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Abstract: The radiolabeled tracers have been extensively utilized to access various physiological and pathological conditions non-invasively, such as cancers, inflammation, and organ-specific imaging. These tracers demonstrate and study tumor hypoxia in several malignancies. Hypoxia is commonly seen in solid tumors.Tumor Hypoxia is a non-physiological condition of reduced oxygen concentration in the tumor. Hypoxia is associated with adverse outcomes such as treatment resistance and metastases in solid tumors. Tumor hypoxia may result in resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, leading to a poor prognosis.It is one of the clinically paramount factors in treatment planning. Various chemical scaffolds are labeled with compatible radioisotopes for imaging hypoxia by Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Positron emission tomography (PET). Radionuclides, such as [18F]Flourine, [99mTc]Technetium, [131I]Iodine, [124I]Iodine, and [64Cu]Copper are used for incorporation into different chemical scaffolds.Among them, [18F]Flourine and [64Cu] Copper tagged radiopharmaceuticals are most explored, such as [18F]FMISO, [18F]FAZA, [18F]FETNIM, and N4-methyl thiosemicarbazone [64Cu][Cu (ATSM)]. Some of the promising scaffolds for imaging hypoxia are [18F]EF1, [18F]EF5, [18F]EF3, and [18F]HX4. This review is focused on developing radiochemistry routes to synthesize different radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxia in clinical and preclinical studies, as described in the literature. The chemist and radiochemist exerted enormous efforts to overcome these obstacles. They have successfully formulated multiple radiopharmaceuticals for hypoxia imaging. Radionuclide incorporation in high selectivity and efficiency (radiochemical yield, specific activity, purity, and radio-scalability) is a need for application perspective. Versatile chemistry, including nucleophilic and electrophilic substitutions, allows the direct or indirect introduction of radioisotopes into molecules of interest. This review will discuss the chemical routes for synthesizing and utilizing different precursors for radiolabeling withradionuclides.We will briefly summaries these radio-labeled tracers' application and biological significance.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are anaerobic bacteria that form biofilm and induce corrosion on various material surfaces. The quorum sensing (QS) system that employs acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-type QS molecules primarily govern biofilm formation. Studies on SRB have reported the presence of AHL, but no AHL synthase have been annotated in SRB so far. In this computational study, we used a combination of data mining, multiple sequence alignment (MSA), homology modeling and docking to decode a putative AHL synthase in the model SRB, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH). Through data mining, we shortlisted 111 AHL synthase genes. Conserved domain analysis of 111 AHL synthase genes generated a consensus sequence. Subsequent MSA of the consensus sequence with DvH genome indicated that DVU_2486 (previously uncharacterized protein from acetyltransferase family) is the gene encoding for AHL synthase. Homology modeling revealed the existence of seven α-helices and six β sheets in the DvH AHL synthase. The amalgamated study of hydrophobicity, binding energy, and tunnels and cavities revealed that Leu99, Trp104, Arg139, Trp97, and Tyr36 are the crucial amino acids that govern the catalytic center of this putative synthase. Identifying AHL synthase in DvH would provide more comprehensive knowledge on QS mechanism and help design strategies to control biofilm formation.

The development of new radiolabeled Positron emission tomography tracers has been extensively utilized to access the increasing diversity in the research process and to facilitate the development in research methodology, clinical usage of drug discovery and patient care. Recent advances in radiochemistry, as well as the latest techniques in automated radio-synthesizer, have encouraged and challenged the radiochemists to produce the routinely developed radiotracers. Various radionuclides like 18F, 11C, 15O, 13N 99mTc, 131I, 124I and 64Cu are used for incorporating into different chemical scaffolds; among them, 18F and 11C tagged radiotracers are mostly explored such as 11C-Methionine, 11C-Choline, 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT, and 18F-FES. This review is focused on the development of radiochemistry routes to synthesize different radiotracers of 11C and 18F for clinical studies.

