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Surgical resection is the only potential curative treatment for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but unfortunately most patients recur within 5 years of surgery. This article aims to assess the practice patterns across major academic institutions and develop consensus recommendations for postoperative imaging and interpretation in patients with PDAC.The consensus recommendations for postoperative imaging surveillance following PDAC resection were developed using the Delphi method. Members of the Society of Abdominal Radiology (SAR) PDAC Disease Focused Panel (DFP) underwent three rounds of surveys followed by live webinar group discussions to develop consensus recommendations.Significant variations currently exist in the postoperative surveillance of PDAC, even among academic institutions. Differentiating common postoperative inflammatory and fibrotic changes from tumor recurrence remains a diagnostic challenge, and there is no reliable size threshold or growth rate of imaging findings that can provide differentiation. A new liver lesion or peritoneal nodule should be considered suspicious for tumor recurrence, and the imaging features should be interpreted in the appropriate clinical context (e.g., CA 19-9, clinical presentation, pathologic staging).Postoperative imaging following PDAC resection is challenging to interpret due to the presence of confounding postoperative inflammatory changes. A standardized reporting template for locoregional findings and report impression may improve communication of relaying risk of recurrence with referring providers, which merits validation in future studies.

Standardized reporting in radiology has an established role in numerous disease processes, with added benefits in oncology of reduced variability, and generation of a thorough and pertinent report with a focused and relevant conclusion. Many radiologists are not familiar with the imaging patterns of neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) spread and recurrence. This paper will present standardized CT, MRI, and PET templates for reporting gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NENs and explain the rationale for including specific pertinent positive and negative findings, at various stages of disease management, based on site of origin.Basic templates for initial and follow-up anatomic and molecular GEP NEN imaging were created with input from the multidisciplinary Society of Abdominal Radiology (SAR) Neuroendocrine Tumor Disease Focused Panel (NET-DFP). The templates were further modified and finalized after several iterations.Four main report templates were generated for (i) initial anatomic CT or MR imaging studies, (ii) follow-up anatomic CT or MR imaging studies, (iii) initial Somatostatin Receptor (SSTR) or FDG PET imaging studies, and (iv) follow-up SSTR or FDG PET imaging studies. Each study template was formatted to allow its integration into a dictation software directly and be modified as needed, with internalized instructions indicating where a drop-down menu or macro may be used to personalize the template as necessary.These templates were created through a combination of multidisciplinary expert opinion discussion supported by literature review and provide basic structured reporting standards for GEP NEN anatomic and molecular imaging studies.

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is a contemporary development by which the tissue can be characterized beyond conventional computed tomography. It improves tissue differentiation by exploiting the X-ray absorptive property of the tissues. Although still in its early stages, DECT utilization in pulmonary and cardiovascular pathologies is emerging. It includes applications such as pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, myocardial perfusion, and coronary artery assessment. This article discusses DECT principles and their current and emerging applications in thoracic imaging.

To assess the quality of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) images in patients receiving 50% of the recommended weight-based volume of iodinated intravenous contrast medium.The study included cancer patients who previously underwent abdominal CT on a DECT scanner using a single source with the full recommended weight-based dose of Iohexol 350. Using the same scanner, the patients underwent a portovenous phase DECT scan following intravenous injection of half of the recommended weight-based dose. Monochromatic energy images were processed at 60 and 70kEv and compared to polychromatic 140kVp images. Three radiologists independently scored the images for overall diagnostic acceptability and image quality of solid organs and vasculature. Regions of interest were drawn on the portal vein, aorta, liver, and fat to calculate contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and signal to noise ratio (SNR). A multivariate ordinal generalized estimating equations model was used to assess image quality score. Pairwise comparisons were performed of the readers' scores, CNR, and SNR. Agreement with respect to quality score was calculated by using Fleiss's kappa value.Diagnostic acceptability was better for the SECT (120kVp) scans than for the 70 and 60kEv scans, and better for the 70 and 60kEv scans than for the 140kVp scans. Noise was subjectively rated as best on the 70kEv images. SNR of the liver was highest on 70kEv images. SNR of the liver on 70kEv images was significantly better than SECT images (p 0.0001). Liver CNR was highest on SECT (120kVp) images.DECT with 50% reduction in the volume of intravenous contrast produces image quality comparable to that of SECT in cancer patients.

