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One of the priority tasks of reforming law enforcement agencies is to build a preventive mechanism based on the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, protection of society from violence and discrimination, and creation of barrier-free space for people with limited mobility. The multidimensional nature and complexity of the issues requiring statutory regulation in these areas determine the relevance of the subject under study. The purpose of this study was to model the administrative legal mechanism of police activity in which human rights would be optimally and effectively implemented. To fulfil this purpose, the methodology used included a combination of comparative rule-making, system analysis, internal and external induction, constructive cognition and content analysis. It was found that the observance of human rights in police activities is inextricably linked to the implementation of the rule of law and the provision of protective police services. Numerous cases of violations revealed during journalistic investigations and widely discussed by the public have become one of the reasons for the rapid decline in public trust in state law enforcement institutions, and as a result, a substantial obstacle to Ukraine’s integration into the European space. The study analysed the key reasons affecting the effectiveness of administrative legal strategies for ensuring a human rights-based approach in the practical activities of the National Police bodies (units). Specifically, these include transition processes related to the harmonisation of national legislation with international and European standards, low level of material and social security of police officers, insufficient level of professionalism, influence of negative environment, narrow understanding of administrative legal activities in the field of human rights related to the prevention of administrative and criminal offences. The study concluded that the principles of the rule of law, respect for human rights and freedoms and partnership-based interaction with the public are crucial and interrelated in the preventive activities of police. The study outlined the key areas of improvement of national legislation in the field of development and/or optimisation of administrative legal systems for ensuring the functioning of organisational, technical, information, and economic resources as guarantees of the implementation of the declared constitutional rights and freedoms. The results of this study can be used to formulate and improve the norms of national legislation that regulate the activities of law enforcement agencies and determine the content of its guidelines

The relevance of the subject under study lies in the fact that under martial law, the problem of robberies against citizens’ homes is exacerbated, specifically, their danger increases due to the greater probability of members of an organised criminal group having firearms than in peacetime. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of robberies against residential premises in rural areas committed by organised groups, to establish the factors which influence the choice of the victim of a future attack by the perpetrators, and to identify preventive measures to reduce the commission of such crimes. To address these issues, the study employed a set of methods of scientific cognition: systemic-structural, comparative, statistical, and systemic. The study found that a characteristic feature of such attacks is that they are committed by a group consisting mainly of fellow villagers with internally stable, long-term, trusting relationships, with a willingness to systematically commit violent crimes against individuals. They are characterised by a hierarchy and preparation for robberies in rural areas. It was established that during preparation for a robbery, to obtain the necessary information, offenders often study the routes of the village, find out information about its inhabitants, and select a victim. They can even speak directly to the potential victim and/or their neighbours. Therefore, interviewing villagers during the investigation of such a criminal offence is a significant step in identifying the perpetrators. The study identified factors that influence the commission of robberies in rural areas (presence of valuable property of the victim; remoteness of their residence, absence of neighbours; planned power outages, physically vulnerable person, etc.). To commit attacks on people’s homes in rural areas, attackers choose several villages in relatively familiar areas, which may be located in one region or in another region with which they border. It was noted that this complicates the work of law enforcement agencies in investigating this type of crime. The practical value of this study lies in the consideration by law enforcement officers of the theoretical results of this study regarding the impact on the choice of victims by criminals and the established characteristics inherent in such robberies

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that the legal systems of states that recognise and enforce the rule of law are increasingly subject to integration influence: the general requirements of rule-making are unified and ensured by the common obligations of the member states of international communities. The purpose of this study was to conduct a logical and legal analysis of legal reservations as a means of designing (constructing) legal norms to fulfil the purpose of the principle of legal certainty in national legislation. The study employed various methods of scientific cognition, including axiological, analytical, systemic, special legal, hermeneutical, logical, modelling, etc. The use of these methods has provided the basis for the scientific hypothesis regarding the composition of the principle of legal certainty and the nature of legal reservations. The study summarised that the principle of legal certainty as a component of the rule of law is based on the concept of predictability, which is achieved by ensuring clarity, unambiguity, and comprehensibility of legal provisions, and completeness of their content in the normative forms of national legislation. It was found that the requirements of the legal certainty principle can be met by applying a unified technique of rule-making, structuring, and formulation of regulatory provisions, where legal reservations are given a significant importance. The study identified and characterised the crucial features of legal reservations through understanding them as an element of rule- making technique in fulfilling the purpose of the European principle of legal certainty. The study outlined the essential properties of legal reservations and general requirements to them. The legal reservations are defined in the rules of law of national legislation as an element of rule-making technique, the content of which is determined by the social purpose of law. The study proved that they take the form of linguistic constructions, specify the purpose of a legal provision and the limits of its effect, and ensure the accuracy and predictability of a regulatory prescription. The findings of this study are of practical significance, as they can be used in research – for further investigation of topical issues of rulemaking technique, in lawmaking work – in the development of regulations

As of 2024, the use of alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly relevant caused by the complicated access to justice due to martial law. The purpose of this study was to analyse the historical experience of using negotiations in Ukraine from the Middle Ages to the present day and to identify the vectors for further development of this institution. Both general scientific and special scientific methods were employed: formal legal and comparative legal methods. It was found that the term “negotiation” can be used in several meanings: 1) the process of reaching an agreement; 2) the stage of court proceedings; 3) the stage of mediation, conciliation, or other methods of alternative dispute resolution; 4) a separate method of alternative dispute resolution. As the times of Kyivan Rus, the Ruska Pravda prescribed an analogue of negotiations – the replacement of blood revenge with a payoff; in the 16th-century Lithuanian statutes, the negotiation process was called “unity”. The “Rights by which the Little Russian people are judged” of the mid-18th century defined two forms of documents drafted as a result of negotiations: a conciliation agreement (without the participation of mediators) and a conciliation verdict (with the participation of mediators). During the Soviet era, legislation tended to establish the right to judicial protection depending on the previous use of alternative dispute resolution. However, since Ukraine’s independence, this trend has changed, and the law now prescribes the right of everyone to choose how to protect their rights. Further vectors for the development of the institution of negotiations in Ukraine may include the introduction of various types of platforms for remote participation in the negotiation process, as well as the development of the legal framework towards detailing negotiation procedures. The findings of this study can be used in teaching disciplines of the historical and legal cycle in higher education institutions of Ukraine, as well as for further forecasting the development of this institution and its improvement

