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1. Acute pharyngitis in children and adults: descriptive comparison of current recommendations from national and international guidelines and future perspectives

Author

Pellegrino, Roberta, Timitilli, Edoardo, Verga, Maria Carmen, Guarino, Alfredo, Iacono, Iride Dello, Scotese, Immacolata, Tezza, Giovanna, Dinardo, Giulio, Riccio, Simona, Pellizzari, Sofia, Iavarone, Sonia, Lorenzetti, Giulia, Simeone, Giovanni, Bergamini, Marcello, Donà, Daniele, Pierantoni, Luca, Garazzino, Silvia, Esposito, Susanna, Venturini, Elisabetta, Gattinara, Guido Castelli, Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Marseglia, Gian Luigi, Di Mauro, Giuseppe, Principi, Nicola, Galli, Luisa, and Chiappini, Elena

Published
2023
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3. WHO global research priorities for antimicrobial resistance in human health

Author

Aanensen, David, Alanio, Alexandre, Alastruey-Izquierdo, Ana, Alemayehu, Tinsae, Al-Hasan, Majdi, Allegaert, Karel, Al-Maani, Amal Saif, Al-Salman, Jameela, Alshukairi, Abeer Nizar, Amir, Afreenish, Applegate, Tanya, Araj, George F, Villalobos, Marlen Arce, Årdal, Christine, Ashiru-Oredope, Diane, Ashley, Elizabeth A, Babin, François-Xavier, Bachmann, Laura H, Bachmann, Till, Baker, Kate Susan, Balasegaram, Manica, Bamford, Colleen, Baquero, Fernando, Barcelona, Laura Isabel, Bassat, Quique, Bassetti, Matteo, Basu, Sulagna, Beardsley, Justin, Vásquez, Grey Benoit, Berkley, James A, Bhatnagar, Anuj K, Bielicki, Julia, Bines, Julie, Bongomin, Felix, Bonomo, Robert A, Bradley, John S, Bradshaw, Catriona, Brett, Ana, Brink, Adrian, Brown, Colin, Brown, Jeremy, Buising, Kirsty, Carson, Carolee, Carvalho, Anna Cristina, Castagnola, Elio, Cavaleri, Marco, Cecchini, Michele, Chabala, Chishala, Chaisson, Richard E, Chakrabarti, Arunaloke, Chandler, Clare, Chandy, Sujith John, Charani, Esmita, Chen, Lisa, Chiara, Francesca, Chowdhary, Anuradha, Chua, Arlene, Chuki, Pem, Chun, Doo Ryeon, Churchyard, Gavin, Cirillo, Daniela, Clack, Lauren, Coffin, Susan E, Cohn, Jennifer, Cole, Michelle, Conly, John, Cooper, Ben, Corso, Alejandra, Cosgrove, Sara E, Cox, Helen, Daley, Charles L, Darboe, Saffiatou, Darton, Tom, Davies, Gerry, de Egea, Viviana, Dedeić-Ljubović, Amela, Deeves, Miranda, Denkinger, Claudia, Dillon, Jo-Anne R, Dramowski, Angela, Eley, Brian, Roberta Esposito, Susanna Maria, Essack, Sabiha Y, Farida, Helmia, Farooqi, Joveria, Feasey, Nicholas, Ferreyra, Cecilia, Fifer, Helen, Finlayson, Heather, Frick, Mike, Gales, Ana Cristina, Galli, Luisa, Gandra, Sumanth, Gerber, Jeffrey S, Giske, Christian, Gordon, Bruce, Govender, Nelesh, Guessennd, Nathalie, Guindo, Ibrehima, Gurbanova, Elmira, Gwee, Amanda, Hagen, Ferry, Harbarth, Stephan, Haze, John, Heim, Jutta, Hendriksen, Rene, Heyderman, Robert Simon, Holt, Kathryn Elizabeth, Hönigl, Martin, Hook, Edward W, Hope, William, Hopkins, Heidi, Hughes, Gwenda, Ismail, Ghada, Issack, Mohammad Iqbal, Jacobs, Jan, Jasovský, Dušan, Jehan, Fyeza, Pearson, Antonieta Jimenez, Jones, Makoto, Joshi, Mohan