger powder, Redcabsol (or) Red cabbage powder, Arappu leaf powder, Tulsi extract, Neam Leaf powder, Karisalankanni (or) False daisy powder and Soluble egg shell Membrane. With respect to the prior art data each ingredient has several independent studies to prove that they have Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal, Anti-dandruff and Hair growth promoting properties. Soluble Egg Shell Membrane (Enzyme) used in the preparation of TRICHONEMTM consists of different types of collagens (I, III, V, X), glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronic acid, keratin and elastin. In this study all the selected ingredients were sieved using mesh, weighed accurately and mixed geometrically for uniform formulation and then evaluated for parameters including Organoleptic, physicochemical, physical, irritancy along with stability examination. The dried powder of combined form had passable flow property which is suitable for a hair wash powder. The pH of all formulations observed are near to neutral range. During irritancy test, TRICHONEMTM hair wash powder formulation does not express any type of irritation on skin and eyes. Hence the results proved that hair wash powder formulations are suitable for its intended use. In vitro Antidandruff Activity of TRICHONEM TM hair wash powder against dandruff causing organisms such as Malassezia furfur, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum was evaluated using Antifungal Susceptibility Testing-Disk Diffusion Method. Zone of inhibition produced by TRICHONEMTM was high for all the three organisms considered for study. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test revealed that the growth of dandruff causing organisms was reduced due to the effect of TRICHONEMTM hair wash powder. Pilot study considering 50 female volunteers in age range of 22-40 were studied to evaluate the performance of TRICHONEM TM hair wash powder for following parameters such as Dry scalp, Hair fall, Dandruff, Scaling, Pruritus and the results concludes that TRICHONEM TM hair wash powder formulation scored high ratings in treating the hair conditions after 4 weeks of treatment in comparison with placebo. The results from in-vitro anti-dandruff study and pilot study confirm the ability of TRICHONEMTM hair wash powder, which is developed with best ingredients in optimized combination as the best replacement for synthetic counterpart.

Nutrition is a major factor in affecting the health and appearance of hair. In addition to how one eats dietary supplementation plays very critical role in overall maintenance of healthy hair. Precisely Trichovitals® contains Natural Egg Shell Membrane as source of Collagen type (I, III, V, X) and Elastin, Ellagic acid an extract from Pomegranate red pigment, Sabbery (10% beta- glucogallin) an extract of Amla fruit, Biotin (Water soluble vitamin), Tetra hydro curcumin (Derivate of Curcumin) and Murraya koenigii (an extract of the curry leaf as natural source of the iron). With respected to the prior art data each ingredient has several independent clinical studies to support the growth of the healthy hair and influences strong impact on hair thickness, reduction in hair breakage and improvement in hair growth. This study leads to evaluate the impacts of synergy of nutritional and compared to control group (without oral supplements intake) for the healthy maintenance of the hair in healthy young-aged adults. Pilot studies were conducted to assess Trichovitals® on hair parameters. 1. Self-assessment questionnaire intended to perform an assessment on hair after 90 days of treatment for a group of 50 young aged volunteers. 2. Evaluated the efficacy of Trichovitals® for 90 days’ treatment by measurement of mean hair count, Pull test, Wash test, Comb and count test. In this pilot study, Volunteers expressed best results and the scores of self-assessment questionnaire were high for Overall hair volume, Scalp coverage, Thickness of hair body, Softness of hair body, Hair shine, Number of Hairs Lost on Average Day. Oral Trichovitals® consumption was associated with significant improvement in count of terminal hairs and reduction in hair loss after 90 days of treatment. Trichovitals® achieved significant change improvement in hair than placebo group (without oral supplements intake) by 90 days of the study. From the result analysis, Trichovitals® is deemed to be one of the most effective anti-hair fall supplements. For healthy beautiful hair, enhance the appearance of hair with precision of Trichovitals® and its unique composition helps to protect hair damage, prevents hair fall and promotes hair growth. The study confirms and concludes that the Oral supplementation of 500mg/day of Trichovitals® for 12 weeks is associated with significant impact on hair thickness, reduces split ends, hair loss, hair breakage and improvement in hair growth after 90 days of treatment.