The intensification of legal development, increased interpenetration of legal systems, and transformation of legal and state phenomena in the context of globalisation and integration processes necessitate the investigation of the nature of judicial lawmaking and judicial reform and their correlation. The purpose of this study was to theorise the relationship between judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. This study was based on the historical, formal legal, and comparative methods employed in the context of natural law, positivist, sociological approaches, integrative type of legal understanding, theories of lawmaking and justice. The principal findings of this study lie in substantiation of a series of theoretical provisions on judicial lawmaking and judicial reform. It was found that the legal nature of judicial lawmaking is profound and multifaceted. Judicial lawmaking and judicial reform are closely interrelated. One of the manifestations of this interaction is that the introduction of judicial lawmaking is a task, vector, or result of judicial reform. The study proved that judicial lawmaking is a significant achievement of judicial reform, and not a side effect of the transformation of the judicial system. Judicial lawmaking is an essential factor that substantially affects judicial reform in material, procedural, and organisational aspects. Judicial reform, as an independent type of state transformation, is a crucial area of state- building and is aimed at transforming justice into a fair mechanism for resolving legal conflicts and disputes based on the rule of law. With each stage of judicial reform in Ukraine, the need for official recognition of judicial lawmaking becomes more urgent. The 2016 judicial reform did not positively resolve this issue. As of 2024, the need to introduce judicial lawmaking is mostly recognised at the doctrinal level, but the legislating body denies it, although there are various manifestations of the applied use of the lawmaking potential of courts in the national legal system of Ukraine. The practical value of the findings is that the highest authorities of Ukraine can use them to improve the efficiency of lawmaking, justice, and the transformation of the judicial system

The significance of this study lies in recognizing the crucial role grants play within the social fabric of Indonesian communities. Despite their importance, grants, particularly in the context of land inheritance, often pose challenges, leading to complications such as the potential for withdrawal or annulment. This research aimed to dissect and comprehend the legal ramifications of verbal agreements made prior to the formulation of a grant deed, especially focusing on how such agreements influence the withdrawal of land ownership rights, as illustrated by the decision of the Kupang High Court (Case No. 23/Pdt/2017/PT.KPG). Employing a normative legal research approach, this investigation delves into secondary data and legal literature to interpret the law both as it is written and as it governs societal behavior. A comparative analysis of similar cases provides additional insights, revealing how varying interpretations of verbal agreements can impact the enforceability of grant deeds across different jurisdictions. This study proposed a detailed analysis, asserting the necessity for clearly defining real evidence in the form of authentic deeds. These deeds serve not only as conclusive proof of land ownership but also as a foundational element for any modifications to such ownership, premised on the mutual consent and responsibilities undertaken by both the grantor and grantee during the deedʼs creation. The grant deed emerges as a pivotal document, ensuring the granteeʼs rights over the land, predicated on the lawful acts executed by both parties involved in the transaction. By exploring these aspects, the research offers insights into enhancing the legal framework surrounding grants, aiming to mitigate the issues arising from oral agreements in land transactions

The right to work is one of the fundamental human rights guaranteed by international documents and the constitutions of most countries, including Ukraine. However, the conditions and restrictions relating to the right to work under martial law may change. Due to the constant threat to Ukraine’s independence, as well as to the lives and health of its citizens, the regulation of labour relations is substantially different from peacetime, which requires scientific substantiation. The purpose of this study was to outline the key provisions of labour law relating to the person’s exercise of the right to work according to the social and legal vector of the state’s activities under the legal regime of martial law. The study demonstrated the significance of ensuring stability and security under martial law but emphasised the temporary nature of restrictive measures. The importance of maintaining a balance between the interests of employers and employees was substantiated, as well as the development of labour legislation to accommodate the specifics of the situation during a military conflict. Human rights may not be violated in either peacetime or wartime. On the contrary, the state should create conditions for the free development of labour and the fulfilment of human potential. Based on formal legal analysis of wartime legislation of Ukraine, comparison of various regulatory documents and scientific positions, the study highlighted the problematic aspects of observance of the constitutional right to work. The relevant conclusions were formulated, outlining the legal ways to achieve the balance of interests of employer and employee and proposals for improving the legislation were identified. The recommendations proposed in this study may be used by the legislator to improve the current labour legislation of Ukraine

The relevance of this study lies in the need to improve the legal mechanisms for combating gender-based violence against the background of the increasing number of military conflicts in the world, which create favourable conditions for the latter. The purpose of this study was to analyse the regulatory provisions of international legislation and the practices of certain European countries in preventing manifestations of hatred based on sex and gender and combating domestic violence through criminal law measures. It was stated that legal standards defined by the regulations of international organisations, international treaties, and conventions underlie national and regional standards for combating domestic and gender-based violence. International legal principles of gender equality are defined by the regulatory framework of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the European Union, and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and other global and European organisations. Human rights provisions recognised by the member states of these organisations through bilateral and multilateral treaties and implemented through ratification are the basis for the formation of national internal standards of the rights of women, children, and persons of all genders. The study concluded that national standards for guaranteeing and protecting human rights in the field of gender equality constitute an implementation of international standards and pan-European provisions, and their implementation in Ukrainian legislation can ensure sufficiently complete and effective implementation of legal measures to combat domestic and gender-based violence. The ideas formulated in this study are aimed at finding more effective criminal law means in lawmaking and law enforcement activities

Novità Normative / 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Giurisprudenza / 𝐿𝑎𝑤

Credere (‘aver fede’, ‘aver fiducia’ in latino) definisce l’essenza sia del danaro che della religione. Se avere fiducia in qualcuno comporta dargli/le credito personale/economico, credere in Dio coinvolge la fede nella salvezza ultraterrena. Entrambe queste relazioni riflettono la fiducia che ciò che è stato prestato verrà restituito; quello che è stato rettamente investito sarà moltiplicato. Inoltre, così come ogni vicenda di credito è una storia di rischio ed incertezza (i debitori possono non riuscire a restituire il danaro e le istituzioni di credito, alla fin dei conti, sono sempre gestori di rischio), ogni vicenda di fede è una storia di speranza nella redenzione e nella grazia, che va chiaramente oltre il controllo umano – cosicché l’incertezza qui riappare di nuovo. L’originalità di questo saggio sta nella comprensione della moneta in connessione alla fede religiosa. A tale scopo, lo scritto adotta un approccio comparativo sulla nozione di fiducia (credere) nella finanza occidentale ed islamica, e come essa modelli diversamente l’interazione tra moneta (credito) e religione (fede) nelle loro economie morali. Partendo dalla relazioni tra credere (‘aver fiducia’) e credito che interconnette finanza, economia, moralità, e religione come se fossero gli angoli di un ‘aquilone del danaro’ (sezione 1), il saggio si addentra sugli sfondi teologici della finanza occidentale ed islamica, così da interpretarne i modelli alternativi di gestione del credito e del rischio (capitalismo su base di interesse pecuniario vs condivisione del rischio, mutualità, e cooperazione) come manifestazioni specifiche dei loro rispettivi credi religiosi, anche in relazione alla natura degli investimenti di impatto sociale (sezioni 2, 3 e 4). Per concludere la discussione, considerazioni finali sono proposte sulla relazione tra fiducia, danaro e religione secondo le linee interpretative di Weber sul capitalismo e nella concettualizzazione della finanza islamica, e come esse testimonino la persistenza di una cultura di differenziazione della modernità (sezione 5). / 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒 (‘𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒’, ‘𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡’ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑔𝑒) 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙/𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡, 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝐺𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑; 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑. 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 (𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠, 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠), 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 – ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑓. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 (𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒) 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 (𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑡ℎ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠. 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒 (‘𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡’) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠, 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 ‘𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑘𝑖𝑡𝑒’ (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1), 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡-𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚 𝑣𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘-𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 2, 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4). 𝑇𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡, 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑊𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟’𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5).