P, Kapil, Arti, Kariuki, Samuel, Karkey, Abhilasha, Kearns, Gregory L, Keddy, Karen Helena, Khanna, Nina, Kitamura, Akiko, Kolho, Kaija-Leena, Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P, Kotwani, Anita, Kozlov, Roman S, Kranzer, Katharina, Kularatne, Ranmini, Lahra, Monica M, Langford, Bradley J, Laniado-Laborin, Rafael, Larsson, Joakim, Lass-Flörl, Cornelia, Le Doare, Kirsty, Lee, Hyukmin, Lessa, Fernanda, Levin, Anna S, Limmathurotsakul, Direk, Lincopan, Nilton, Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Lodha, Rakesh, Loeb, Mark, Longtin, Yves, Lye, David Chien, Mahmud, Asif Mujtaba, Manaia, Célia, Manderson, Lenore, Mareković, Ivana, Marimuthu, Kalisvar, Martin, Irene, Mashe, Tapfumanei, Mei, Zeng, Meis, Jacques F, Lyra Tavares De Melo, Flávio Augusto, Mendelson, Marc, Miranda, Angelica Espinosa, Moore, David, Morel, Chantal, Moremi, Nyambura, Moro, Maria Luisa, Moussy, Francis, Mshana, Stephen, Mueller, Arno, Ndow, Francis J, Nicol, Mark, Nunn, Andrew, Obaro, Stephen, Obiero, Christina W, Okeke, Iruka N, Okomo, Uduak, Okwor, Tochi J, Oladele, Rita, Omulo, Sylvia, Ondoa, Pascale, Ortellado de Canese, Juana Medarda, Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis, Padoveze, Maria Clara, Pai, Madhukar, Park, Benjamin, Parkhill, Julian, Parry, Christopher M, Peeling, Rosanna, Sobreira Vieira Peixe, Luísa Maria, Perovic, Olga, Pettigrew, Melinda M, Principi, Nicola, Pulcini, Céline, Puspandari, Nelly, Rawson, Timothy, Reddy, Denasha Lavanya, Reddy, Kessendri, Redner, Paulo, Rodríguez Tudela, Juan Luis, Rodríguez-Baño, Jesús, Van Katwyk, Susan Rogers, Roilides, Emmanuel, Rollier, Christine, Rollock, Leslie, Ronat, Jean-Baptiste, Ruppe, Etienne, Sadarangani, Manish, Salisbury, David, Salou, Mounerou, Samison, Luc Hervé, Sanguinetti, Maurizio, Sartelli, Massimo, Schellack, Natalie, Schouten, Jeroen, Schwaber, Mitchell J, Seni, Jeremiah, Senok, Abiola, Shafer, William M, Shakoor, Sadia, Sheppard, Donald, Shin, Jong-Hee, Sia, Sonia, Sievert, Dawn, Singh, Ishwar, Singla, Rupak, Skov, Robert Leo, Soge, Olusegun O, Sprute, Rosanne, Srinivasan, Arjun, Srinivasan, Subasree, Sundsfjord, Arnfinn, Tacconelli, Evelina, Tahseen, Sabira, Tangcharoensathien, Viroj, Tängdén, Thomas, Thursky, Karin, Thwaites, Guy, Tigulini de Souza Peral, Renata, Tong, Deborah, Tootla, Hafsah Deepa, Tsioutis, Constantinos, Turner, Katy M, Turner, Paul, Omar, Shaheed Vally, van de Sande, Wendy WJ, van den Hof, Susan, van Doorn, Rogier, Veeraraghavan, Balaji, Verweij, Paul, Wahyuningsih, Retno, Wang, Hui, Warris, Adilia, Weinstock, Hillard, Wesangula, Evelyn, Whiley, David, White, Peter J, Williams, Phoebe, Xiao, Yonghong, Moscoso, Martin Yagui, Yang, Hsu Li, Yoshida, Sachiyo, Yu, Yunsong, Żabicka, Dorota, Zignol, Matteo, Rudan, Igor, Bertagnolio, Silvia, Dobreva, Zlatina, Centner, Chad M, Olaru, Ioana Diana, Donà, Daniele, Burzo, Stefano, Huttner, Benedikt D, Chaillon, Antoine, Gebreselassie, Nebiat, Wi, Teodora, Hasso-Agopsowicz, Mateusz, Allegranzi, Benedetta, Sati, Hatim, Ivanovska, Verica, Kothari, Kavita U, Balkhy, Hanan H, Cassini, Alessandro, Hamers, Raph L, and Weezenbeek, Kitty Van