Language, literature and society evolve parallel to each other and often at a similar pace. Integration of the three is taken up as a challenge by penmen of all ages. Language is the tool a writer with the objective of exploring, observing and presenting the narratives about sociological issues in delectable form depends upon. Authors and scholars have always strived to capture audiences across the world with enchanting subjects and prodigious treatments. Some of them drew inspiration from ancient scriptures and folklore and presented their narratives in the contemporary forms and styles, while others composed their works adopting the idiom and styles of the fable-mongers of the ancient times. Since literary works of all genres are directed towards people who form audiences, and, society at large. The sociological orientation of literature is unique in its own ways for each writer, as all of them have their own anomalous combinations and permutations of linguistics, themes and expression. Works of Girish Karnad, one of the most celebrated contemporary playwrights abound in existential themes drawn from ancient scriptures and folklore, especially myths and mythology. The dramatist has been immensely successful in crafting them, putting them in the framework of contemporary issues so as to appeal even to new-age theatre-goers with modern outlook. This study is centered around Karnad’s knack for building literary bridges across time and space to establish links between people, through the use of shared symbolism and idiom, with those existing eons apart and not even remotely connected. This is evident in the key works of Karnad, viz, Yayati, Hayavadana, Naga-Mandala, Tuglaq, Broken Images, etc. The existential concerns of protagonists and key characters of these plays, though varied in hues, seem to be drawn from the same spring, and hence possess universal appeal.

Dye wastewaters contain significant amounts of toxic organic species and intense color. Electrochemical oxidation has a proven potential to degrade these bio-resistant pollutants. This paper presents the results of indirect electrochemical oxidation of Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) recalcitrant dye wastewater using NaCl, KBr and Na2SO4 as supporting electrolytes. The studies were performed in an undivided batch reactor using indigenously prepared Ti/CoOx–RuO2–SnO2–Sb2O5 electrode classified as dimensionally stable anode (DSA). Characterization of the catalytic coating was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis. Similar operating conditions like electrolyte concentration, pH, current density and electrolysis time were used for all studies. The progress of dye degradation was monitored by estimating reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and color. Other performance indicators like average current efficiency (ACE) and energy consumption (EC) were also analyzed. The rate of COD removal followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The present investigation exhibited highest treatment effectiveness in the presence of chloride compared to bromide and sulfate as degradation was dependent on the generation of highly electroactive oxidative species.

Six-membered palladacyclic complexes derived from N,N′,N′′-triarylguanidines, [Pd{κ2(C,N)}(μ-NCS)]2 (1–4), trans-[Pd{κ2(C,N)}(NCS)L] (L = nitrogen based planar Lewis bases, 5–7) and cis-[Pd{κ2(C,N)}(X)L] (L = phosphorus based conical Lewis bases, X = NCS or SCN) that contained N bound thiocyanate (8 and 10–16) and S bound thiocyanate (9) were isolated in good yields. trans-[Pd(κ1C-guanidine)(NCS)(PMe3)2] (17 and 18) were isolated in good yields in order to understand the factors that decide the thiocyanate coordination modes in 5–16. The new complexes were characterized by analytical techniques, IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 31P and 13C) spectroscopy and further the molecular structures of thirteen complexes were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The Pd(II) atom in 5·CH2Cl2 and 6·PhMe revealed a trans configuration while that in the remaining structurally characterized monomeric palladacycles revealed a cis configuration. Palladacycles 8·2/3PhMe and 9·MeOH represent the first pair of structurally characterized linkage isomers of organopalladium complexes to be reported. The influence of solvents on thiocyanate coordination modes in 8·2/3PhMe and 9·MeOH is discussed. Theoretical studies were carried out on the 8 and 9 pair and on their model complexes, 8′ and 9′, and in both cases an N bound isomer was found to be more stable than their S bound counterpart by 6.14 and 4.64 kcal mol−1, respectively. In the case of methanol bridged dimers of 8′ and 9′, namely 8′′ and 9′′, the N bound isomer (8′′) is more stable by 8.11 kcal mol−1 suggesting the possible role of lattice methanol and its intermolecular interactions with 9 in the crystal lattice for the observance of a S bound thiocyanate coordination mode. The Wiberg bond index calculations were carried out on 8′ and 9′ which suggested the dominance of Pd ← NCS (F) and Pd ← S–CN (H) resonance forms, respectively.