Il presente articolo esamina due indicatori giuridici predisposti dalla Banca Mondiale al fine di misurare annualmente il clima degli investimenti di tutti i Paesi del globo: l’ormai cessato Doing Business Reports (attivo tra il 2003 ed il 2020) e il nascituro Business Ready Project (la cui prima edizione sarà pubblicata nel settembre 2024). In particolare, il saggio mira a verificare se e in che misura, nella progettazione del nascente B-Ready, la World Bank sia stata in grado di mitigare i problemi e le inesattezze che hanno caratterizzato la vita e l’attività (nonché decretato la fine) del suo predecessore, i Doing Business. Da tale confronto, che si focalizzerà sugli elementi centrali e fondamentali delle due iniziative, sarà facile notare che le innovazioni introdotte nei B-Ready sono per lo più formali, e che ben poco è cambiato in termini di obbiettivi, argomenti misurati, strutture metodologiche e misure a salvaguardia dell’integrità rispetto agli antichi Doing Business. Al di là del superficiale rebranding, pare dunque ragionevole attendersi dal B-Ready un’influenza, un modo di operare e dei difetti assai simili a quelli che fino ad oggi hanno caratterizzato i Doing Business. / 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 (𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 2003 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2020) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 (𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 2024). 𝐼𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵-𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑙𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑) 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠. 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵-𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑠, 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝐷𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠. 𝐵𝑒𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵-𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑤𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠.

Il saggio, muovendo da una rilettura dell’attuale «crisi» delle categorie giuridiche ricevute, mira a valorizzare il paradigma della «sostenibilità» eco-sistemica attraverso taluni spunti ricostruttivi, offerti dal modello negoziale «sussidiario» del partenariato pubblico-privato (ed in particolare dal project finance), nel quale intravedere, alla luce dei più recenti interventi normativi unionali, l’emergere di nuove forme di responsabilità civile ambientale. / 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑟𝑒-𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 «𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑠» 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑜-𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐 «𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦» 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑠, 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 «𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦» 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐-𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 (𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒), 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑈 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦.

Il saggio intende indagare il perimetro applicativo soggettivo della recente direttiva europea 2024/1760 sulla c.d. corporate sustainability due diligence, la quale ha introdotto una serie di doveri di diligenza a carico delle imprese di grandi dimensioni, che si riverberano su tutta la catena di attività, coinvolgendo le società affiliate e i partner commerciali, diretti ed indiretti. In particolare, nel saggio si dà conto dei vari emendamenti apportati all’originaria proposta di direttiva della Commissione UE del 23 febbraio 2022 nella definizione del perimetro operativo, cercando di mettere in luce le correlazioni esistenti fra le scelte regolatorie e le esigenze di contrastare, in maniera effettiva ed adeguata, gli impatti negativi delle attività economiche su ambiente e diritti umani e le distorsioni sul piano concorrenziale, in un mercato fortemente caratterizzato da processi di decentramento e di delocalizzazione produttivi. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 2024/1760 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑈 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 23 𝐹𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦 2022 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑒, 𝑡𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜, 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦, 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙, 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

Il contributo si propone una prima ricognizione degli aspetti teorici e operativi sottesi all’approvazione della Proposta di direttiva UE 23 febbraio 2022 interrogandosi in particolare sull’impatto che tale provvedimento potrà avere sui modelli di produzione delle grandi imprese e sul c.d. contenzione climatico che già sta impegnando le aule dei tribunali. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑈 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑦 23, 2022, 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜-𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑠.

L’integrazione dei requisiti sostenibilità nella normativa di derivazione MiFID II, segnatamente nell’ambito delle regole organizzative e di condotta delle imprese che prestano i servizi di consulenza e di gestione di portafogli, genera una serie di interrogativi e problemi interpretativi e applicativi da cui può scaturire un conflitto tra due ugualmente validi obiettivi regolatori: quello della tutela del cliente, proprio della normativa ex MiFID II, e quello della sostenibilità a cui è finalizzato l’intervento integrativo della Commissione Europea. Il presente contributo ha lo scopo di esaminare se i rinnovati Orientamenti dell’ESMA su alcuni aspetti dei requisiti di adeguatezza della MiFID II del 3 aprile 2023 siano in grado di chiarire ed interpretare alcuni profili ‘azzardati’ della nuova disciplina onde bilanciare adeguatamente i suddetti obiettivi regolatori, impedendo che la sostenibilità diventi uno strumento nelle mani degli intermediari suscettibile di utilizzo a danno gli investitori in strumenti finanziari. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑖𝐹𝐼𝐷 𝐼𝐼 𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒-𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡-𝑜𝑓-𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠: 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝐹𝐼𝐷 𝐼𝐼, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑆𝑀𝐴 𝐺𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝐹𝐼𝐷 𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 3 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 2023 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 '𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑦' 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠.

This study investigates the implications of the German Federal Constitutional Court’s ruling on November 15, 2023, declaring the second supplementary budget of 2021 unconstitutional, specifically the reallocation of unused COVID-19 debt authorisations for green initiatives. This landmark decision clarifies the exceptions to the debt brake and the handling of special funds, significantly affecting the climate and transformation fund, indirectly influencing other special funds aimed at stabilising the energy sector and rebuilding from the 2021 flood disaster. The research method involves a comprehensive review of legal documents, government reports, and financial data to assess the impact on Germany’s ability to fund its climate and energy transition policies, particularly through the climate and transformation fund and the broader implications for economic policy and insolvency rates. The main findings highlight the conflict between fiscal discipline, as mandated by the debt brake, and the government’s intention to finance environmental initiatives with unutilised COVID-19 debts. The ruling underscores the challenges of balancing fiscal restrictions with urgent environmental goals, questioning the flexibility of budgetary and tax policies to support significant investments in sustainability and climate protection. The conclusion calls for reevaluating how green agendas can be funded within stringent fiscal rules, emphasising the need for innovative financing solutions and a commitment to reconciling economic stability with ecological sustainability. This case study presents a critical analysis of the delicate balance between fiscal responsibility and achieving vital environmental objectives, urging rethink on financing green initiatives within the confines of fiscal and constitutional boundaries.