Published
2024
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5. Antibiotic Resistance in Paediatric Febrile Urinary Tract Infections

Author

Esposito, Susanna, Biasucci, Giacomo, Pasini, Andrea, Predieri, Barbara, Vergine, Gianluca, Crisafi, Antonella, Malaventura, Cristina, Casadio, Luca, Sella, Marcello, Pierantoni, Luca, Gatti, Claudia, Paglialonga, Letizia, Sodini, Chiara, La Scola, Claudio, Bernardi, Luca, Autore, Giovanni, Canto, Giulia Dal, Argentiero, Alberto, Cantatore, Sante, Ceccoli, Martina, De Fanti, Alessandro, Suppiej, Agnese, Lanari, Marcello, Principi, Nicola, Pession, Andrea, and Iughetti, Lorenzo

Published
2022
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7. Italian intersociety consensus on management of long covid in children

Author

Esposito, Susanna, Principi, Nicola, Azzari, Chiara, Cardinale, Fabio, Di Mauro, Giuseppe, Galli, Luisa, Gattinara, Guido Castelli, Fainardi, Valentina, Guarino, Alfredo, Lancella, Laura, Licari, Amelia, Mancino, Enrica, Marseglia, Gian Luigi, Leonardi, Salvatore, Nenna, Raffaella, Zampogna, Stefania, Zona, Stefano, Staiano, Annamaria, and Midulla, Fabio

Published
2022
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9. Biofilm Production and Its Implications in Pediatrics.

Author

Principi, Nicola and Esposito, Susanna

Subjects
OTITIS media with effusion, ACUTE otitis media, THERAPEUTICS, QUORUM sensing, HAEMOPHILUS influenzae, STREPTOCOCCUS pneumoniae
Abstract

Biofilms, aggregates of bacteria enclosed in a self-produced matrix, have been implicated in various pediatric respiratory infections, including acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), adenoiditis, protracted bacterial bronchitis, and pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. These infections are prevalent in children and often associated with biofilm-producing pathogens, leading to recurrent and chronic conditions. Biofilms reduce antibiotic efficacy, contributing to treatment failure and disease persistence. This narrative review discusses biofilm production by respiratory pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. It examines their mechanisms of biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and the challenges they present in clinical treatment. Various antibiofilm strategies have shown promise in vitro and in animal studies, including the use of N-acetylcysteine, enzymes like dispersin B, and agents disrupting quorum sensing and biofilm matrix components. However, their clinical application, particularly in children, remains limited. Traditional treatments for biofilm-associated diseases have not significantly evolved, even with biofilm detection. The transition from experimental findings to clinical practice is complex and requires robust clinical trials and standardized biofilm detection protocols. Addressing biofilms in pediatric respiratory infections is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and managing recurrent and chronic diseases effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. FLAIR Hyperintense Cortical Lesions in a 4-Year-Old Child with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)-Associated Encephalitis and Seizures: A Case Report.