The mimicking of evolution on a laboratory timescale to enhance biocatalyst specificity, substrate utilization activity, and/or product formation, is an effective and well-established approach that does not involve genetic engineering or regulatory details of the microorganism. The present work employed an evolutionary adaptive approach to improve the lignocellulose deconstruction capabilities of the strain by inducing the expression of laccase, a multicopper oxidase, in Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1. This bacterium is highly efficient in depolymerizing unprocessed lignocellulose, needing no preprocessing/pretreatment of the biomasses. However, it natively produces low levels of laccase. After 15 rounds of serially adapting this thermophilic strain in the presence of unprocessed corn stover as the selective pressure, we recorded a 20-fold increase in catalytic laccase activity, at 9.23 &plusmn, 0.6 U/mL, in an adapted yet stable strain of Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1, compared with the initial laccase production (0.46 &plusmn, 0.04 U/mL) obtained with the unadapted strain grown on unprocessed corn stover before optimization. Chemical composition analysis demonstrated that lignin removal by the adapted strain was 22 wt.% compared with 6 wt.% removal by the unadapted strain. These results signify a favorable prospect for fast, cost competitive bulk production of this thermostable enzyme. Also, this work has practical importance, as this fast adaptation of the Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 suggests the possibility of growing industrial quantities of Geobacillus sp. strain WSUCF1 cells as biocatalysts on reasonably inexpensive carbon sources for commercial use. This work is the first application of the adaptive laboratory evolution approach for developing the desired phenotype of enhanced ligninolytic capability in any microbial strain.

The development of new radiolabeled Positron emission tomography tracers has been extensively utilized to access the increasing diversity in the research process and to facilitate the development in research methodology, clinical usage of drug discovery and patient care. Recent advances in radiochemistry, as well as the latest techniques in automated radio-synthesizer, have encouraged and challenged the radiochemists to produce the routinely developed radiotracers. Various radionuclides like 18F, 11C, 15O, 13N 99mTc, 131I, 124I and 64Cu are used for incorporating into different chemical scaffolds; among them, 18F and 11C tagged radiotracers are mostly explored such as 11C-Methionine, 11C-Choline, 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT, and 18F-FES. This review is focused on the development of radiochemistry routes to synthesize different radiotracers of 11C and 18F for clinical studies.

Reaction of a bulky Schiff base, 2,6-dibenzhydryl-N-4-((2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)imino)pent-2-en-2-yl)-4-methylaniline (Ar2NacNacH (Ar = 2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)) with PdCl2 in toluene under reflux condition affords dinuclear [(Ar2NacNac)Pd (μ-Cl)]2 (1). Complex 1 upon crystallization from CH2Cl2-MeCN mixture affords mononuclear [(Ar2NacNac)Pd(NCMe)Cl] (2). On the other hand, the reaction of Ar2NacNacH with Pd(OAc)2 in toluene under reflux condition or with Cu(OAc)2⋅H2O in CH2Cl2-MeOH at room temperature affords mononuclear complexes [(Ar2NacNac)M(κ2-OAc)] (M = Pd (3) and Cu (4)). The new complexes have been characterized by spectroscopic (IR, ESI-MS, NMR or EPR, UV-Vis), microanalytical (CHN) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques, in addition to a single crystal X-ray diffraction study for 2–4. Complexes 1–3 have been employed in Suzuki coupling whereas complex 4 has been investigated for the oxidation of secondary alcohols and have been found to be highly efficient catalysts for the respective reactions.