The subject of analysis in the current theoretical and practical research is an act with a high degree of social danger that exists in objective reality and manifests within the tourism sector – sexual exploitation in the field of travel and tourism. This exploitation is characterised by prerequisites for being carried out in a hidden and unnoticed manner. It is a multidimensional activity with objective and subjective features that affect the diverse rights of victims, primarily children. The primary goal of this study is to illustrate the necessity for adequate criminal law protection for every child worldwide from this form of abuse and to present several specific proposals. This article applies comparative legal research and socio-legal research of legal provisions of different legislation regulating sexual exploitation in travel and tourism. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis.

This article explores the historical evolution of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) against the backdrop of the internet’s inception and development. In the early years, the internet was largely restricted to government organizations, the military, and scientific institutions. Censorship was prevalent, limiting the emergence of disputes within this limited virtual environment. To overcome these constraints, private commercial online services like CompuServe and AOL emerged, offering content-rich platforms but with limited connectivity. This limitation inadvertently reduced the incidence of disputes. However, unrestricted access to online services led to cases of identity deception and abuse, exemplified by the infamous case of a virtual persona, ‘Joan’. The ‘Joan’ incident underscored the challenges of managing online interactions in the absence of regulatory mechanisms. It prompted the emergence of system administrators responsible for balancing content policies and First Amendment rights. The article also delves into the early legal landscape concerning online communication and the challenges of regulating content and expression. This historical analysis offers insights into the origins of ODR, highlighting the need for effective dispute resolution mechanisms in the evolving digital landscape. It sheds light on the internet’s journey from a closed network to a global platform, raising critical questions about identity, freedom of expression, and the role of administrators in online governance.

This study endeavors to examine the phenomenon of whistleblowing within the context of freedom of expression. The paper is organized into three key segments, each addressing distinct aspects. Initially, it delves into the challenges and complexities inherent in conceptualizing whistleblowing. Subsequently, the paper establishes a theoretical foundation for the fundamental rights approach to whistleblowing, laying the groundwork for the final section: an analysis of whistleblowing cases through the lens of the European Court of Human Rights’ case law. The research methodology employed comprises secondary analysis (desk research) and legal case studies. The study aims to achieve a dual purpose: firstly, to offer a comprehensive understanding of the legal analysis and interpretation of whistleblowing; and secondly, to elucidate the evolving legal standards and criteria governing whistleblowing in the context of freedom of expression over recent years.

Certain platform operators serve as both suppliers of goods on the platform and sources of business opportunities. Platforms on which the operator himself is a provider, i.e. his own user, is referred to as hybrid or dual-role platforms. The platform operator can set and enforce the platform rules itself. Unfair treatment can take many forms, from a modification of the product ranking to the removal of products or the supplier from the platform. The ranking of products on the platform must necessarily put one provider’s product ahead of another’s and the platform operator must regulate in some way which providers are allowed on the platform and which are excluded from the platform. Thus, the question is whether these rules and their enforcement must be objectively justified or whether the platform operator can act on its own. This article discusses the concept of ‘self-favoring.’ Whether private law places restrictions on this kind of action or if the platform operator has the right to handle independently will be analyzed below. The analysis aims to furnish details regarding the operator’s essential powers on his platform, which are a manifestation of the notably partial exercise of regulatory power.

Definition of waste in the EU legal regulations is very vague. Therefore, the Court of Justice of the EU and the European Commission (by its guidance) try to help to the national courts with the interpretation of the concept of waste. There are many judgements that offer examples and circumstances that should be considered when defining a substance as waste. However, the fact that the concept of waste depends on the verb ‘discard’ which should be interpreted according to the relevant circumstances in the particular cases causes that the concept of waste remains still very vague. The situation is also complicated by the fact that the concept of waste does not have the same meaning with other relevant international documents. The aim of the paper is to collect the last development of the concept of waste in the judgements of the Court of Justice of the EU. In the paper, there are pointed out how the relevant circumstances of the word ‘discard’ should be considered in the present view of the Court of Justice of the EU. In conclusions, we try to summary the main categories of waste regarding the interpretation of the verb ‘discard’.

The article tries to answer a very important problem faced by legal practitioners of all times, namely the problem of the relationship between equity and law. The perspective of a judge on this aspect is complemented by that of prestigious authors who have reflected on the most appropriate way of applying the law. In the article they are analyzed two major currents of interpretation of legal norms, which are still facing each other in the theory of law, namely textualism and purposivism, the first current claiming that the interpretation of the legal norms must be done exclusively on the basis of the text of the law, and the second that the legislator’s intention or purpose must also be taken into account. It is also emphasized the risk that, through the interpretation of the law, judges will impose their views on state policy. Only equity can protect us from this risk, because it prevents arbitrariness.

The smart shipping and maritime technology encompass blockchain and smart contracts technology, information perception technology, intelligent decision-making technology, intelligent routing technology, marine communication network security technology, route planning technology, autonomous navigation technology, state monitoring and fault diagnosis technology and so on. Nevertheless, these advancements bring practical and legal challenges, as well as a new threat in the digital age: cybercrime. This paper deals with the key challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of digital technologies in shipping and transport such as smart contracts and unmanned ships, and how do cyber issues impact the safety, security, and efficiency of maritime operations. The first part examines the technological background into which smart contracts are integrated and operate, i.e. the terms blockchain and technology distributed ledger technology. The concept, the mechanism and the types of smart contracts in the maritime industry are further analysed. Also, the aspects of new technologies such as Autonomous Vessels and the challenges they raise are examined. The second part focuses on the legal potential of smart contracts examining their issues and the cyber challenges in the maritime industry. The critical remarks and conclusions drawn are listed at the end of the paper.

This study thoroughly investigates the development of an oil and natural gas mining treaty in the high seas of the North Natuna region, focusing on overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claims involving Indonesia, Vietnam, and China. Analyzing the geopolitical and economic implications, the research utilizes a comprehensive methodology, including policy document scrutiny and an extensive literature review. The findings underscore the significant potential of North Natuna’s natural resources, accentuating the determination of the three nations to assert their territorial claims. Notably, tension arises from China’s Nine Dash Line claim, challenging the UNCLOS 1982 arbitral tribunal decision. The study recommends a tripartite resolution, emphasizing a robust Code of Conduct agreement. Despite diplomatic efforts, this research stresses the need for strengthening the Code of Conduct and adopting a tripartite reconciliation approach to ensure the security and sovereignty of the North Natuna region. Enforcing rights through the International Arbitration Tribunal is crucial for lasting peace, stability, and the sustainable management of oil and natural gas activities.