Author

Bernardi, Luca, Mussi, Nicole, Grandinetti, Roberto, Turco, Emanuela, Piccolo, Benedetta, Ormitti, Francesca, Principi, Nicola, and Esposito, Susanna

Subjects
ENCEPHALITIS diagnosis, CEREBROSPINAL fluid examination, IMMUNOGLOBULIN analysis, ATAXIA, VISION disorders, OPTIC nerve, HEADACHE, ABDOMINAL pain, ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY, MAGNETIC resonance imaging, FEVER, PREDNISONE, MIDAZOLAM, DISCHARGE planning, OPTIC neuritis, ROUTINE diagnostic tests, THALAMUS, SEIZURES (Medicine), ENCEPHALITIS, LEUCOCYTE disorders, EARLY diagnosis, METHYLPREDNISOLONE, BUTYROPHILIN, CONTRAST media, PATIENT aftercare
Abstract

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-IgG-associated disease (MOGAD) is a relatively uncommon autoantibody demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with heterogeneous clinical manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. In recent years, a rare MOGAD subtype characterized by distinct clinical and MRI findings has been described. Seizures and cortical hyperintensities best seen on MRI T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, associated with headache and cerebral spine fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, are the most important characteristics of this MOGAD entity that is named FLAMES (FLAIR hyperintense cortical lesions in MOG-associated encephalitis with seizures). Because of its rarity and the peculiarities of the brain damage and clinical manifestations, it can be under-recognized and confused with focal viral encephalitis, meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, CNS vasculitis, or mitochondrial cytopathy. We described the case of a 4-year-old previously healthy girl who was admitted for focal-onset, tonic-clonic seizures, fever, and headache, combined with optic neuritis. MRI was characterized by FLAIR imaging showing hyperintense cortical lesions, and a mild leukocytosis in the CSF was detected. Efficacy and rapid response to steroid therapy was observed, and no recurrences of neurological problems or further seizures were reported in the following 12 months. This case report can help in understanding FLAMES characteristics in pediatrics in order to favor early diagnosis and prompt therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Smartphone-Based Artificial Intelligence for the Detection and Diagnosis of Pediatric Diseases: A Comprehensive Review.

Author

Principi, Nicola and Esposito, Susanna

Subjects
*ARTIFICIAL intelligence, *DIAGNOSIS, *MOBILE health, *OTITIS media with effusion, *ACUTE otitis media, *MEDICAL technology
Abstract

In recent years, the use of smartphones and other wireless technology in medical care has developed rapidly. However, in some cases, especially for pediatric medical problems, the reliability of information accessed by mobile health technology remains debatable. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the relevance of smartphone applications in the detection and diagnosis of pediatric medical conditions for which the greatest number of applications have been developed. This is the case of smartphone applications developed for the diagnosis of acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, hearing impairment, obesity, amblyopia, and vision screening. In some cases, the information given by these applications has significantly improved the diagnostic ability of physicians. However, distinguishing between applications that can be effective and those that may lead to mistakes can be very difficult. This highlights the importance of a careful application selection before including smartphone-based artificial intelligence in everyday clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. Specific and Nonspecific Effects of Influenza Vaccines.

Author

Principi, Nicola and Esposito, Susanna

Subjects
INFLUENZA vaccines, IMMUNIZATION of children, VIRUS diseases, COMMUNICABLE diseases, VACCINE effectiveness
Abstract

With the introduction of the influenza vaccine in the official immunization schedule of most countries, several data regarding the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of influenza immunization were collected worldwide. Interestingly, together with the confirmation that influenza vaccines are effective in reducing the incidence of influenza virus infection and the incidence and severity of influenza disease, epidemiological data have indicated that influenza immunization could be useful for controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. Knowledge of the reliability of these findings seems essential for precise quantification of the clinical relevance of influenza immunization. If definitively confirmed, these findings can have a relevant impact on influenza vaccine development and use. Moreover, they can be used to convince even the most recalcitrant health authorities of the need to extend influenza immunization to the entire population. In this narrative review, present knowledge regarding these particular aspects of influenza immunization is discussed. Literature analysis showed that the specific effects of influenza immunization are great enough per se to recommend systematic annual immunization of younger children, old people, and all individuals with severe chronic underlying diseases. Moreover, influenza immunization can significantly contribute to limiting the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The problem of the possible nonspecific effects of influenza vaccines remains unsolved. The definition of their role as inducers of trained immunity seems essential not only to evaluate how much they play a role in the prevention of infectious diseases but also to evaluate whether they can be used to prevent and treat clinical conditions in which chronic inflammation and autoimmunity play a fundamental pathogenetic role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Development of Vaccines against Emerging Mosquito-Vectored Arbovirus Infections.

