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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer and the second most deadly type of cancer worldwide. In late diagnosis, CRC can resist therapy regimens in which cancer stem cells (CSCs) are intimately related. CSCs are a subpopulation of tumor cells responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance, metastasis, and resistance to conventional treatments. In this scenario, colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered an important key for therapeutic failure and resistance. In its turn, mitochondria is an organelle involved in many mechanisms in cancer, including chemoresistance of cytotoxic drugs due to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, dynamics, and mitophagy. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mitochondrial role in CCSCs regarding CRC drug resistance. It has been shown that enhanced anti-apoptotic protein expression, mitophagy rate, and addiction to oxidative phosphorylation are the major strategies developed by CCSCs to avoid drug insults. Thus, new mitochondria-targeted drug approaches must be explored to mitigate CRC chemoresistance via the ablation of CCSCs.

Abstract: Breast cancer represents a health concern worldwide for being the leading cause of can-cer-related women's death. The main challenge for breast cancer treatment involves its heterogene-ous nature with distinct clinical outcomes. It is clinically categorized into five subtypes: luminal A; luminal B, HER2-positive, luminal-HER, and triple-negative. Despite the significant advances in the past decades, critical issues involving the development of efficient target-specific therapies and overcoming treatment resistance still need to be better addressed. OMICs-based strategies have marked a revolution in cancer biology comprehension in the past two decades. It is a consensus that Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is the primary source of this revolution and the development of relevant consortia translating pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. Still, new approaches, such as CRISPR editing and epigenomic sequencing are essential for target and biomarker discoveries. Here, we discuss genomics and epigenomics techniques, how they have been applied in clinical management and to improve therapeutic strategies in breast cancer, as well as the phar-macogenomics translation into the current and upcoming clinical routine.

In breast cancer (BC), hypoxia is associated with poor prognosis. Protein Salvador homolog 1 (SAV1) acts as a tumor suppressor and is downregulated in the cancer cells. However, there is limited data on the expression profile of SAV1 and its importance in BC. It has not been studied to evaluate this phenomenon in a hypoxic microenvironment yet.This study aimed to investigate SAV1 expression profiles under normoxia and hypoxia, and the potential of SAV1 in BC prognosis.Gene and protein expression analyses were performed using Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively, and in silico analyses were performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The survival curves were constructed using KMplotter.SAV1 expression was lower in BC samples and tumor cell lines than in normal samples. The SAV1 mRNA levels were reduced in hypoxic estrogen receptor positive (ERThese data suggest a potential prognostic role of SAV1 in BC, with lower expressions associated with worse prognosis.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease at cellular and molecular levels. BC tumors present a cellular subpopulation of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) linked with tumor initiation and progression, recurrence, and therapeutic failure. The BCSC is preferentially found in hypoxic areas of the tumor, which are common features of BC and are significantly associated with worse prognosis. Although hypoxia activates an aggressive BCSC phenotype, the proteins that perform this molecular crossroad are still unknown. Therefore, finding proteins that performed this crossing would help define new promisors’ clinical strategies. Apurine/Apyrimidine Endonuclease 1 (APE1) protein has emerged as a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment and is overexpressed in more aggressive BC tumors. However, the relationship of APE1 with BCSC considering the hypoxia microenvironment does not exist. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the genomic/transcriptomic and clinical data of the APE1, BCSC phenotype, and hypoxic tumors. Methods: Genomic/transcription data and clinical attributes were collected and clustered on the Xena UCSC platform from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) BRCA database. Clinical molecular signatures from BCSC and hypoxia-related genes were used to separate BC patients in high or low expression groups for these genes and they evaluated their clinical data, including survival and APE1 expressions. Results: Patients with high expression of BCSC-related genes exhibited worse prognosis and overexpression of APE1. Additionally, high expression of hypoxia-related genes was also associated with worse prognosis and exhibited high levels of APE1. Patients with high expression of BCSC genes also exhibited high levels of hypoxia-related genes. APE1, BCSC, and hypoxia-related genes were more expressed in BC compared to adjacent normal samples. Conclusion: Data suggest that APE1 is overexpressed in hypoxia and BCSC phenotype, which are associated with worse prognosis for BC.

Isospora sporophilae Carvalho-Filho, Meireles, Ribeiro & Lopes, 2005 was morphologically and molecularly identified from the double-collared seedeater Sporophila frontalis (Verreaux), which is categorised as ‘vulnerable’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), and from the uniform finch Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis in conserved and anthropomorphic/fragmented areas of Atlantic Forest in the southeastern Brazil. The oocysts recovered from S. frontalis and H. unicolor had small morphological and genotypic differences that were not considered sufficient for the description of new species, but only different genotypes of I. sporophilae related to each host. This coccidian species was originally described from double-collared seedeaters Sporophila caerulescens (Vieillot) in a center screening of wild animals; therefore, this new report emphasises a potential occurrence of anthropomorphic dispersion of coccidia through illegal trade, seizures and reintroductions in the wild.

In the current study, Isospora sagittulae McQuistion and Capparella, 1992 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is reported from white-shouldered fire-eyes Pyriglena leucoptera (Vieillot, 1818) in the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. To date, this coccidian species was described from antbirds in Ecuador and Brazilian Amazon. In this sense, oocysts and measurements of the description of I. sagittulae from Amazonian antbirds were required from the deposit for comparison between samples from the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. The morphology was similar in all aspects, despite the polymorphism associated with the oocyst shape. DNA sequences for the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) locus of the oocysts had similarity of 100%. Therefore, these strong morphological, molecular, and ecological equivalences ensure the unique identification of I. sagittulae. Finally, this finding reveals the wide distribution of I. sagittulae in the Neotropical region and indicates that other antbirds in the Brazilian Cerrado should disperse I. sagittulae to the Amazon and Atlantic Forest.

A species of Isospora Schneider, 1881 (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) considered as new to science is described and characterised molecularly from the eastern white-throated spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus Vieillot in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, southeastern Brazil. Isospora lopesi n. sp. has oocysts that are subspheroidal to ovoidal, 18–24 × 18–22 (20.6 × 19.7) µm, with smooth, bilayered wall, c.1.5 μm thick. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal, 12–16 × 8–11 (14.4 × 8.6) µm. The Stieda body is flattened to half-moon-shaped and sub-Stieda body is rounded. Sporocyst residuum is present, consisting of numerous spherules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with anterior and posterior refractile bodies and nucleus. Molecular analysis was conducted at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. This new isolate exhibited similarity greater than 98% with Isospora spp. isolates from spectacled warblers Sylvia conspicillata Temminck, 1820. This is the fourth isosporoid coccidian described from New World tyrannid birds, but is the first to have a complementary molecular characterisation.

The residual biomasses of coffee and other beverages generated in coffee shops, restaurants, residences, bars among others do not have registers due to the difficulty of quantifying this type of waste in different places. To analyze the toxic effects for substance or mixed substances improperly discarded should be performed toxicity tests that aim to predict the potential impact of a xenobiotic on the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of the solubilized extract of coffe waste on the germination and development of onion seedlings (A. cepa), as well as to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of this extract in onion root meristematic cells. The experimental design was completely randomized, consisting of five treatments for the test group and two control group. For all treatments, 5 replicates were used. To evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity test, 5 seedlings of each treatment were removed after the germination process. Thus, from the treatment T2, the extract was able to provide a deleterious effect on germination and root growth. The extract presented a genotoxic effect in the concentration of T2 to T5 treatments, and in addition to genotoxicity, T3 to T5 treatments also showed a cytotoxic effect.