اشارهنظر مشورتی دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری با موضوع پیامدهای حقوقی ناشی از سیاست‌ها و رویه‌های اسرائیل در سرزمین اشغالی فلسطین شامل بیت‌المقدس شرقی در 29 تیر 1403 (19 ژوئیة 2024) صادر شد. این نظر در پاسخ به پرسش‌های مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل از دیوان است که در 9 دی 1401(30 دسامبر 2022) در قالب قطعنامة 77/247 به تصویب رسید. در واقع، این دومین نظر مشورتی است که به‌طور اختصاصی به اقدامات اسرائیل در سرزمین‌های اشغالی فلسطین می‌پردازد. نخستین مورد، حدود 20 سال پیش در 19 تیر 1383 (9 ژوئیة 2004) با عنوان پیامدهای حقوقی ساخت یک دیوار در سرزمین‌های اشغالی فلسطین از سوی دیوان و متعاقب پرسش مجمع عمومی در این مورد صادر شد. با اینکه نظر مشورتی 2004 تنها به بخشی از اقدامات اسرائیل یعنی ساخت دیوار حائل در سرزمین‌های اشغالی می‌پرداخت، اما به یکی از مهم‌ترین تصمیم‌های تاریخ رسیدگی‌های دیوان بدل شد. نظر مشورتی 2024 به دلیل گسترة پرسش‌های مطرح‌شده از سوی مجمع عمومی، به‌ناگزیر اهمیت بیشتری را به دلیل فرصت فراخ دیوان برای پرداختن به تقریباً تمامی ابعاد حقوقی بین‌المللی اشغال فلسطین از سوی اسرائیل خواهد داشت. به همین دلیل نیز مجمع عمومی در راستای اجرایی‌کردن نظر مشورتی 2024 دیوان در 29 شهریور 1403 (19 سپتامبر 2024) ذیل قطعنامة A/RES/ES-10/24 اعلام نمود اسرائیل 12 ماه از زمان تصویب قطعنامه فرصت دارد تا به حضور غیرقانونی خود در سرزمین‌های اشغال‌شدة فلسطین پایان دهد. به همین جهات، مطابق مصوبة هیئت تحریریة مجلة حقوقی بین‌المللی، تصمیم بر آن شد تا ترجمة نظر مشورتی مزبور در این شماره منتشر شود.برگردان متن، به قلم چهار تن از همکاران مرکز امور حقوقی بین‌المللی، همگی از دانش‌آموختگان مقطع دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل صورت گرفته است.ارجاعات دیوان در نظر مشورتی به‌صورت درون‌متنی است که در اینجا بر اساس شیوه‌نامة مجله، به‌صورت پاورقی درج شده است. همچنین در ترجمه سعی شده تا حد امکان وفاداری به متن برای بیان عبارات دیوان حفظ شود و از این رو درج تعابیر، اسامی و عبارات به‌کار‌رفته در متن ترجمه، از‌جمله واژة رژیم اسرائیل، لزوماً بیانگر یا مؤید دیدگاه مجله یا مرکز امور حقوقی بین‌المللی نیست.

امروزه مسائل زیست‌محیطی، یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های بین‌المللی به شمار می‌آید و یکی از اولویت‌های سران دولتها نیز شده است. شکی نیست در آینده‌ای نه‌چندان دور، ریشه اصلی اختلاف دولت‌ها همانا مسائل زیست‌محیطی و منابع طبیعی خواهد بود. در این میان کوه‌ها به واسطه نقش بی‌بدیلی که در اکوسیستم ایفا می‌نمایند از اهمیت و جایگاه ویژه‌ای برخوردارند؛ با این حال، کمتر در کانون توجه‌ها قرار گرفته‌اند و به همین علت، ساختار شکننده آنها بیش از پیش در معرض آسیب و تخریب قرار میگیرد. با استفاده از ظرفیت‌های حقوق بین‌الملل میتوان نسبت به جلوگیری از تخریب بیشتر و احیای خسارات واردشده اقدام نمود چه اینکه هم‌اکنون نیز در این حوزه اقدامات حقوقی پاره‌ای از کشورهای اروپایی اثرات مثبتی نیز داشته است.

Following the events of September 11, 2001, the international community has confronted the emergence of a novel paradigm known as the "Global War on Terrorism." This framework has disrupted the equilibrium between human rights and national security, resulting in significant ramifications: it has not only compromised the fundamental rights of citizens but also adversely affected the basic rights of individuals suspected or accused of terrorist offenses. Governments engaged in counter-terrorism efforts bear the responsibility of maintaining a delicate balance between effective law enforcement and the safeguarding of civil liberties. While the existence of terrorism as a formidable threat is widely acknowledged, the protection of human rights - particularly the rights of the accused in anti-terrorism operations - remains paramount. There exists a consensus that, in the pursuit of counter-terrorism, all lawful means should be employed to prevent such crimes, with efforts to neutralize threats supporting the tenets of human rights. However, the central issue pertains to the precision and legality of these measures. This study aims to examine the challenges inherent in reconciling the respect for and protection of human rights with the imperative to combat terrorism, with a specific focus on the rights of the accused. The findings indicate that responses to terrorism must uphold the rule of law; neglecting human rights in the fight against terrorism risks creating an environment conducive to the proliferation of terrorism.

ماهیت داوری‌ بین‌المللی و حاکمیت طرفین دعوا در انتخاب داور، ایجاب می‌کند داوران از میان افراد ذی‌صلاحی با ملیت، جنسیت و سنین گوناگون منصوب شوند. با این وجود بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که داوری بین‌المللی عمدتا در انحصار مردانی سفیدپوست از کشورهای توسعه-یافته بوده و سایرین سهم چندانی در این عرصه ندارند. انتصاب مکرر برخی از داوران سرشناس و پذیرش نقش دوگانه داور و وکیل از مهمترین سازوکارهایی است که با دشوار ساختن ورود داوران جدید، موقعیت افراد موجود را تثبیت نموده و شبکه‌ی بسته‌ای از داوران بین المللی را شکل می‌دهد. مقاله‌ی حاضر با تحلیل تاثیر انتصاب مکرر داوران و پذیرش نقش دوگانه‌ی داور و وکیل بر تنوع جامعه داوری و متعاقبا بر کیفیت رسیدگی و مشروعیت داوری، پیشنهاد می‌کند که متعاقب افشای انتصاب‌ها و موضع‌گیری سابق داوران، در تعداد داوری و وکالتی که یک فرد می‌تواند بپذیرد، محدودیت ایجاد شود.