Author

Principi, Nicola and Esposito, Susanna

Subjects
ARBOVIRUS diseases, VACCINE development, WEST Nile virus, WEST Nile fever, CHIKUNGUNYA
Abstract

Among emergent climate-sensitive infectious diseases, some mosquito-vectored arbovirus infections have epidemiological, social, and economic effects. Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) disease, previously common only in the tropics, currently pose a major risk to global health and are expected to expand dramatically in the near future if adequate containment measures are not implemented. The lack of safe and effective vaccines is critical as it seems likely that emerging mosquito-vectored arbovirus infections will be con-trolled only when effective and safe vaccines against each of these infections become available. This paper discusses the clinical characteristics of DENV, WNV, and CHIKV infections and the state of development of vaccines against these viruses. An ideal vaccine should be able to evoke with a single administration a prompt activation of B and T cells, adequate concentrations of protecting/neutralizing antibodies, and the creation of a strong immune memory capable of triggering an effective secondary antibody response after new infection with a wild-type and/or mutated infectious agent. Moreover, the vaccine should be well tolerated, safe, easily administrated, cost-effective, and widely available throughout the world. However, the development of vaccines against emerging mosquito-vectored arbovirus diseases is far from being satisfactory, and it seems likely that it will take many years before effective and safe vaccines for all these infections are made available worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. Monoclonal antibodies for prophylaxis and therapy of respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus, rabies and bacterial infections: an update from the World Association of Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders and the Italian Society of Antinfective Therapy

Author

Esposito, Susanna, primary, Amirthalingam, Gayatri, additional, Bassetti, Matteo, additional, Blasi, Francesco, additional, De Rosa, Francesco Giuseppe, additional, Halasa, Natasha B., additional, Hung, Ivan, additional, Osterhaus, Albert, additional, Tan, Tina, additional, Torres, Juan Pablo, additional, Vena, Antonio, additional, and Principi, Nicola, additional

Published
2023
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28. New Antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus Infection: An Update from the World Association of Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid) and the Italian Society of Anti-Infective Therapy (SITA)

Author

Esposito, Susanna, primary, Blasi, Francesco, additional, Curtis, Nigel, additional, Kaplan, Sheldon, additional, Lazzarotto, Tiziana, additional, Meschiari, Marianna, additional, Mussini, Cristina, additional, Peghin, Maddalena, additional, Rodrigo, Carlos, additional, Vena, Antonio, additional, Principi, Nicola, additional, and Bassetti, Matteo, additional

Published
2023
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32. Return to Play after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Focus on the Pediatric Population with Potential Heart Involvement.

Author

Paglialonga, Letizia, Aurelio, Camilla, Principi, Nicola, and Esposito, Susanna

Subjects
CHILD patients, SARS-CoV-2, SPORTS re-entry, COVID-19 pandemic, PHYSICAL activity
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has entailed consequences on any type of physical activities, mainly due to the social restriction measures applied to reduce the spreading of SARS-CoV-2. When public health policies progressively reduced limitations and resuming a normal life was possible, the return to previous physical activity and sports was not only requested by people who had deeply suffered from limitations, but was also recommended by experts as a means of reducing the physical and psychological consequences induced by the pandemic. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the available evidence on the return to play in children after SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting an algorithm for clinical practice and highlighting priorities for future studies. Criteria to identify subjects requiring laboratory and radiological tests before returning to physical activity are severity of COVID-19 and existence of underlying disease. Children of any age with asymptomatic infection or mild disease severity, i.e., the great majority of children with previous COVID-19, do not need a cardiologic test before resumption of previous physical activity. Only a visit or a telephonic contact with the primary care pediatricians should be established. On the contrary, children with moderate COVID-19 should not exercise until they are cleared by a physician and evaluated for resting electrocardiogram, exercise testing, and echocardiogram. Finally, in those with severe COVID-19, return to play should be delayed for several months, should be gradual and should be performed only after a cardiologist's clearance. Further studies are needed to assess the risks of returning to sports activity in pediatric age, including careful age-adjusted risk stratification, in order to improve the cost–benefit ratio of specific screenings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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49. Prevention of Surgical Site Infections in Neonates and Children: Non-Pharmacological Measures of Prevention