Virtual non-contrast (VNC) imaging is a post-processing technique generated from contrast-enhanced scans using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). It is generated by removing iodine from imaging acquired at multiple energies. Myriad clinical studies have shown its ability to diagnose the various abdominal and pelvic pathologies discussed in the article. VNC is also a problem-solving tool for characterizing incidentally detected lesions ("incidentalomas"), often decreasing the need for additional follow-up imaging. It also obviates the multiphase image acquisitions to evaluate hematuria, hepatic steatosis, aortic endoleaks, and gastrointestinal bleeding by generating image datasets from different tissue attenuation values. The scope of this article is to provide an overview of various applications of VNC imaging obtained by DECT in the abdomen and pelvis.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the quality of outside hospital imaging and associated reports submitted to us for reinterpretation related to clinical care at our tertiary cancer center. We compared the initial study interpretations to that of interpretations performed by subspecialty-trained abdominal radiologists at our center and whether this resulted in a change in inpatient treatment.We performed an institutional review board-approved retrospective single-institution study of 915 consecutive outside computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) abdominal imaging studies that had been submitted to our institution between August 1, 2020 and November 30, 2020. The assessed parameters included the quality and accuracy of the report, the technical quality of the imaging compared to that at our institution, the appropriateness of the imaging for staging or restaging, usage of oral and IV contrast, and CT slice thickness. Clinical notes, pathologic findings, and subsequent imaging were used to establish an accurate diagnosis and determine the effect on clinical treatment. Discrepancies between the initial and secondary interpretations were identified independently by a panel of radiologists to assess changes in treatment. The impact of discrepancies on treatment was evaluated based on current treatment guidelines.Of 744 CT (81%) and 171 MR (19%) outside imaging studies, 65% had suboptimal quality compared to the images at our institution, and 31% were inappropriate for oncological care purposes. Only 21% of CT studies had optimal slice thickness of3 mm. Of 375 (41%) outside reports, 131 (34%) had discrepancies between secondary and initial interpretations. Of the 88 confirmed discrepant studies, 42 patients (48%) had a change in treatment based on the secondary interpretation.Imaging studies from outside institutions have variable image quality and are often inadequate for oncologic imaging. The secondary interpretations by subspecialty-trained radiologists resulted in treatment change.

Mathematical model simulation of low delta tumor growth (lambda = 0.2)

Purpose:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a heterogeneous disease with variable presentations and natural histories of disease. We hypothesized that different morphologic characteristics of PDAC tumors on diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans would reflect their underlying biology.Experimental Design:We developed a quantitative method to categorize the PDAC morphology on pretherapy CT scans from multiple datasets of patients with resectable and metastatic disease and correlated these patterns with clinical/pathologic measurements. We modeled macroscopic lesion growth computationally to test the effects of stroma on morphologic patterns, hypothesizing that the balance of proliferation and local migration rates of the cancer cells would determine tumor morphology.Results:In localized and metastatic PDAC, quantifying the change in enhancement on CT scans at the interface between tumor and parenchyma (delta) demonstrated that patients with conspicuous (high-delta) tumors had significantly less stroma, higher likelihood of multiple common pathway mutations, more mesenchymal features, higher likelihood of early distant metastasis, and shorter survival times compared with those with inconspicuous (low-delta) tumors. Pathologic measurements of stromal and mesenchymal features of the tumors supported the mathematical model's underlying theory for PDAC growth.Conclusions:At baseline diagnosis, a visually striking and quantifiable CT imaging feature reflects the molecular and pathological heterogeneity of PDAC, and may be used to stratify patients into distinct subtypes. Moreover, growth patterns of PDAC may be described using physical principles, enabling new insights into diagnosis and treatment of this deadly disease.