قانون‌گذاری سنگ‌بنای نظام‌های حقوقی است و تمامی این نظام‌ها از چنین کارکردی به‌اقتضای ساختار و مختصات خود برخوردارند. در این زمینه، حقوق بین‌الملل برخلاف نظام‌های حقوقی داخلی، به دلایلی چون تأثیر عوامل غیرحقوقی چندان منظم عمل نمی‌کند و می‌توان هرگونه اقدام اعضای جامعه‌ بین‌المللی در جهت ایجاد حقوق را خلق قواعد حقوقی بین‌المللی یا قانون‌سازی بین‌المللی دانست. بنابراین، همه کنش‌گران بین‌المللی، به‌کمک ابزارها و منابع سخت و نرم حقوق بین‌الملل، در این فرایند مشارکت می‌نمایند. در این میان، منابع سنتی حقوق بین‌الملل، عرف و معاهده، از جایگاهی ویژه برخوردارند. عمر دیرپای این دو منبع به زمان تشکیل جامعه‌ جهانی بازمی‌گردد و همچنان دولت‌ها برای ایجاد قواعد لازم‌الاجرا از آنها بهره می‌برند. پرسش اصلی این است که چگونه این منابع سنتی از گذشته تاکنون در فرایند قانون‌سازی بین‌المللی مشارکت داشته‌اند؟ مطابق فرضیه، با ابتنای بر روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، این منابع به‌شکلی خودخواسته و غیرتحمیلی، اما متفاوت، نیازهای واضعان خود را مرتفع می‌سازند و همین، رمز بقای آنها در درازای تاریخ است. نوشتار حاضر، هم‌سو با فرضیه پژوهش، درمی‌یابد درحالی‌که قانون‌سازی عرفی، به‌عنوان یک حرکت جمعی، عمدتاً خودجوش، ضمنی، تدریجی و غیرعامدانه است، خلق معاهداتی قواعد حقوقی، به‌عنوان نماد فردگرایی یا خاص‌نگری در جامعه بین‌المللی، اغلب دفعی، صریح، یکباره و عامدانه رقم می‌خورد.

ایران در بخش انرژی و محیط زیست با مشکلاتی مانند اتلاف انرژی، هدررفت منابع نفت و گاز، نابودی پوشش گیاهی، خاک و پهنه های آبی روبه رو است که هزینه های سنگینی برای کشور در بر دارد. از سوی دیگر همکاری بین المللی برای کاهش گازهای گلخانه ای و پیوستن به توافقنامه اقلیمی پاریس یکی مسأله اساسی برای کشور است. اما ایران حتی بدون پیوستن به این توافقنامه برای حفظ منابع طبیعی و کاهش هزینه های بخش انرژی خود ناچار به بهینه سازی تولید و مصرف انرژی و حفاظت از محیط زیست است. این مقاله با روش توصیفی و تحلیل حقوقی به بررسی این نکته می پردازد که چگونه میان اقدامات خودخواسته ایران در بهینه سازی انرژی و حفاظت از چاهکها و تعهدات توافقنامه اقلیمی پاریس در مقابله با تغییرات اقلیمی همگرایی وجود دارد و اینکه تا چه اندازه بهره گیری از این همگرایی در جهت همکاری برای تحقق اهداف این توافقنامه و منافع ملی کشور ضرورت دارد.

حل و فصل منازعات قومی برای اعادۀ صلح و امنیت بین المللی حیاتی است و از این رهگذر، با حقوق بین ­الملل پیوند می­ خورد. این نوشتار به ­دنبال بررسی مهم­­ ترین چالش­ ها و فرصت ­های حقوق بین­ الملل در زمینۀ حل و فصل منازعات قومی است. اصلی­ ترین چالش ­ها عبارت‌اند از: 1) تناقض­ های درونی فرآیندهای دخیل در صلح­ سازی که مانع برپایی صلح پایدار در جوامع چندقومی می­شوند؛ 2) نبود یا نابسندگی رهیافت اقلیت­ محور در ساختار و سازکارهای واکنشی ملل متحد که در نتیجۀ آن، صلح قومی درازمدت و پایدار دست­ نایافتنی می­نماید؛ و ناهماهنگی سازمانی و رویکرد تک ­بعدی در چارچوب ملل متحد که موجب شده است اتخاذ اقدامی کارآمد، متمرکز، فراگیر و بر مبنایی مورد به ­مورد برای حل و فصل این منازعات، شدنی و دست­کم آسان نباشد. در مقابل، نگارندگان چند مورد از راهکارهای موجود را در حقوق بین ­الملل برای رویارویی با این چالش­ ها پیشنهاد می­دهند که برخی از آنها عبارت‌اند از: 1) تبدیل حقوق اقلیت­ ها به جریان اصلی در سطح ملل متحد؛ و 3) ایجاد نهادی تخصصی برای منازعات قومی. این مقاله، به واکاوی تفصیلی چالش­ ها و فرصت­ های پیش­گفتۀ فراروی حقوق بین‌الملل در حل منازعات قومی می‌پردازد.

رایج‌ترین شیوه پرداختن به مسائل حوزه‌های گوناگون دانش -از جمله حقوق بین‌الملل- به روش علمی، نگارش و انتشار کتاب و مقاله است. با این همه، این شیوه تنها نحوه مواجهه نظری با مسائل مختلف حقوق بین‌الملل نیست. در واقع، یکی از مهم‌ترین این روش‌ها نگارش «نقد کتاب» است که تقریباً در تمام مجلات اصلی حقوق بین‌الملل در سراسر جهان دارای جایگاهی ثابت و درخور هستند. باید متذکر شد که «نقد» در این سیاق معنایی بسیار موسع دارد و محدود به «انتقاد» نیست. در واقع، «نقد کتاب» بیشتر با تحلیل و تجزیه ساختاریِ اثر مرتبط است و قاعدتاً باید بتواند مخاطبین اثر را نیز با مهم‌ترین مباحث کتاب و پیش‌زمینه‌های آن آشنا کند. نوشتار حاضر، ضمن تبیین مفهوم «نقد کتاب» و جایگاه آن در حقوق بین الملل، به نقد کتاب «قضاوت ایران» نوشته چارلز براور می پردازد.

No presente artigo é proposta a mitigação da presunção de legitimidade e veracidade do ato administrativo sancionador aduaneiro como medida para assegurar direitos e garantias constitucionais do administrado no processo administrativo sancionatório aduaneiro – dentre as quais, a garantia ao devido processo legal. A relativização da presunção de legitimidade e veracidade do ato administrativo sancionador aduaneiro consiste primordialmente no dever da Administração Pública de comprovar a ocorrência do fato imputável em face do administrado como condição para legitimar o ato administrativo sancionatório, sob pena de nulidade. No Estado Democrático de Direito, a penalização aduaneira deve observar a presunção de boa-fé do administrado, o devido processo legal, a verificação da culpabilidade, a individualização e a dosimetria da pena, assim como a proporcionalidade na aplicação de sanções. A mitigação da presunção de veracidade dos atos administrativos sancionatórios aduaneiros constitui medida imprescindível à garantia de segurança jurídica nas operações de comércio exterior, assegurando ao interveniente importador o adequado controle de riscos e condições de previsibilidade e segurança para planejar e investir – o que impacta diretamente no crescimento produtivo e econômico do país.