Author

Meoli, Aniello, Ciavola, Lorenzo, Rahman, Sofia, Masetti, Marco, Toschetti, Tommaso, Morini, Riccardo, Dal Canto, Giulia, Auriti, Cinzia, Caminiti, Caterina, Castagnola, Elio, Conti, Giorgio, Donà, Daniele, Galli, Luisa, La Grutta, Stefania, Lancella, Laura, Lima, Mario, Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Pelizzo, Gloria, Petrosillo, Nicola, Simonini, Alessandro, Venturini, Elisabetta, Caramelli, Fabio, Gargiulo, Gaetano Domenico, Sesenna, Enrico, Sgarzani, Rossella, Vicini, Claudio, Zucchelli, Mino, Mosca, Fabio, Staiano, Annamaria, Principi, Nicola, Esposito, Susanna, On Behalf Of The Peri-Operative Prophylaxis In Neonatal And Paediatric Age Pop-NeoPed Study Group, null, Meoli, Aniello, Ciavola, Lorenzo, Rahman, Sofia, Masetti, Marco, Toschetti, Tommaso, Morini, Riccardo, Dal Canto, Giulia, Auriti, Cinzia, Caminiti, Caterina, Castagnola, Elio, Conti, Giorgio, Donà, Daniele, Galli, Luisa, La Grutta, Stefania, Lancella, Laura, Lima, Mario, Lo Vecchio, Andrea, Pelizzo, Gloria, Petrosillo, Nicola, Simonini, Alessandro, Venturini, Elisabetta, Caramelli, Fabio, Gargiulo, Gaetano Domenico, Sesenna, Enrico, Sgarzani, Rossella, Vicini, Claudio, Zucchelli, Mino, Mosca, Fabio, Staiano, Annamaria, Principi, Nicola, Esposito, Susanna, and On Behalf Of The Peri-Operative Prophylaxis In Neonatal And Paediatric Age Pop-NeoPed Study Group, Null

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Settore MED/38 - Pediatria Generale e Specialistica, Settore MED/17 - Malattie Infettive, surgical site infection, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Keywords: neonatal infection, pediatric infectious disease, Infectious Diseases, prevention, neonatal infection, pediatric infectious diseases, pediatric surgery, Settore MED/41 - ANESTESIOLOGIA, Pharmacology (medical), General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Abstract

A surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection that occurs in the incision created by an invasive surgical procedure. Although most infections are treatable with antibiotics, SSIs remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after surgery and have a significant economic impact on health systems. Preventive measures are essential to decrease the incidence of SSIs and antibiotic abuse, but data in the literature regarding risk factors for SSIs in the pediatric age group are scarce, and current guidelines for the prevention of the risk of developing SSIs are mainly focused on the adult population. This document describes the current knowledge on risk factors for SSIs in neonates and children undergoing surgery and has the purpose of providing guidance to health care professionals for the prevention of SSIs in this population. Our aim is to consider the possible non-pharmacological measures that can be adopted to prevent SSIs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide recommendations based on a careful review of the available scientific evidence for the non-pharmacological prevention of SSIs in neonates and children. The specific scenarios developed are intended to guide the healthcare professional in practice to ensure standardized management of the neonatal and pediatric patients, decrease the incidence of SSIs and reduce antibiotic abuse.

Published
2022

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