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Contamination from singly ionized iron emission is one of the greatest obstacles to determining the intensity of emission lines in the UV and optical wavelength ranges. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the FeII emission in the bright quasar RM 102, based on the most recent version of the CLOUDY software, with the goal of simultaneously reproducing UV and optical FeII emission. We employ a constant pressure model for the emitting clouds, instead of the customary constant density assumption. The allowed parameter range is broad, with metallicity up to 50 times the solar value and turbulent velocity up to 100 km s$^{-1}$ for a subset of models. We also consider geometrical effects that could enhance the visibility of the non-illuminated faces of the clouds, as well as additional mechanical heating. Our investigation reveals that the broad line region of RM 102 is characterized by highly metallic gas. The observed FeII features provide strong evidence for an inflow pattern geometry that favours the dark sides of clouds over isotropic emission. This study confirms the presence of chemically enriched gas in the broad line region of bright quasars, represented by RM 102, which is necessary to explain the strong FeII emission and its characteristic features. Additionally, we report that CLOUDY currently still lacks certain transitions in its atomic databases which prevents it from fully reproducing some observed FeII features in quasar spectra.

The origin of fast flux variability in blazars is a long-standing problem, with many theoretical models proposed to explain it. In this study, we focus on BL Lacertae to model its spectral energy distribution (SED) and broadband light curves using a diffusive shock acceleration process involving multiple mildly relativistic shocks, coupled with a time-dependent radiation transfer code. BL Lacertae was the target of a comprehensive multiwavelength monitoring campaign in early July 2021. We present a detailed investigation of the source's broadband spectral and light curve features using simultaneous observations at optical-UV frequencies with Swift-UVOT, in X-rays with Swift-XRT and AstroSat-SXT/LAXPC, and in gamma-rays with Fermi-LAT, covering the period from July to August 2021 (MJD 59400 to 59450). A fractional variability analysis shows that the source is most variable in gamma-rays, followed by X-rays, UV, and optical. This allowed us to determine the fastest variability time in gamma-rays to be on the order of a few hours. The AstroSat-SXT and LAXPC light curves indicate X-ray variability on the order of a few kiloseconds. Modeling simultaneously the SEDs of low and high flux states of the source and the multiband light curves provided insights into the particle acceleration mechanisms at play. This is the first instance of a physical model that accurately captures the multi-band temporal variability of BL Lacertae, including the hour-scale fluctuations observed during the flare., Comment: 18 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) have been detected in many Fermi-detected bright blazars. In this letter, we report multiple QPOs detected in a non-blazar AGN PKS 0521-36 searched over the entire 15 years of Fermi-LAT data. QPOs are detected at 268 days, at 295 days, and at 806 days timescales with more than 3$\sigma$ significance. The QPO detected at 806 days happens to be the third harmonic of QPO at 268 days. The time scales are consistent in both Lomb-Scargle and Wavelet analysis. Furthermore, the Gaussian Process modeling of the light curve is performed with stochastically driven damped harmonic oscillator (SHO) and damped random walk (DRW) modeling to uncover the presence of QPOs. The constructed power spectral density (PSD) exhibits two QPOs, with observed timescales of approximately 283 days and 886 days. This is the first non-blazar AGN where the long-term QPO is detected. Earlier studies show this source has a weak beamed jet. The exact cause for these QPOs remains unclear. We also assembled the $\gamma$-ray QPO detected in various blazar and tested the QPO time scale dependent on the black hole mass. No significant correlation is found., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

We present a comprehensive variability study on three blazars, S4 0954+65, PKS 0903-57, and 4C +01.02 covering a mass range of log(M/M$_{\odot}$) = 8--9, by using $\sim$15 years-long $\gamma$-ray light curves from \textit{Fermi}-LAT. The variability level is characterized by the fractional variability amplitude which is higher for $\gamma$-rays compared to optical/UV and X-rays emissions. A power spectral density (PSD) study and damped random walk (DRW) modeling are done to probe the characteristic timescale. The PSD is fitted with a single power-law (PL) and bending power-law models and the corresponding success fraction was estimated. In the case of PKS 0903-57, We observed a break in the $\gamma$-ray PSD at 256 days which is comparable to the viscous timescale in the accretion disc suggesting a possible disk-jet coupling. The non-thermal damping timescale from the DRW modeling is compared with the thermal damping timescale for AGNs including our three sources. Our sources lie on the best-fit of the $\mathrm{\tau^{rest}_{damping}} - M_{BH}$ plot derived for AGN suggesting a possible accretion disc-jet connection. If the jet's variability is linked to the disc's variability, we expect a log-normal flux distribution, often connected to the accretion disc's multiplicative processes. Our study observed a double log-normal flux distribution, possibly linked to long and short-term variability from the accretion disk and the jet. In summary, PSD and DRW modeling results for these three sources combined with blazars and AGNs studied in literature favor a disc-jet coupling scenario. However, more such studies are needed to refine this understanding., Comment: 15 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Transition blazars exhibit a shift from one subclass to the next during different flux states. It is therefore crucial to study them to understand the underlying physics of blazars. We probe the origin of the multi-wavelength emission from the transition blazar B2 1308+326 using 14-year-long gamma-ray light curve from Fermi and the quasi-simultaneous data from Swift. We used the Bayesian block algorithm to identify epochs of flaring and quiescent flux states and modelled the broadband SEDs for these epochs. We employed the one-zone leptonic model in which the synchrotron emission causes the low-energy part of the SED and the high-energy part is produced by the IC emission of external seed photons. We also investigated its multi-band variability properties and gamma-ray flux distribution, and the correlation between optical and gamma-ray emissions. We observed a historically bright flare from B2 1308+326 across the optical to gamma-ray bands in June and July 2022. The highest daily averaged gamma-ray flux was (14.24$\pm$2.36) $\times$ 10$^{-7}$ ph cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ and was detected on 1 July 2022. The gamma-ray flux distribution was found to be log-normal. The optical and gamma-ray emissions are well correlated with zero time lag. The synchrotron peak frequency changes from $\sim 8 \times$ 10$^{12}$ Hz (in the quiescent state) to $\sim 6 \times$ 10$^{14}$ Hz (in the flaring state), together with a decrease in the Compton dominance providing a hint that the source transitions from a LSP to an ISP. The SEDs for these two states are well-fitted by one-zone leptonic models. The parameters in the model fits are essentially consistent between both SEDs, except for the Doppler-beaming factor, which changes from $\sim$15.6 to $\sim$27 during the transition. An increase in the Doppler factor might cause both the flare and the transition of B2 1308+326 from an LSP to an ISP blazar., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in the Astronomy & Astrophysics journal