Supplementary Figure from Phase II Study of Ramucirumab in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Previously Treated By Gemcitabine-Based Chemotherapy

Additional methods

Purpose:VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)–mediated angiogenesis contributes to pathogenesis of biliary tract cancers (BTC). We investigated ramucirumab, a mAb targeting VEGFR-2 for treatment of advanced, chemorefractory BTC.Patients and Methods:This is a phase II, single-arm trial for advanced, unresectable, pre-treated patients with BTC with ECOG 0/1, adequate liver, renal, and marrow functions. Ramucirumab was administered at 8 mg/kg, 2 weekly with restaging performed 8 weekly. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. Exploratory endpoints included correlation of tumor mutational status with PFS and OS.Results:61 patients were enrolled: the median age was 58.5 years; 59 with stage IV disease; 62%, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; 22%, gallbladder cancer; and 16%, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. All received prior chemotherapy: 52% had 1 prior, and rest ≥2 prior lines. Median treatment duration was 10.1 weeks (range, 2.1–86). Median PFS was 3.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.1–4.8]; median OS, 9.5 months (95% CI, 5.8–13.6). One (1.7%) patient achieved partial response; 26 (43.3%), stable disease; and 25 (41.7%), disease progression; DCR, 45%. Median 6-month PFS and OS rates were 32% (95% CI, 0.22–0.46) and 58% (95% CI, 0.47–0.72). The majority of toxicities were grade 1 or 2; grade 3 proteinuria (1, 2%), hypertension (13, 22%), and pulmonary embolism (1, 2%), and grade 4 gastrointestinal bleeding (1, 2%) occurred.Conclusions:Ramucirumab was well tolerated and resulted in PFS similar to that achieved with other chemotherapy regimens used historically for chemorefractory BTC.

Compilation of supplemental tables and figures

Purpose:As hypoxia can mediate resistance to immunotherapy, we investigated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of combining evofosfamide, a prodrug that alleviates hypoxia, with ipilimumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, in immunologically “cold” cancers, which are intrinsically insensitive to immunotherapy, as well as in “hot/warm” metastatic cancers that are, atypical of such cancers, resistant to immunotherapy.Patients and Methods:In a phase I, 3+3 dose-escalation trial (NCT03098160), evofosfamide (400–640 mg/m2) and ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) were administered in four 3-week cycles. The former was administered on days 1 and 8 of cycles 1–2, while the latter was administered on day 8 of cycles 1–4. Response was assessed using immune-related RECIST and retreatment was allowed, if deemed beneficial, after completion of cycle 4 or at progression.Results:Twenty-two patients were enrolled, of whom 21 were evaluable, encompassing castration-resistant prostate cancer (n = 11), pancreatic cancer (n = 7), immunotherapy-resistant melanoma (n = 2), and human papillomavirus–negative head and neck cancer (n = 1). Drug-related hematologic toxicities, rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, and elevation of liver enzymes were observed in > 10% of patients. The most common drug-related grade 3 adverse event was alanine aminotransferase elevation (33.3%). Two patients discontinued ipilimumab and 4 required evofosfamide deescalation due to toxicity. Of 18 patients with measurable disease at baseline, 3 (16.7%) achieved partial response and 12 (66.7%) achieved stable disease. The best responses were observed at 560 mg/m2 evofosfamide. Preexisting immune gene signatures predicted response to therapy, while hypermetabolic tumors predicted progression. Responders also showed improved peripheral T-cell proliferation and increased intratumoral T-cell infiltration into hypoxia.Conclusions:No new or unexpected safety signals were observed from combining evofosfamide and ipilimumab, and evidence of therapeutic activity was noted.