GMP, termed as good manufacturing practices followed in industries to produce safe and quality product. it was established in the year 1995 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Several Rules and Regulations were brought into effect under the FDA in the name of Acts from around 1968. This helps to regulate the cleanliness and product quality in the industrial environment, as it is necessary to maintain the quality of the edible products which will be affected due to the surrounding conditions. The act was implemented in the industry with ten principles which can promote the quality product production which will include the premises & personnel's hygiene, the cleanliness of the raw material section along with processing and storage facilities. As dairy industries plays major role among world population, it is necessary for the industries and the technologist to follow the GMP principles. Hence, at this chapter, the detailed discussion over GMP along with its principles in the fore coming sections.

With rapid changes in urban living today, peoples’ behavioural patterns and spatial practices undergo a constant process of adaptation and negotiation. Using “house” as a laboratory and everyday life and spatial relations of residents as a framework of analysis, the paper examines the spatial planning concepts in traditional and contemporary Iranian architecture and the associated socio-cultural practices. Discussions are drawn upon from a pilot study conducted in the city of Kerman, to investigate ways in which contemporary housing solutions can better cater to the continually changing socio-cultural lifestyles of residents. Data collection for the study involved a series of participatory workshops and employed creative visual research methods, participant observation and semi structured interviews to examine the interlacing of everyday socio-spatial relations and changing perception of identity, belonging, socio-cultural and religious values and conflict. The inferences from the study showcases the emerging social and cultural needs and practices of people manifested through the complex relationship between residents, the places in which they live, and its spatial planning and organisation. For a better understanding of this complex relationship, the paper argues the need for resituating spatiality as a socio-cultural paradigm.

Coastal urban megacities across Asia face significant risks from climate change, including coastal flooding, high temperatures, urban heat island impacts and air pollution. These hazards are associated with negative impacts on infrastructure, communities and the environment. To identify the current intensity of climate change impacts in coastal urban megacities, an integrated evaluation method is needed. Firstly, the present study assesses the climate change impacts of Guangzhou, a Chinese coastal urban megacity, for both physical and social aspects. This study includes 60 years of time-series data for 1960–2020 to examine temperatures, precipitation, humidity and air pollution in Guangzhou city. At the same time, a survey was conducted between April and July 2022 in this megacity and collected the views of 336 people on climate change and its associated environmental impacts. Secondly, the Ganzhou city results are compared with existing data from similar nearby cities to evaluate the diverse climate change trends. Results show that during 1961-1990, the city received the most rainfall in May, reaching 283.6 mm. From 1990 to 2020, June recorded the highest rainfall of 356.6 mm and shows an increase of 73 mm during that period. The very severe monsoon season brought an increased risk of flooding. Results also revealed that the warmest month is July, and the coldest month is January, and both months showed increased temperatures of 0.60 ℃. Comparison results revealed that Guangzhou is not the only city which scored increased highest temperatures; other nearby cities including Heyuan, Shantou and Shaoguan also scored increased highest temperatures. The survey reveals that the majority of respondents (75%) perceived the increased frequency of extreme weather, including typhoons, heavy rainfall and multiple days of hot weather, such as higher temperatures and an increased number of hot days. In the responses to the questions related to the heat island effect, more than 80% of residents are aware of the existence of the heat island and its impacts. People believe that the primary causes of the urban heat island problem are industrial production and anthropogenic heat generated by the city. These results will be helpful to local and national policy and decision makers to revise and/or develop new strategies to improve the environment and quality of life in coastal megacities, particularly Ganzhou.