Context. Dust in active galactic nuclei is clearly present right outside the broad-line region (BLR) in the form of a dusty molecular torus. However, some models of the BLR predict that dust may also exist within the BLR. Aims. We study the reprocessing of radiation by the BLR with the aim of observing how the presence of dust affects the reprocessed continuum and the line properties. Methods. We calculated a range of models using the CLOUDY photoionisation code for dusty and dustless plasma. We paid particular attention to the well-studied object NGC 5548, and we compared the line equivalent width predictions with the data from observations for this object. Results. We obtained a rough agreement between the expected equivalent widths of the H$\beta$ and Mg II lines and the observed values for NGC 5548 for the line distances implied by the time-delay measurement (for H$\beta)$ and the radius-luminosity relation (for Mg II) when the medium is dusty. We found the incident radiation to be consistent with the radiation seen by the observer, so no shielding between the inner disc and the BLR is required. High ionisation lines such as He II, however, clearly form in the inner dustless region. When the additional absorber is present, the H$\beta$ emitting region moves closer to the dustless part of the accretion disc surface., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in the Astronomy and Astrophysics journal

Fe II emission is a well-known contributor to the UV spectra of active galactic nuclei and the modeling of this part may affect the results obtained for the MgII$\lambda2800$ emission, which is one of the lines used for black hole mass measurements and cosmological applications. We use the 11-year monitoring of the selected quasar HE 0413-4031 with the South African Large Telescope (SALT) and we supplement this monitoring with the near-IR spectrum taken with the SOAR telescope. A new redshift determination ($z=1.39117 \pm 0.00017$) using [OIII]$\lambda \lambda 4959,5007$ gave a very different value than the previous determination based only on the UV FeII pseudocontinuum ($z=1.3764$). It favors a different decomposition of the spectrum into Mg II and UV Fe II emissions. The line characteristics and the time delay of the Mg II emission ($224^{+21}_{-23}$ days) are not significantly affected. However, in comparison with the previous analysis, the rest-frame UV FeII time delay ($251^{+9}_{-7}$ days) is consistent with the inferred UV FeII line FWHM of $4200\,{\rm km/s}$ that is only slightly smaller than the MgII line FWHM. Hence the FeII-emitting material is more distant than the MgII-emitting gas in HE 0413-4031 by $\sim 0.023$ pc (4700 AU). The inferred velocity shift of both Mg II and UV Fe II lines with respect to the systemic redshift is now rather low, below 300 km s$^{-1}$. In addition, we construct an updated MgII radius-luminosity ($R-L$) relation from 194 sources, which is more than double the previous sample. The MgII $R-L$ relation is flatter than the UV FeII, optical FeII, and H$\beta$ $R-L$ relations. While the new decomposition of the spectrum is satisfactory, we see a need to create better Fe II templates using the newest version of the code CLOUDY., Comment: 19 pages, 12+8 Figures, 5+1 Tables (Main Text+Appendix); accepted by A&A; minor corrections applied