Mathematical model simulation of high delta tumor growth (lambda = 1.5)

Background Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma (DAC) is an aggressive histologic variant of prostate cancer that often warrants multimodal therapy and poses a significant diagnostic challenge clinically and at imaging. Purpose To develop multiparametric MRI criteria to define DAC and to assess their diagnostic performance in differentiating DAC from prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma (PAC). Materials and Methods Men with histologically proven DAC who had multiparametric MRI before radical prostatectomy were retrospectively identified from January 2011 through November 2018. MRI features were predefined using a subset of nine DACs and then compared for men with peripheral-zone DACs 1 cm or greater in size and men with matched biopsy-confirmed International Society of Urological Pathology grade group 4-5 PAC, by four independent radiologists blinded to the pathologic diagnosis. Diagnostic performance was determined by consensus read. Patient and tumor characteristics were compared by using the Fisher test

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the rectum (R-NENs) are rare; however, their incidence has increased almost threefold in the last few decades. Imaging of R-NENs includes two primary categories: anatomic/morphologic imaging comprised of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional/molecular imaging comprising of planar scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). The management depends on stage, dimension, atypical features, histological grade, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Low-risk local R-NENs can be resected endoscopically, and high-risk or locally advanced neoplasms can be treated with radical surgery and lymphadenectomy and/or chemoradiation. The review article focuses on imaging illustrations and discusses applications of different imaging modalities in diagnosing and managing R-NENs.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PaNENs) are a unique group of pancreatic neoplasms with a wide range of clinical presentations and behaviors. Given their heterogeneous appearance and increasing detection on cross-sectional imaging, it is essential that radiologists understand the variable presentation and distinctions PaNENs display compared to other pancreatic neoplasms. Additionally, some of these neoplasms may be hormonally functional, and it is imperative that radiologists be aware of the common clinical presentations of hormonally active PaNENs. Knowledge of PaNEN pathology and treatments may influence which imaging modality is optimal for each patient. Each imaging modality used for PaNENs has distinct advantages and disadvantages, particularly in different treatment settings. Thus, the focus of this manuscript is to provide an update for the radiologist on PaNEN pathology, imaging, and treatments.

The present letter to the editor corresponds to the article entitled "Comprehensive literature review on the radiographic findings, imaging modalities, and the role of radiology in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic" by Pal

Introduction The objective of the project was to describe an efficient workflow for quantifying and disseminating tumor imaging metrics essential for assessing tumor response in clinical therapeutic trials. The clinical research utility of integration of the workflow into the electronic health record for radiology reporting was measured before and after the intervention. Materials and Methods A search of institutional clinical trial databases was performed to identify trials with radiology department collaborators. Investigator initiated trials, or those which lacked a standardized or automated system of collaboration with the research team were selected for the study. A web based application integrated in the electronic health record platform, the Quantitative Imaging Analysis Core (QIAC) initiative was established as a divisional resource with institutional support to provide standardized and reproducible imaging metrics across the institution. The turnaround time for radiology reports before (phase 1) and after web based application workflow (phase 2) was measured. During our test period (November 2014 to June 2015), a total of 68 requests with 37 from phase 1 and 31 from phase 2 were analyzed for patients who were enrolled in prospective clinical therapeutic interventional trials. Results The mean turnaround time for generation of quantitative tumor metric results after implementation of the web based QIAC workflow (phase 2) was significantly lower than prior (phase 1) (15.9 ± 21.3 vs 31.7 ± 35.4 hours, p= 0.0005). The mean time from the scan to the preliminary assessment was 19.6 ± 25.6 hours before and significantly reduced to 8.0 ± 9.9 hours with implementation of web based QIAC workflow. Conclusion Implementation of a web based QIAC workflow platform enabled significantly improved turnaround time for quantitative tumor metrics reports and enabled faster access to the reports.

Molecular imaging plays a vital role in the management of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) PET is critical for evaluating NENs, ascertaining peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) eligibility, and treatment response. SSTR-PET/MRI can provide a one-stop-shop multiparametric evaluation of NENs. The acquisition of complementary imaging information in PET/MRI has distinct advantages over PET/CT and MR imaging acquisitions. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of PET/MRI and a current review of recent PET/MRI advances in the diagnosis, staging, treatment, and surveillance of NENs.

