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Primary cilia are specialized cell surface projections found on most cell types. Involved in several signaling pathways, primary cilia have been reported to modulate cell and tissue organization. Although they have been implicated in regulating cartilage and bone growth, little is known about the organization of primary cilia in the growth plate cartilage and osteochondroma. Osteochondromas are bone tumors formed along the growth plate, and they are caused by mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 genes. In this study, we show the organization of primary cilia within and between the zones of the growth plate and osteochondroma. Using confocal and electron microscopy, we found that in both tissues, primary cilia have a similar formation but a distinct organization. The shortest ciliary length is associated with the proliferative state of the cells, as confirmed by Ki-67 immunostaining. Primary cilia organization in the growth plate showed that non-polarized chondrocytes (resting zone) are becoming polarized (proliferating and hypertrophic zones), orienting the primary cilia parallel to the longitudinal axis of the bone. The alignment of primary cilia forms one virtual axis that crosses the center of the columns of chondrocytes reflecting the polarity axis of the growth plate. We also show that primary cilia in osteochondromas are found randomly located on the cell surface. Strikingly, the growth plate-like polarity was retained in sub-populations of osteochondroma cells that were organized into small columns. Based on this, we propose the existence of a mixture ('mosaic') of normal lining (EXT+/- or EXTwt/wt) and EXT-/- cells in the cartilaginous cap of osteochondromas. Laboratory Investigation (2010) 90, 1091-1101; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.81; published online 26 April 2010

PPO en Agrifirm zijn via een enquête onder een aantal telers nagegaan hoe men de teelt heeft uitgevoerd en welke teeltproblemen zich hebben voorgedaan. Daarnaast hebben telers suggesties gedaan voor verbetering van de regelgeving

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This study was performed to determine the localization of the recently described receptor for the globular domain of C1q, gC1qR. In contrast to previous reports, we were not able to detect significant surface expression of gC1qR on Raji cells, monocytes, neutrophils, human or rat mesangial cells, the endothelial cell line EA.hy 926, or HUVEC using FACS analysis. Only by using digoxigenin-conjugated Abs could some surface staining of gC1qR be observed on rat mesangial cells and neutrophils. However, after permeabilizing these cells with saponin, a strong positive intracellular staining for gC1qR was observed by FACS, fluorescence microscopy on coverslips, and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis. By reflection contrast microscopy and electron microscopy on ultrathin sections of permeabilized Raji cells, it was shown that gC1qR is present in double membranous cytoplasmic vesicles located in the proximity of the plasma membrane. To determine whether certain conditions could induce surface expression of gC1qR, Raji cells were either stimulated with T cell growth factor, LPS, or driven to apoptosis by incubation with fenretinide or by serum depletion. None of the conditions resulted in significant surface expression of gC1qR. Our hypothesis that gC1qR is not a surface molecule but a soluble molecule that is secreted by cells is supported by the observation that gC1qR is found in significant concentrations in supernatants of several cultured cells and in normal human and rat sera. Our results suggest that the recently described gC1qR is not a cell surface receptor, but a soluble binding protein with affinity for the globular heads of C1q. Excreted gC1qR might act as a potential fluid phase regulator of complement activation.

Previous studies have revealed quantitative alterations in laminin-1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels during the development of glomerulonephritis and glomerulosclerosis in chronic graft-versus-host disease in mice, a model for lupus nephritis. We have now studied the qualitative alterations in laminin expression with two monoclonal antibodies that recognize epitopes on either the E8 or the P1 fragment of laminin-1. Both of these fragments are involved in cell-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions. In normal glomeruli these laminin epitopes are present only in the mesangial matrix; during embryogenesis, however, they are also present in the glomerular basement membrane. The distribution of laminin epitopes was first studied by using immunofluorescence in kidneys of mice with graft-versus-host disease at different points in time after disease induction. Reflection contrast and immunoelectron microscopy were performed after in vivo injection of the horseradish peroxidase-coupled monoclonal antibodies. In glomeruli of mice 8 weeks after disease induction, both injected antibodies bound specifically in electron-dense immune deposits in the mesangium and subepithelially along the glomerular basement membrane as well as in the expanded mesangial matrix. At 11 and 12 weeks after disease induction, when focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis had developed, the antibodies additionally bound in the matrix subendothelially along the glomerular basement membrane and at the periphery of end-stage sclerotic lesions. To study changes in the distribution of laminin epitopes over time, mice were injected with either monoclonal antibody before induction of graft-versus-host disease. The antibodies were detected 8 and 12 weeks later in the mesangial matrix of mice with lupus nephritis. Once segmental glomerulosclerosis had developed, the antibodies were additionally detected within the thickened glomerular capillary wall. The specific binding of anti-laminin monoclonal antibodies in electron-dense immune deposits further substantiates the hypothesis that anti-laminin autoantibodies participate in glomerular immune complex formation in this model, as suggested by earlier studies. Furthermore, our results show that the distribution of glomerular laminin epitopes in the matrix is altered during the development of glomerular disease. These changes in the structure of the glomerular basement membrane may contribute to the abnormal cell-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions during the development of glomerular disease in this model for lupus nephritis.