O regime internacional de responsabilidade civil e compensação em casos de poluição por derramamento de óleo é composto por quatro convenções de características próprias no âmbito internacional, adotando o princípio da canalização da responsabilidade objetiva na figura do dono do navio e competência territorial baseada no local do dano. Conta, ainda, com dois Fundos que visam garantir a compensação das vítimas. Paralelamente, realidade inegável na atualidade do comércio marítimo atual, as bandeiras de conveniência ganharam grande visibilidade após se envolverem em vários dos maiores desastres marítimo-ambientais ocorridos nos últimos 50 anos. Através dos métodos indutivo, histórico e empírico-quantitativo, propõe-se a conceituar e definir “bandeiras de conveniência”; analisar os dados relativos ao transporte marinho de óleo por petroleiros a fim de se determinar se esses registros de fato acarretam maiores níveis de poluição em comparação com outras bandeiras e em que proporção e, a partir disso, apontar perspectivas e impressões que permitam realizar um balanço das convenções de responsabilidade e compensação, juntamente com os Fundos IOPC, no que toca o combate à poluição marítima por petroleiros. Observou-se que, embora bandeiras de conveniência tenham acompanhado uma tendência positiva, sua prática complacente ainda representa uma grande ameaça socioeconômica e ambiental uma vez que potencializa riscos em uma atividade que por si só já é de alto grau de risco, preocupando, principalmente, pela severidade dos acidentes.

Este ensaio corresponde ao apresentado pelo autor no Francesco Berlingieri Prize 2024, trabalho com o qual obteve o segundo lugar nesse concurso acadêmico. Em geral, o objetivo deste ensaio é analisar, justificar e determinar as características e os elementos que permitem que o seguro marítimo seja definido como uma disciplina jurídica autônoma, independente do direito marítimo e do direito dos seguros em geral, no modelo jurídico e legal chileno. Para tanto, será utilizado o sistema de núcleos dogmáticos, a partir da metodologia jurídica, que facilitará a identificação dos elementos ou etapas em que essa disciplina é construída, para concluir, ao final, se é - ou não - uma disciplina autônoma.

Este estudo visa explorar o papel desempenhado pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) na formulação e implementação de políticas tributárias para o setor de óleo e gás marítimo, enfocando em especial nas iniciativas relacionadas ao projeto Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS). Isso porque, devido à alta lucratividade e à complexidade inerente às operações globais do setor de óleo e gás, as empresas muitas vezes empregam estratégias sofisticadas de planejamento tributário que levam à evasão fiscal, um desafio que a OCDE busca enfrentar com suas diretrizes de BEPS. Outrossim, a investigação almeja, em uma análise qualitativa, que se utiliza do método de revisão bibliográfica, perquirir a maneira pela qual as normas do BEPS podem se caracterizar como mecanismos efetivos ao combate da elisão fiscal. Portanto, busca-se concluir que é fundamental a compreensão das dinâmicas entre regulação tributária internacional e práticas de governança corporativa, oferecendo pressupostos sobre as melhorias necessárias para enfrentar a elisão fiscal no contexto globalizado do setor de óleo e gás marítimo.

Considerando os compromissos climáticos internacionais, diversos segmentos econômicos estão sendo estimulados pelo processo de descarbonização e neutralização de suas emissões provenientes de combustíveis de origem fóssil. O modal de transporte marítimo é responsável pelo comercio de cargas gerais e possui forte atuação no Brasil nas operações de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás offshore. Um dos impactos ambientais mais importantes nos serviços marítimos com embarcações é a poluição do ar através da emissão de gases e particulas da queima de combustíveis fósseis. Neste recorte, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em apresentar por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica as práticas promissoras e tendências para a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa considerando as rotas tecnologicas para a obtenção de zero emissões líquidas e os créditos de carbono no âmbito das embarcações marítimas como fontes móveis emissoras.

The article shows critical appraisals on recent case of Pan African Energy Tanzania Ltd v. Tanzania Revenue Authorityunder the sphere of tax administration. It examines whether the decision of the case enhanced fair play to both taxpayers and tax authorities. Specifically, the article examines the consideration made by the tax authorities and court upon uncertainty of the tax laws when the taxpayer defends their cases upon refusal of waiver. In this aspect, the article draws attention to two aspects which are; the procedural fairness and presumption of honest on the side of taxpayers. The article concludes that, it is very difficult for the taxpayer to defend oneself successful on lodged objections before the Commissioner General especially on being seen as an honest person upon objecting the assessed taxes. Finally, the article recommends that, the taxpayers’ rights should be considered when it appears the wording of the statutes are uncertain.

O presente artigo objetiva analisar, ainda que de forma concisa, a temática da equidade gênero no setor navegação, com ênfase no cenário nacional. Para tal, busca-se trilhar um raciocínio que parte da análise de aspectos históricos até os resultados das pesquisas mais recentes sobre o tema no Brasil e no mundo. Além do diagnóstico da presente conjuntura, traça-se em linhas tênues, um prognóstico para redução das desigualdades de gênero.

El Reino Unido se ha consolidado como un referente en el Arbitraje Marítimo, convirtiéndose en foro principal de procedimientos a nivel mundial, y planea mantenerse en ese sitial de honor a través de la revisión de su legislación en esta materia. Por ello, en 2024 se tiene previsto que se publique una Reforma a la Ley de Arbitraje de 1996 que contribuya al fortalecimiento de esta institución dentro del sistema británico. Son variados los tópicos que incluye esta enmienda, sin embargo, uno de los que más puede impactar en los casos con componentes marítimos es justamente el tema jurisdiccional, asunto de obligatoria revisión siempre que se plantea un litigio marítimo con componentes de extranjería relevantes. De ahí, que se haga obligatorio escudriñar los cambios que se proponen en este ámbito, que básicamente se componen de una serie de condiciones, dirigidas a los órganos judiciales, para poder admitir impugnaciones jurisdiccionales sobre procesos o decisiones arbitrales. Al condicionarse o limitarse la esfera de influencia que tienen los jueces sobre los procedimientos arbitrales, se robustece el arbitraje como medio autónomo de resolución de controversias, a la par que se incentiva a los litigantes a acudir al mismo, puesto que se garantiza el respeto al procedimiento, la celeridad y la economía procesal, puntos claves en la estrategia de Reino Unido en su deseo de conservar su liderato como sede del arbitraje internacional.

O presente estudo é realizado através do levantamento e análise bibliográfica e tem como objetivo geral a análise do início do processo de escravização de pessoas negras africanas para o Brasil, desde o período que antecede as grandes navegações até a Lei Eusébio de Queiroz que constitui o marco normativo que propôs o fim do processo de tráfico de pessoas negras africanas. Como objetivo específico, a pesquisa pretende apontar a existência de uma relação direta entre o comércio marítimo português e o processo de captura e escravização de pessoas negras africanas, que foram desumanizadas e traficadas para o Brasil. Por fim, a pesquisa pretende apontar uma forma de reparação, pelo setor marítimo, para as pessoas negras inseridas na sociedade brasileira contemporânea.