A bulky phosphate, 2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl dihydrogen phosphate ((LH2)-H-1) is synthesized from the reaction of 2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenol with POCl3 followed by hydrolysis. (LH2)-H-1 reacts with metal nitrates, M(NO3)(2)center dot xH(2)O in methanol under ambient conditions to afford mononuclear complexes, [M((LH)-H-1)(2)(CH3OH)(4)] (M = Co (1), Cu (2), Zn (3)) which contain the phosphate group in mono-deprotonated form. On the other hand, when acetate rather than nitrate salt of cobalt is used, a one dimensional (1D) polymer, [Co(L-1)(CH3OH)(4)](n) (4) is obtained wherein the phosphate ligand is in the doubly-deprotonated form. When the reaction of Co(OAc)(2)center dot 4H(2)O and (LH2)-H-1 is carried out in the presence of a mono-N-donor ligand, pyridine, it results in the formation of a tetranuclear D4R cubane, [Co-4(L-1)(4)(Py)(4)] (5). However, when the same reaction is carried out in the presence of a chelating di-N-donor ligand, 2,2'-bipyridine, a dinuclear complex with S4R core, [Co-2(L-1)(2)(bipy)(2)(CH3OH)(4)] (6) is formed. The ligand and the complexes were structurally characterised through a single crystal X-ray diffraction study and depending on the type of compound further characterised by spectroscopic (IR, NMR and EPR), analytical (CHN), thermoanalytical (TGA) and magnetic techniques. This study shows how the steric bulk of the phosphate, nature of the anion in the metal salt as well as the nature of the N-donor ligand influence the framework of the products. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bulky 2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylaniline, I undergoes diazotization upon treatment with $$\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {SO}_{4}/\hbox {NaNO}_{2}$$ , which upon further reaction with KI affords 1-iodo-2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylbenzene, 1. Reaction of I with one equivalent of acetylacetone in ethanol under reflux condition affords mono-Schiff base, 4-(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenylamino)pent-3-ene-2-one, 2. Similarly, I reacts with half equivalent of 2-hydroxy-5-methylisophthalaldehyde or one-third equivalent of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde in ethanol under reflux condition to afford bis-Schiff base, 2,6-bis(((2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)imino)methyl)-4-methylphenol, 3 and tris-Schiff base, 2,4,6-tris(((2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)amino)methylene)cyclohexane-1,3,5-trione, 4, respectively. Further, I upon reaction with triflic acid affords (2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)ammonium triflate, 5 whereas upon reaction with HBr and HCl affords co-crystals I $$\cdot $$ HBr, 6 and I $$\cdot $$ HCl, 7. All the new products were isolated in moderate to good yield and characterized by spectroscopic (IR, ESI-mass, NMR, UV-Vis) and microanalytical (CHN) techniques, in addition to a single crystal X-ray diffraction study for 1, 2 and 4-7. JCSC-D-17-00649 Synopsis A bulky amine was employed to synthesise various compounds containing 2,6-dibenzhydrylphenyl group. These compounds include a bulky iodo-derivative, one mono-, one bis- and one tris-Schiff base, one triflate salt of the bulky amine and two co-crystals of the bulky amine with HBr or HCl.

Bulky 2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylaniline reacts with 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde or 2-pyridinecaboxyaldehyde to form [N, O-] and [N, N] donor ligands, 2-(((2,6-dibenzhydryl-4- methylphenyl) imino) methyl) phenol (L-1) and N-(2,6- dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl) methanimine (L-2), respectively. Schiff bases, L-1 and L-2 on treatment with metal precursors, MCl2 (M = Pd, Cu or Co) in toluene under reflux conditions afford mono -or dinuclear complexes [(L-1- H)(2)M] (M= Pd (1) and Cu (2)) or [L-2(mu-Cl) M](2) (M= Cu (3) and Co (4)). The ligands and complexes were structurally characterized through single crystal X- ray diffraction and depending upon the type of compound, further characterized by spectroscopic (IR, Mass, NMR, EPR, UV- Vis), mircroanalytical (CHN), thermal (TGA) and electrochemical (CV) techniques. Complex 1 was employed in Suzuki- Miyaura coupling whereas complexes 2-4 were studied for the oxidation of secondary alcohols. These were found to be efficient catalysts for the respective reaction systems.

Background/purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of laparoscopy in diagnosis the cases of chronic pelvic pain. Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 100 women who had been suffering from chronic pelvic pain for ≥6 months at Department of Obstetrics & gynaecology, Muzaffarnagar Medical College, Muzaffarnagar from December 2017 to December 2018. After proper selection of cases, a detailed history followed by general, systemic and pelvic examination, diagnostic laparoscopy of the patient was done and noted as per the following protocol. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed under general anaesthesia using a 5-mm Karl Stortz 30° angle double port laparoscope. The data was collected and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 22.00 Results: Majority (70%) of patients with CPP were in the age group between 26 – 30 years and 31 – 35 years. Two most common causes of CPP detected clinically were endometriosis and chronic PID which together constituted about 56% of the cases with CPP in our study group. Laparoscopy findings revealed that 90% of patients with CPP have one or more positive findings, the commonest being endometriosis in various pelvic sites with or without endometrioma (34%) Conclusion: It can be concluded that ideally hysteroscopy should be performed simultaneously to identify intrauterine pathologies, which can be associated with CPP and which are missed by laparoscopy. Hence combined laparohysteroscopy is the ideal method for diagnosis of CPP.