With increasing use of Xpert MTB/RIF a point of care molecular test for simultaneous detection of TB and resistance to rifampicin, a growing number of rifampicin resistant cases are being detected and notified. Insights into the variation and frequencies in the probe mutations obtained through Xpert testing in the RRTB case will form the baseline information for further investigation on drug resistance. In this study we did a retrospective analysis of the GeneXpert data obtained from patient samples received at a National reference laboratory in Chennai between the years 2014 and 2020 to look at the probe distribution, the variation in the mutation and explore its significance. Probe E mutation was most commonly identified followed by Probe D, Probe A, Probe B and Probe C. Coexistence of multiple probe mutations in low bacillary load samples could be related to prolonged amplification cycle leading to delayed hybridization of probes. In such instances reporting false RR in xpert testing is possible. The probe mutations of RR should be monitored in depth with inclusion of codon specific targets for management of drug sensitive TB. In addition, heteroresistance needs to be further tested by alternative genotypic methods to avoid false resistance.

In India, the lockdown imposed due to the pandemic is considered unprecedented for the sheer size of the population it affected and the extent of the mobility that happens within and across the cities it impacted. However, very little has been discussed in relation to public spaces and everyday life in Indian cities. The impact of the lockdown on public spaces can mean different things to different user groups. Using a socio-spatial lens, this chapter critically reflects on the role of everyday public spaces in Indian cities during the pandemic and how they potentially provide revealing insights on power relations and urban inequalities. Drawing upon theories from human geography, phenomenology, urban studies, environmental psychology, the chapter situates urban informality in public spaces in India within the everyday socio-spatial narratives of identity and belonging, the right to city and equity opportunities in cities.

The disciplines of architecture, media studies, urban design, city planning, lighting design, digital design, urban studies, and art represented here, apply a range of paradigms and methods in addressing media-related phenomena. Such diversity makes a critical synthesis both stimulating from a perspective of reflecting on some relatively unfamiliar approaches, and also challenging due to the disparate discourses they each represent. This chapter undertakes analytical summaries of contributions within the three sections, with section overviews synthesising conclusions through a number of key themes arising from the chapter findings and propositions—First, these include the multiple roles that locative media interfaces (both interactive and passive forms) seem to play in individuals’ interactions with a range of places at varying scales, and their perceptions of its value. The considerations of how ‘framing’—of observation, and of contents—effects either more specific or habitual adoption of these media also recurred in a number of guises. Secondly, in terms of how social-media interfaces with spatial representations, the findings and propositions advanced here, also suggest the potential benefits of gamification interventions and urban props in public spaces, and their required locational /design limitations for effectiveness. An exploration of the level of social interactions facilitated in spaces, used the medium of media screens yielding counter-intuitive results about static versus dynamic locations. The outcomes of multiple applications and platforms in a campus context, appear to be possible outliers in considering both locative and social media (within specific time frames). This was followed by critique of prevailing top-down, data-driven approaches to the ‘smart city’ in terms of the data neutrality, representational agency and scale problems they have engendered, highlighting the limitation of this dominant narrative. In contrasting these with emerging design counter-practices, opportunities for re-purposing (‘hacking’) such data platforms for a more localised, collective, inclusive, and bottom-up, ‘smart-citizenship’ were posed. Thirdly, continuing the focus on technology-mediated public space interventions, the dangers of big-data analyses and practices potentially reinforcing existing spatial regimes and inequalities (and creating new ones) was highlighted. In contrast, a compelling case was made for knowledge-based geopolitics ‘noopolitics’ as a driver of spatial networks—with migrant camps & urban informalities posited as ‘counter-laboratories’ of future liveability. Place as context for lifestyles was highlighted in the demonstration of how brand operators and developments they anchor, use luxury to characterise new identities in the case of Milan. And finally, if as has often been proposed, media trends are leading to us becoming ‘more-than-human’, the issue posed is whether our cities need to become ‘more-than-urban’ in order to usher-in true sustainability—And if so, how might designers help to achieve the needed forms and dynamic actions entailed? We develop concept images visualising these key themes.