Gynecologic malignancies are among the most common cancers in women worldwide and account for significant morbidity and mortality. Management and consequently overall patient survival is reliant upon early detection, accurate staging and early detection of any recurrence. Ultrasound, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) play an essential role in the detection, characterization, staging and restaging of the most common gynecologic malignancies, namely the cervical, endometrial and ovarian malignancies. Recent advances in imaging including functional MRI, hybrid imaging with Positron Emission Tomography (PET/MRI) contribute even more to lesion specification and overall role of imaging in gynecologic malignancies. Radiomics is a neoteric approach which aspires to enhance decision support by extracting quantitative information from radiological imaging.

Radiomics is a newer approach for analyzing radiological images obtained from conventional imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography, and positron emission tomography. Radiomics involves extracting quantitative data from the images and assessing them to identify diagnostic or prognostic features such as tumor grade, resectability, tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy, and survival. The purpose of this review is to discuss the basic principles of radiomics and provide an overview of the current clinical applications of radiomics in the field of pancreatic tumors.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) represents the most frequently occurring gynecological malignancy, accounting for more than 70% of ovarian cancer deaths. Preoperative imaging plays an important role in assessing the extent of disease and guides the next step in surgical decision-making and operative planning. In this article, we will review the multimodality imaging features of various subtypes of EOC. We will also discuss the role of imaging in the staging, management, and surveillance of EOC.

Recurrent high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix has a very poor prognosis and limited active treatment options.To evaluate the efficacy of the three-drug regimen topotecan, paclitaxel, and bevacizumab (TPB) in women with recurrent high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix.This retrospective cohort study used data from the Neuroendocrine Cervical Tumor Registry (NeCTuR), which includes data abstracted directly from medical records of women diagnosed with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix from English- and Spanish-speaking countries. The study compared women with recurrent high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix who received TPB as first- or second-line therapy for recurrence and women with recurrent high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix who received chemotherapy but not TPB. Patients continued chemotherapy until disease progression or development of unacceptable toxic effects. Progression-free survival from the start of treatment for recurrence to the next recurrence or death, overall survival from first recurrence, and response rates were evaluated.The study included 62 patients who received TPB as first- or second-line treatment for recurrence and 56 patients who received chemotherapy but not TPB for recurrence. Median progression-free survival was 8.7 months in the TPB group compared to 3.7 months in the non-TPB group, with a hazard ratio for progression of 0.27 (95% CI 0.17-0.48; P0.0001). In the TPB group, 15% had stable disease, 39% had a partial response, and 18% had a complete response. Significantly more patients in the TPB group than in the non-TPB group remained on treatment at 6 months (67% vs. 31%, P = 0.0004) and 1 year (24% vs. 9%, P = 0.02). Median overall survival was 16.8 months in the TPB group compared to 14.0 months in the non-TPB group, with a hazard ratio for death of 0.87 (95% CI 0.55-1.37).TPB is an active regimen in women with recurrent high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix and improves progression-free survival while decreasing the hazard ratio for progression.

Functional imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a complementary tool to conventional diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging sequences. It is being increasingly investigated to predict tumor response and assess tumor recurrence. We elucidate the specific technical modifications of DWI preferred for gynecological imaging, including the different b-values and planes for image acquisition. Additionally, we discuss the problems and potential pitfalls encountered during DWI interpretation and ways to overcome them. DWI has a wide range of clinical applications in malignant and non-malignant gynecological conditions. It provides supplemental information helpful in diagnosing and managing tubo-ovarian abscess, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, adnexal torsion, and dermoid. Similarly, DWI has diverse applications in gynecological oncology in diagnosis, staging, detection of recurrent disease, and tumor response assessment. Quantitative evaluation with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement is being increasingly evaluated for correlation with various tumor parameters in managing gynecological malignancies aiding in preoperative treatment planning. Newer advanced DWI techniques of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and whole body DWI with background suppression (DWIBS) and their potential uses in pelvic nerve mapping, preoperative planning, and fertility-preserving surgeries are briefly discussed.