Introduction: [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) is the most widely used positron-emission tomography tracer used for imaging in clinical studies such as early detection of cancer or its malignancies, quantifications, staging, and restaging of several malignancies. For clinical application, routine production of this tracer is mandatory in compliance to regulatory guidelines. Several dedicated commercial synthesizers are currently used for producing[18F]-FDG for clinical usage. Being at hospital radiopharmacy, it is our responsibility and duty to support the clinical service with uninterrupted production and supply of [18F]-FDG. This document describes the production of [18F]-FDG using two different automated synthesizers in terms of its production yield, time of synthesis, and analyze the quality control (QC) of the produced [18F]-FDG. Materials and Methods: The precursor, mannose triflate ultra-pure, authentic nonradioactive standard FDG and [18O]-water were obtained from ABX, Germany. Solvents and reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich India Ltd. and Fisher Scientific India Ltd., (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India). Results: The protocol developed for the synthesis with MPS-100 synthesizer yield of [18F]-FDG is approximate about 45% End of Bombardment (EOB) with synthesis time of around 35 min, whereas with F300E synthesizer it is around 60% with synthesis time of 25 min. The quality of the tracer produced by both synthesizers is at par with the QC parameter for clinical applications. Conclusions: Finally, we have developed the production using two automated synthesis modules which have the capability to produce [18F]-FDG, to do the patient studies in good yield and purity. Our protocol is simple, reproducible, and robust.

The solvothermal treatment of Re2(CO)10 with 2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenol (IPPOH) resulted in a dimer, [{Re(CO)3}2(IPPO)2] (1). Monomeric complexes [{Re(CO)3}(IPPO)(L)] (L = pyridine for 2; L = 4-dimethylaminopyridine for 3) were obtained by treatment of Re2(CO)10, IPPOH and a nitrogen donor. Complexes 1–3 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, analytical and spectroscopic techniques.

The reactions of Cd(OAc)2·2H2O with variously substituted pyridines in methanol afforded unique one-dimensional coordination polymers (1D CPs), [Cd2(μ2-κ2:κ1-OAc)2(μ2-κ1:κ1-OAc)2L2] (L = NC5H5 (1), NC5H4Me-3 (2), and NC5H3Me2-3,5 (3)) and [Cd3(μ3-κ1:κ2-OAc)3(μ2-κ2-OAc)(μ2-κ2:κ1-OAc)2(NC5H3Me2-3,4)2] (4), and discrete and bimolecular complexes, [(Cd(OAc)2(NC5H3Me2-3,4)2(H2O)2] (5), [Cd(κ2-OAc)2(NC5H4Me-4)2(H2O)]·[Cd(κ2-OAc)2(H2O)2)] (6), [Cd(κ2-OAc)2L2L′]·xH2O (x = 0, L′ = H2O, L = NC5H4(OMe)-4 (7); NC5H4tBu-4 (8); x = 2, L = L′ = NC5H4(NMe2)-4 (9·2H2O)). The products were characterised by elemental analysis, IR, solution NMR (1H and 13C), solid-state CP-MAS 13C{1H} and 113Cd NMR, TGA/DTA analyses, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Phase purity of 1–4 was verified by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Plausible mechanisms of formation of the products are proposed based on a point zero charge model. 4 represents the first cadmium containing 1D CP that possesses a tridentate bridging (μ3-κ1:κ2) acetate coordination mode and 6 represents the first structurally characterised bimolecular cadmium(II) complex containing two different neutral cadmium(II) coordination species per formula unit. 9·2H2O was calcined at 500 °C to afford CdO as confirmed by PXRD and the morphology of CdO was studied by scanning electron microscopy.

Reaction of bulky 2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylaniline with 2-pyridinecaboxyaldehyde yielded [N,N] donor Schiff base, N-(2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-methylphenyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine (L-1). Reaction of L-1 with PdCl2 in toluene under reflux conditions afforded mononuclear complex, (LPdCl2)-Pd-1 (1). Complex 1 underwent salt metathesis with AgNO3 or NaN3 under ambient conditions to afford complexes, (LPdX2)-Pd-1 (X = NO3 (2), N-3 (3)). The new complexes were characterized by spectroscopic (IR, ESI-mass, NMR, UV-Vis), microanalytical (CHN) and thermal (TGA) techniques, in addition to a single crystal X-ray diffraction study for each of these compounds. Complexes 1-3 were employed in Suzuki coupling to evaluate their catalytic activity as well as the influence of coordinated anion on the course of catalysis. All the three complexes were found to be efficient catalysts in the coupling reactions involving aryl bromides with phenyl boronic acid while complex 3 was found to show the best activity. This is attributed to the thermal instability of azides and thus ease of decomposition of the terminal azido moiety under catalytic reaction conditions, facilitating the formation of L-Pd(0) species.