Media technology has redefined our spatial relationship with the physical world as we are largely defined by locations and we no longer are mobile entities (Virilio in The vision machine: perspectives. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, p 74, 1994). With the pervasiveness of media practices, at one end of the spectrum, debates and discourses in architecture and urban design delve into how the role of space and place in everyday spatial practices has been ensconced in superficial connectedness through ‘virtual co-emplacements’ (Casey in The fate of place: a philosophical history. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, p XIV, 1998). And on the other end, scholars argue that performativity through spatial practices, is a compelling notion for re-inscribing oneself in the world (Butler in Gender trouble. Routledge, New York, 2006). This implies the need for understanding potential and emerging alternatives and possibilities of people–place relationships enabled through media technologies. Spaces and places serve as significant realms of becoming and unbecoming which are particularly crucial in contemporary dynamic spatialities. To delve into the complexity of emerging complex relations, this chapter as a first step, discusses how our relationship and engagement with urban environments in cities have been, and are understood and perceived by the changing conceptions of space/place relations and meanings within the urban environment.

Urban experience has become complex with simultaneous and alternate choices, and experiences are created by the dynamic flows of people, fluidity of material/immaterial entities, goods, information, etc. Drawing discussions from various disciplines, which share similar interests in exploring the consequences of media technology on place-understanding, this chapter explores an architectural approach adopting multiple perspectives, as a way of surveying over and above, and from within. Here, two main sets of understandings are provided, first, mobile media technologies as tools that change the understanding of place by moving from and seeing over and above the physical limitations, thus allowing our understanding to go beyond the barriers of physical borders. Then, by zooming in and seeing things from within (not from above or what we refer to in architecture as the human eye view) we propose technologies as Socio-Formative spheres that could reconstruct our place relationships from within the social and cultural threads. One objective of this is to provide a framework for understanding theories and literatures of place after the advent of media technologies, through approaching from “over and above” to view “from within”. Building on the literature that studies aspects of place-understanding in relation to media technologies and juxtaposing existing materials, our approach offers insight into a relational understanding of place that is also contingent on frames of observation.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Research England through the Quality Related - Global Challenges Research Funding at Anglia Ruskin University Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The necessity of incorporating a resilience-informed approach into urban planning and its decision-making is felt now more than any time previously, particularly in low and middle income countries. In order to achieve a successful transition to sustainable, resilient and cost-effective cities, there is a growing attention given to more effective integration of nature-based solutions, such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS), with other urban components. The experience of SuDS integration with urban planning, in developed cities, has proven to be an effective strategy with a wide range of advantages and lower costs. The effective design and implementation of SuDS requires a multi-objective approach by which all four pillars of SuDS design (i.e., water quality, water quantity, amenity and biodiversity) are considered in connection to other urban, social, and economic aspects and constraints. This study develops a resilience-driven multi-objective optimisation model aiming to provide a Pareto-front of optimised solutions for effective incorporation of SuDS into (peri)urban planning, applied to a case study in Brazil. This model adopts the SuDS's two pillars of water quality and water quantity as the optimisation objectives with its level of spatial distribution as decision variables. Also, an improved quality of life index (iQoL) is developed to re-evaluate the optimal engineering solutions to encompass the amenity and biodiversity pillars of SuDS. Rain barrels, green roofs, bio-retention tanks, vegetation grass swales and permeable pavements are the suitable SuDS options identified in this study. The findings show that the most resilient solutions are costly but this does not guarantee higher iQoL values. Bio-retention tanks and grass swales play effective roles in promotion of water quality resilience but this comes with considerable increase in costs. Permeable pavements and green roofs are effective strategies when flood resilience is a priority. Rain barrel is a preferred solution due to the dominance of residential areas in the study area and the lower cost of this option. Anglia Ruskin Univ, Sch Engn & Built Environm, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, Essex, England Univ Reading, Real Estate & Planning, Reading RG6 6UD, Berks, England Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Nat Sci Ctr, BR-18290000 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos Sch Engn, BR-13560590 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Ctr Exact Sci & Technol, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Sch Architecture Arts & Commun, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Sch Architecture Arts & Commun, BR-17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil Research England through the Quality Related - Global Challenges Research Funding at Anglia Ruskin University: RE522 CNPq: 300899/2016-5