To evaluate the effects on efficiency and patient care of the addition of physician assistants (PAs) and NPs to the abdominal radiology consult service.We obtained radiologist productivity and patient care metrics for 3 months before and 3 months after the integration of PAs and NPs into our consult service.Integrating PAs and NPs into the workflow led to a significant increase in mean RVUs/shift (15.2 ± 0.9 versus 6.2 ± 1.8; P = .02), number of studies read per shift (10.1 ± 0.5 versus 4.4 ± 1.5; P = .003), revenue per shift hour ($756.20 ± $55.40 versus $335.40 ± $132.60; P = .007), protocol prescription to patient appointment lead time (39.3 ± 6.7 versus 16.3 ± 2.9 days; P = .005), and significant decreases in mean CT (19.3% ± 0.6 versus 3.3% ± 0.6; P = .001) and MRI (11.7% ± 0.6 versus 8.3% ± 0.12; P = .011) same-day protocol changes as patient appointments.PAs and NPs can be effectively integrated into abdominal radiology consult service, increasing the productivity of radiologists, and enhancing clinical care.

Purpose: As hypoxia can mediate resistance to immunotherapy, we investigated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of combining evofosfamide, a prodrug that alleviates hypoxia, with ipilimumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, in immunologically “cold” cancers, which are intrinsically insensitive to immunotherapy, as well as in “hot/warm” metastatic cancers that are, atypical of such cancers, resistant to immunotherapy. Patients and Methods: In a phase I, 3+3 dose-escalation trial (NCT03098160), evofosfamide (400–640 mg/m2) and ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) were administered in four 3-week cycles. The former was administered on days 1 and 8 of cycles 1–2, while the latter was administered on day 8 of cycles 1–4. Response was assessed using immune-related RECIST and retreatment was allowed, if deemed beneficial, after completion of cycle 4 or at progression. Results: Twenty-two patients were enrolled, of whom 21 were evaluable, encompassing castration-resistant prostate cancer (n = 11), pancreatic cancer (n = 7), immunotherapy-resistant melanoma (n = 2), and human papillomavirus–negative head and neck cancer (n = 1). Drug-related hematologic toxicities, rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, and elevation of liver enzymes were observed in > 10% of patients. The most common drug-related grade 3 adverse event was alanine aminotransferase elevation (33.3%). Two patients discontinued ipilimumab and 4 required evofosfamide deescalation due to toxicity. Of 18 patients with measurable disease at baseline, 3 (16.7%) achieved partial response and 12 (66.7%) achieved stable disease. The best responses were observed at 560 mg/m2 evofosfamide. Preexisting immune gene signatures predicted response to therapy, while hypermetabolic tumors predicted progression. Responders also showed improved peripheral T-cell proliferation and increased intratumoral T-cell infiltration into hypoxia. Conclusions: No new or unexpected safety signals were observed from combining evofosfamide and ipilimumab, and evidence of therapeutic activity was noted.

Sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary (SCST) are uncommon ovarian tumors arising from sex cord and/or stromal cells of the ovaries. They may be nonfunctional and asymptomatic or functional presenting with hyperestrogenic, hyperandrogenic or cushingoid symptoms. They present in a wide age group of women, mostly in early stages and follow a nonaggressive clinical course after surgical resection. They differ from more prevalent epithelial ovarian tumors which tend to present in older women in advanced stages with poor prognosis. Some of SCSTs are associated with clinical syndromes. We will review imaging features on ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, epidemiology and clinical presentations of these tumors.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several service fields have opted for virtual work as much as possible, in order to decrease the spread of the virus. Although several articles have now addressed the key issues in telecommunications and medical education, none have described the digital or virtual functionality of a professional society disease focused panel (DFP) or inter-institutional collaborations. This is extremely important as we believe that the virtual functioning of the DFP will be the new norm for years to come. In this article, we highlight the limitations in the functioning of DFP brought forth due to the ongoing pandemic, while also providing the digital technologic solutions to adapt and also maintain or increase its productivity.