Depalladation of the monoalkyne-inserted cyclopalladated guanidines [κ2(C,N)Pd(2,6-Me2C5H3N)Br] (I and II) in PhCl under reflux conditions and that of the dialkyne-inserted cyclopalladated guanidine [κ2(C,N):η2(C═C)PdBr] (III) in pyridine under reflux conditions afforded a guanidine-containing indole (1), imidazoindole (2), and benzazepine (3) in 80%, 67%, and 76%, yields, respectively. trans-[L2PdBr2] species (L = 2,6-Me2C5H3N, C5H5N) were also isolated in the aforementioned reactions in 35%, 42%, and 40% yields. Further, the reaction of the cyclopalladated guanidine [κ2(C,N)Pd(μ-Br)]2 (IV) with AgBF4 in a CH2Cl2/MeCN mixture afforded the cationic pincer type cyclopalladated guanidine [κ3(C,N,O)Pd(MeCN)][BF4] (4) in 85% yield and this palladacycle upon crystallization in MeCN and the reaction of [κ2(C,N)Pd(μ-Br)]2 (V) with AgBF4 in a CH2Cl2/MeCN mixture afforded the cationic palladacycles [{κ2(C,N)Pd(MeCN)2][BF4] (5 and 6) in 89% and 91% yields, respectively. The separate reactions of 4 with 2 equiv of m...

Insertion reactions of six-membered cyclopalladated N,N′,N″-triarylguanidines, [κ2(C,N)Pd(μ-Br)]2 (III–V), with various alkynes in CH2Cl2 under ambient conditions afforded diinserted eight-membered palladacycles, [(κ2(C,N):η2(C═C)-PdBr] (1–11), in high yield (76–96%), while insertion reactions of six-membered cyclopalladated N,N′,N″-triarylguanidines, [κ2(C,N)Pd(Lewis base)Br] (VI–XI), with various alkynes under the aforementioned conditions afforded monoinserted six-membered palladacycles, [κ2(C,N)Pd(Lewis base)Br] (12–21), in high yield (81–91%) except for 14 (23%). The insertion reaction of VI with 2 equiv of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and the insertion reaction of 12 with 1 equiv of DMAD in CH2Cl2 under ambient conditions resulted in the formation of a diinserted zwitterionic five-membered palladacycle, [κ2(C,C)Pd(2,6-lutidine)Br] (22), in 76% and 70% yields, respectively. Palladacycle 22 upon reaction with AgOTf in wet MeCN afforded the ionic palladacycle [κ2(C,C)Pd(2,6-lutidine)(H2O)][OT...

Objectives To evaluate the cardioprotective effects of hydro alcoholic extract of Ananas comosus (A. comosus) (HEAC), on Isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction in Albino Wistar rats. Methods Myocardial infarction was induced by Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, s.c.) for two consecutive days at an interval of 24 h. Rats were pretreated with HEAC (200–400 mg/kg/day, oral) for a period of 30 days and Isoproterenol (ISO) was injected on 31st and 32nd day and after 24 h blood was collected through retro-orbital plexus for the estimation of biochemical parameters and histopathological studies were also performed. Results In the present study, ISO administration significantly elevated the cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels while it decreases high density lipoprotein and total protein in plasma and administration of HEAC decreases the level of cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels while it increases high density lipoprotein and total protein levels. Pretreatment with the HEAC protected the cardiotoxicity induced by Isoproterenol. The histopathological findings of the ISO-induced myocardium showed infracted zone with inflammatory cells, lipid droplets, myocardial necrosis and vacuolization of myofibrils which were reduced by the pretreatment of HEAC. Conclusion It can be concluded that HEAC possess cardioprotective activity against Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats.