Given the challenges of the ongoing war, the relevance of this study is conditioned by to the need to improve the practice of searching for Ukrainian citizens who went missing under special circumstances, specifically on the territory of other European states. The purpose of this study was to examine the legislative regulation of the status of missing persons and to analyse the legal regulation of relations related to the identification and search for, as well as social and legal protection of such persons. The methodological framework of the study was formed by both general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition: systemic and structural, informational, terminological, and formal logical method. Using these methods, the study highlighted the content of international and national regulatory legislation, which determines that the legal grounds for conducting a search for missing persons are the legal norms constituting the basis of international, legislative, and departmental regulations and are cumulative. The role of the International Committee of the Red Cross is analysed, and the statistics of identification of persons missing under special circumstances by this organisation was considered. Attention was focused on the activities of the International Commission on Missing Persons, which operated in various countries where the situation of missing persons during armed conflict and military operations arose. It was proved that the effectiveness of the mechanism for searching for missing persons depends on the interpretation of certain provisions of regulatory legislation, as well as on the staffing of bodies and units directly involved in the search for persons of this category. The study focused on the activities of the Commission on Missing Persons under Special Circumstances, which is a permanent advisory body of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, as well as the significance of the International Commission on Missing Persons. It was concluded that the real situation in countries with ongoing armed conflicts necessitates the introduction and use of advanced digital technologies in the work on searching for missing persons. The study can serve as a basis for improving the legal framework for international cooperation in identifying missing civilians and military personnel in the territories where armed conflicts have occurred or are ongoing

Protecting the lives of citizens and providing qualified medical care is of utmost importance in times of war. At the same time, statistics show that numerous cases of criminal offences committed by healthcare professionals do not result in them actually serving a criminal sentence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the issues of non-performance or improper performance of professional duties by medical and pharmaceutical professionals and to outline the problematic aspects of combating these criminal offences and the ways to address them. The study employed a combination of both general scientific (general dialectical, analysis, synthesis, legal, induction, and deduction) and special (systemic-structural, statistical, critical) methods of knowledge to identify, analyse, and interpret data. The study made it possible to state that there are a range of problems impeding the effective prosecution of medical and pharmaceutical professionals for criminal offences, and to classify the identified complications into subjective and objective ones, related not only to the training of medical professionals, judicial, and law enforcement agencies, but also to legislative gaps and problems in medicine, which lead to a high level of latency of medical torts, ineffective pre-trial investigation of medical torts, as well as avoidance of criminal liability by medical professionals. Therefore, combating these crimes is largely reduced to recording them by law enforcement officials. The unsatisfactory performance of professional duties by doctors not only negatively affects the quality of services provided to patients, but also leads to serious consequences in the form of their death or considerable damage to the health of the victims. The findings of this study will be useful for practitioners of investigative bodies engaged in qualification and investigation of the torts under study, will contribute to the development of a strategy to improve the effectiveness of combating such criminal offences, and will also be useful for medical professionals to prevent mistakes leading to serious consequences for the life and health of patients, as well as in the context of motivation to perform their professional duties in good faith

Adherence to generally accepted international standards in the area of protecting the rights of women police officers is essential because it improves the country’s reputation in the international arena and promotes effective coordination between states in the fight against crime. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the key areas of ensuring equal rights of men and women in law enforcement in Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the European integration course. For this purpose, the study employed historical, comparative, and formal legal methods. The study analysed international legal acts and current national legislation of Ukraine in the field of ensuring and protecting the rights of women who carry out their professional activities in law enforcement agencies. It was found that as of 2024, all countries are characterised by the universalisation of the problem in this area. The study concluded that the issues of women’s rights protection are being reactivated due to substantial changes in the social life of European countries. These processes are accompanied by the emergence of negative trends in the professional status of women, rising unemployment and poverty rates, and a decrease in the number of women in elected bodies and government agencies, including law enforcement. It was argued that the focus on international legal standards could become a prerequisite for improving the national regulatory framework for the protection of the rights of women who carry out professional activities in the police, and for transforming law enforcement practice towards accommodating the interests of this part of society. The practical significance of this study is that its results can be used to improve the work of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine by improving the provisions of domestic protection of the rights of women police officers

The relevance of the subject is conditioned by the fact that economic and scientific advance leads to an increase in the level of crime against property rights, specifically its most relevant form – intellectual property. An important task of law enforcement agencies is to overcome threats to intellectual property using the world’s best practices in this area. The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the world experience of combating crimes against property. Using such methods as the method of legal hermeneutics, formal legal method, comparative legal method and problem analysis, the study outlined the problems associated with the prosecution of intellectual property crimes. The study classified countries according to the type of intellectual property protection regulation and outlines the key issues in the investigation of intellectual property cases. It was found that countries with a long history of criminal law counteraction to crimes against intellectual property, whose experience can be considered advanced, are divided into two groups. The first group includes those countries where legal protection of intellectual property is provided exclusively through the national criminal code. The second group of countries includes those where the relevant provisions are consolidated in special laws, which often prescribe sanctions for intellectual property infringement. As society develops and the use of intellectual property intensifies, the need to create a unified system of legal protection of these rights becomes apparent. The distribution of legal provisions among different legislative acts complicates their application in practice. Based on the conducted study, recommendations were offered for improving the mechanism of combating crime in the field of intellectual property. The study analysed the results of a survey conducted by the World Intellectual Property Organisation in 2023, which aimed to collect information on the prosecution of intellectual property crimes in the member states. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the proposed recommendations can be used to improve national mechanisms for combating intellectual property crime

The Ukrainian legislator’s differentiation of criminal liability for certain manifestations of collaboration has led to unjustified competition and considerable difficulties in qualifying the relevant unlawful acts. The purpose of this study was to analyse the specific features of criminal liability for aiding and abetting the aggressor state in the national and international dimensions. To complete the tasks of this study, a set of scientific methods was employed: dogmatic – in the analysis of legal constructions of elements of collaboration and abetting the aggressor state; comparative legal – in the context of comparing the rules on liability for collaboration and the rules of international humanitarian law. The study showed that Ukrainian criminal law theory and court practice have not developed consistent approaches to the application of the rules on liability for collaboration. The study focused on the fact that the criminal legislation of Ukraine applies an approach whereby certain types of economic collaboration are factually identified with military collaboration, which does not follow international humanitarian law. It was concluded that when qualifying the transfer of material resources to representatives of the aggressor state, there is a competition between the provisions of Part 4 of Article 111- 1 and Article 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In such a situation, it is reasonable to apply the rule on liability for collaboration. It was found that the payment of taxes, fees, and other mandatory payments to the Russian budget of any level, made in the occupied territory of Ukraine by a citizen of Ukraine, a foreigner, a stateless person for themselves and/or in the interests of legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation cannot be covered by the objective side of abetting the aggressor state, as it does not follow international humanitarian law and does not contain such a feature as voluntariness, which is a mandatory feature of the crime under Article 111-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The practical significance of this study lies in defining certain rules for qualifying aiding and abetting the aggressor state which may be used by pre-trial investigation authorities in the legal assessment of such behaviour