Our theoretical approach considers cognitive and identity issues relevant to the locational, relational and technology-mediated concept images developed from thematic analyses of contributions in this collection. It probes the extent to which commonalities in these and wider implications for emerging practices and spatial cultures—suggest a means by which alternative outlines of ‘place’ notions could be explored—in terms of contemporary locative, social and identity-generating experiences and constructs? Could an indicative, media-based, ‘Concept Frame’ provide a basis for conceptualising emerging forms of mediated identity in place futures?—If so, what are key features of such a framework, and how might this, and other frames be interrogated, reconfigured and shared across disciplinary boundaries?

Introduction: Fracture of tooth structure at or below the gingival margin compromises rehabilitation and hampers esthetics and function. Management: Management of such cases by a post-core and crown restoration, or periodontal surgery or orthodontic extrusion alone may not always suffice in attaining a good result. Case Report: A multi-disciplinary approach which includes all of the above mentioned procedures helps in long term success. Conclusion: Careful case evaluation, treatment planning and meticulous attention to detail are the keys to the best treatment outcome.

In Iran, due to political and economic challenges, historical gardens are not celebrated as an important part of the country’s heritage. The issue of garden conservation is widely neglected, and up to now, there has been no record of its own history. This paper retrospectively re-examines the changes in the perception of cultural heritage through the lens of historical gardens in twentieth-century Iran. The data have been collected from unexamined and much-overlooked primary resources such as memos and letters that are rarely interpreted in the context of garden history. Through a critical review of the stories of the historical gardens in each political era in chronological order, this paper offers new insights and understandings of garden treatment in Iran, to better inform policy-makers regarding their conservation in contemporary times.

OBJECTIVES: With the introduction of newer molecular diagnostic tools to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an increasing number of nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) is being identified. However, the drug resistance pattern of the NTM species identified is less explored. The objective of this study is to study the drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium kansasii species isolated in a tuberculosis-endemic setting at South India. METHODS: A wide profile of NTM species were reported earlier from a prospective cohort of adults during 2017–2020. Out of this profile, a total of 22 M. kansasii species were subjected to drug susceptibility testing by two different methods: proportion sensitivity testing method and Sensititre testing method. RESULTS: Out of the 18 strains of M. kansasii subjected to Sensititre method of testing, the resistance pattern was demonstrated to be high for doxycycline (13) followed by rifampicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (7). Out of the 22 strains subjected to proportion sensitivity testing method, 20 and 10 were resistant to isoniazid and ethambutol, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was a poor correlation between the treatment outcome and the resistance pattern of the antibiotics tested. With increasing numbers of NTM being reported, early and correct identification of NTM species is essential for the prompt initiation of appropriate treatment to achieve better outcome.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), considered as mere contaminants, are off late, being reported as potential pathogens through various studies. The infections due to NTM range from pulmonary to extra pulmonary including skin and soft-tissue infections, traumatic and surgical wound infections, and catheter and implant-associated infections. Although extrapulmonary infections are extensively explored, pulmonary infections are scarcely reported due to their misdiagnosis as tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis (MTB). Appropriate detection methods are essential in order to facilitate the differential diagnosis of NTM from MTB infections. We aimed to collate the data available on NTM diagnosis and its epidemiology in India in this review. While diagnosis of MTB itself is more challenging in India, for appropriate treatment of NTM, special training and attention is needed for differential diagnosis of the former from latter. Currently, in India, in addition to the available techniques for identification of NTM, line probe assay (Hains life sciences) is proving to be a promising tool for the detection of NTM (common mycobacteria/additional species kit) and their antimicrobial resistance (Genotype NTM-DR VER 1.0). In future, with the price of sequencing steadily coming down, with proper monitoring, whole-genome sequencing could be the test of choice to predict the species, drug resistance, outbreaks in hospitals, and transmission dynamics.