The reaction of Pd{kappa(2)(C,N)-C6H3Me-3-(NHC(NHAr)(=NAr))-2}(mu-Br)](2) (Ar = 2-MeC6H4; 1) with 4 equiv of PhC C-C(O)OMe in CH2Cl2 afforded Pd{kappa(2)(C,N)-C(Ph)=C(C(O)OMe)C(Ph)=C(C(O)-OMe)C6H3Me-3(N=C(NH Ar)(2))-2}Br] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4; 2) in 70% yield, and the aforementioned reaction carried out with 10 equiv of PhC C-C(O)OR (R = Me, and Et) afforded an admixture of two regioisomers of Pd{kappa(3)(N,C,O)-O=C(OR)-C5Ph3(C(O)OR)C(C(O)OR)C6H3Me-3(N=C(NHAr)( 2))- 2}Br] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4; R = Me (3a/3b), Et (4a/4b)) in 80 and 87% yields, respectively. In one attempt, the minor regioisomer, 4b, was isolated from the mixture in 6% yield by fractional crystallization. Palladacycles 3a/3b and 4a/4b, upon stirring in CH2Cl2/MeCN (1/1, v/v) mixture at ambient condition for S days, afforded Pd{eta(3)-allyl,(KN)-N-1)-C-5(C(O)OR)(2)Ph3C-(C(O)OR)C6H3Me-3(N=C(NH Ar)(2))(-2)}Br] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4; R = Me (5a/5b), Et (6a/6b)) in 94 and 93% yields, respectively. Palladacycles 3a/3b and 4a/4b, upon reaction with AgOTf in CH2CH2/Me2C(O) (1/1, v/v) mixture at ambient temperature for 15 min, afforded Pd{kappa(3)(N,C,O)-O=C(OR)C5Ph3(C(O)OR)C(C(O)OR)C6H3Me-3(N=C(NHAr)(2 ))-2}(OTf)] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4; R = Me (7a/7b), Et (8a/8b)) in 79 and 77% yields, respectively. Palladacycles 7a/7b and 8a/ 8b, upon reflux in PhC1 separately for 6 h, or palladacycles 5a/5b and 6a/6b, upon treatment with AgOTf in CH2Cl2/Me2C(O) (7/3, v/v) mixture for 15 min, afforded Pd{(eta(2)-Ph)C5Ph2(C(O)OR)kappa(2)(C,N)-C(C(O)OR)C6H3Me-3(N=C(NHAr) (2))-2}(OTf)] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4; R = Me (9a/9h), Et (10a/10b)) in >= 87% yields. Palladacycles 9a/9b, upon stirring in MeCN in the presence of excess NaOAc followed by crystallization of the reaction mixture in the same solvent, afforded Pd{kappa(3)(N,C,C)-(C6H4)C5Ph2(C(O)OMe)(2)C(C(O)OMe)(2)C6H3Me-3(N=C( NHAr)(2))-2}(NCMe)] (Ar = 2-MeC6H4; 11a/11b) in 82% yield. The new palladacycles were characterized by analytical, IR, and NMR (H-1 and C-13) spectroscopic techniques, and the molecular structures of 2, 3a, 4a, 4b, 5a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10a, and 11a-d(3) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The frameworks in the aforementioned palladacycles, except that present in 2, are unprecedented. Plausible pathways for the formation of new palladacycles and the influence of the guanidine unit in 1, substituents in alkynes, reaction conditions, and electrophilicity of the bromide and the triflate upon the frameworks of the insertion products have been discussed.

Guanidine derived six-membered C,N] palladacycles of the types (C,N)Pd(mu-OC(O)R)](2) (1a-d), (C,N)Pd(mu-Br)](2) (2a,b), cis-(C,N)PdBr(L)] (3a-d, 4, and 5), and ring contracted guanidine derived five-membered C,N] palladacycle, (C,N)PdBr(C NXy)] (6) were prepared in high yield following the established methods with a view aimed at understanding the influence of the substituents on the aryl rings of the guanidine upon the solid state structure and solution behaviour of palladacycles. Palladacycles were characterised by microanalytical, IR, NMR and mass spectral data. The molecular structures of 1a, 1c, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3c, 3d, and 4-6 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction data. Palladacycles 1a and 1c were shown to exist as a dimer in transoid in-in conformation in the solid state but as a mixture of a dimer in major proportion and a monomer (kappa(2)-O,O'-OAc) in solution as deduced from H-1 NMR data. Palladacycles 2a and 2b were shown to exist as a dimer in transoid conformation in the solid state but the former was shown to exist as a mixture of a dimer and presumably a trimer in solution as revealed by a variable temperature H-1 NMR data in conjunction with ESI-MS data. The cis configuration around the palladium atom in 3a, 3c, and 3d was ascribed to steric influence of the aryl moiety of =NAr unit and that in 4-6 was ascribed to antisymbiosis. The solution behaviour of 3d was studied by a variable concentration (VC) H-1 NMR data.

Great interest in research on Content Based Image Retrieval has been witnessed by last decade. Now this has become the basis for large number of new techniques, systems and growing interest in related field to support such systems. Due to advancement of digital technology, spatially image capturing and data storage, bulk of images are being created and stored digitally. This results in creating large number of digital libraries. The need has risen for intuitive and effective image storage, indexing, classification and retrieval mechanism. Gabor and Curvelet transform are well known technique for texture feature extraction. But when individually used are unable to give the benchmark results due to each suffers from some limitations. To get the improved results In this paper fusion of Gabor and Wavelet are applied on the dataset which has been created by three traditional Indian paintings named as Warli, Madhubani, and Fadd as our country is well known all over the world for its art. In the second part of the paper the retrieval is also compared with the retrieval by using very effective Curvelet transform.

Today the technology in which relevant images from a large databases are searched according to the user’s interest is famous by the name of Content based Image Retrieval or CBIR. Since last two decades it has become an active and fast advancing field amongst the researchers. Last decade is witness of the progress achieved in both theoretical as well as in system development. However this area of technology is still full of challenges that researchers from multiple disciplines are being continuously attracted to work with. As we are well known about the hierarchy of spectral methods of texture feature extraction starting from Fourier Transform (FT) to the latest Gabor filter transform, which became very popular for many useful applications still was found to lag the curved point singularities or can say curve lines along the edges of images. In this paper to overcome this problem we have chosen to work with Curvelet transform. The dataset of retrieval system we are presenting here is made up of three Indian traditional paintings named as Warli, Madhubani and Fadd. As mentioned earlier Curvelet transform will be applied to get the result. In the second part of this paper we shall also compare the result with Gabor transform.

Most mental health practitioners of couple and family therapy agree that engaging couples and families in therapy is a very challenging prospect. Like all therapeutic interactions, the practice of couple and family therapy is also governed by ethical frameworks. In India, there is no statutory body that specifically regulates the practice of couple and family therapy. Hence, most therapists rely on interpretations and adaptations of codes of ethics from other countries. Practitioners also rely on their experiences and consultations with peers and colleagues to deal with situations that pose serious ethical issues. This chapter primarily focuses on ethical issues with regard to responsibility, confidentiality and therapist’s values. Other ethical concerns like multicultural competencies, maintaining professional boundaries and legal obligations that are specific to Indian context are also discussed. Each of these issues is explained, followed by case illustrations drawn from the authors’ clinical practice. The case illustrations highlight ethical concerns contextualized to the Indian couple and family therapy practice setting.

Hypovitaminosis D is common in India. In the present prospective partially randomised study of vitamin D (D3) supplementation during pregnancy, subjects were randomised in the second trimester to receive either one oral dose of 1500 μg vitamin D3(group 1,n48) or two doses of 3000 μg vitamin D3each in the second and third trimesters (group 2,n49). Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) at term, cord blood (CB) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), neonatal serum Ca and anthropometry were measured in these subjects and in forty-three non-supplemented mother–infant pairs (usual care). Median maternal 25(OH)D at term was higher in group 2 (58·7, interquartile range (IQR) 38·4–89·4 nmol/l)v. group 1 (26·2, IQR 17·7–57·7 nmol/l) and usual-care group (39·2, IQR 21·2–73·4 nmol/l) (P = 0·000). CB ALP was increased (>8.02 μkat/l or >480 IU/l) in 66·7 % of the usual-care groupv. 41·9 % of group 1 and 38·9 % of group 2 (P = 0·03). Neonatal Ca and CB 25(OH)D did not differ significantly in the three groups. Birth weight, length and head circumference were greater and the anterior fontanelle was smaller in groups 1 and 2 (3·08 and 3·03 kg, 50·3 and 50·1 cm, 34·5 and 34·4 cm, 2·6 and 2·5 cm, respectively)v. usual care (2·77 kg, 49·4, 33·6, 3·3 cm;P = 0·000 for length, head circumference and fontanelle andP = 0·003 for weight). These differences were still evident at 9 months. We conclude that both 1500 μg and two doses of 3000 μg vitamin D3had a beneficial effect on infant anthropometry, the larger dose also improving CB ALP and maternal 25(OH)D.