We study the long-term behavior of the bright gamma-ray blazar PKS 0402-362. Over a span of approximately 12.5 years, from August 2008 to January 2021, we gathered Fermi-LAT temporal data and identified three distinct periods of intense $\gamma$-ray activity. Notably, the second period exhibited the highest brightness ever observed in this particular source. We observed most of the $\gamma$-ray flare peaks to be asymmetric in profile suggesting a slow cooling time of particles or the varying Doppler factor as the main cause of these flares. The $\gamma$-ray spectrum is fitted with power-law and log-parabola models, and in both cases, the spectral index is very steep. The lack of time lags between optical-IR and $\gamma$-ray emissions indicates the presence of a single-zone emission model. Using this information, we modeled the broadband SEDs with a simple one-zone leptonic model using the publicly available code `GAMERA'. The particle distribution index is found to be the same as expected in diffusive shock acceleration suggesting it as the main mechanism of particle acceleration to very high energy up to 4 - 6 GeV. During the different flux phases, we observed that the thermal disk dominates the optical emission, indicating that this source presents a valuable opportunity to investigate the connection between the disk and the jet., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, The 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2023) proceedings

We present a variability study of the blazar PKS 0346-27 from December 2018 to January 2022 in its archival $\gamma$-ray observation by Fermi-LAT. We use the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and the weighted wavelet transform methods in order to detect the presence of periodicity/quasi-periodicity and localize this feature in time and frequency space. The significance of the periodicity feature has been estimated using the Monte-Carlo simulation approach. We have also determined the global significance of the periodicity to test the robustness of our claim. To explore the most probable scenario, we modeled the light curve with both a straight jet and a curved jet model. We detect a periodicity feature of $\sim$ 100 days duration for the entire period of observation with a statistical significance of $3\sigma$, which amounts to a 99.7\% confidence level. The global significance of this feature is found to be 96.96\%. Based on the Akaike Information Criteria, the most probable explanation is that the observed emission is enhanced due to the helical motion of a blob within a curved jet. The origin of this QPO is very likely a region of enhanced emission moving helically inside a curved jet. This work presents strong evidence for jet curvature in the source and an independent (albeit a little serendipitous) procedure to estimate the curvature in blazar jets., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A, in Press

In Khadka et al. (2023), a sample of X-ray-detected reverberation-mapped quasars was presented and applied for the comparison of cosmological constraints inferred using two well-established relations in AGN -- the X-ray/UV luminosity ($L_{X}-L_{UV}$) relation and the broad-line region radius-luminosity ($R-L$) relation. $L_{X}-L_{UV}$ and $R-L$ luminosity distances to the same quasars exhibit a distribution of their differences that is generally asymmetric and positively shifted for the six cosmological models we consider. We demonstrate that this behaviour can be interpreted qualitatively to arise as a result of the dust extinction of UV/X-ray quasar emission. We show that the extinction always contributes to the non-zero difference between $L_{X}-L_{UV}$-based and $R-L$-based luminosity distances and we derive a linear relationship between the X-ray/UV colour index $E_{X-UV}$ and the luminosity-distance difference, which also depends on the value of the $L_{X}-L_{UV}$ relation slope. Taking into account the median and the peak values of the luminosity-distance difference distributions, the average X-ray/UV colour index falls in the range of $\overline{E}_{X-UV}=0.03-0.28$ mag for the current sample of 58 sources. This amount of extinction is typical for the majority of quasars and it can be attributed to the circumnuclear and interstellar media of host galaxies. After applying the standard hard X-ray and far-UV extinction cuts, heavily extincted sources are removed but overall the shift towards positive values persists. The effect of extinction on luminosity distances is more pronounced for the $L_{X}-L_{UV}$ relation since the extinction of UV and X-ray emissions both contribute., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables; accepted by AAS journals

We present the wavelength-resolved reverberation mapping (RM) of combined MgII and UV FeII broad-line emissions for two intermediate redshifts (z$\sim$1), luminous quasars - HE 0413-4031 and HE 0435-4312, monitored by the SALT and 1-m class telescopes between 2012-2022. Through this technique, we aim to disentangle the Mg II and FeII emission regions and to build a radius-luminosity relation for UV FeII emission, which has so far remained unconstrained. Several methodologies have been applied to constrain the time delays for total MgII and FeII emissions. In addition, this technique is performed to quantify the inflow or outflow of broad-line region gas around the supermassive black hole and to disentangle the emission/emitting regions from lines produced in proximity to each other. The mean total FeII time delay is nearly equal to the mean total Mg II time delay for HE 0435-4312 suggesting a co-spatiality of their emissions. However, in HE 0413-4031, the mean FeII time delay is found to be longer than the mean MgII time delay, suggesting that FeII is produced at longer distances from the black hole. The UV Fe II R-L relation is updated with these two quasars and compared with the optical FeII relation, which suggests that the optical FeII region is located further than the UV FeII by a factor of 1.7-1.9 i.e. $R_{\rm FeII-opt}\sim(1.7-1.9)R_{\rm FeII-UV}$. We detected a weak pattern in the time delay vs. wavelength relation, suggesting that the MgII broad-line originates a bit closer to the SMBH than the UV FeII, however, the difference is not very significant. Comparison of MgII, UV, and optical FeII R-L relations suggests that the difference may be larger for lower-luminosity sources, possibly with the MgII emission originating further from the SMBH. In the future, more RM data will be acquired to put better constraints on these trends, in particular the UV FeII R-L relation., Comment: 24 pages, 16 figures, 5 tables, Accepted for publication in A&A, in Press

We study the long-term behavior of the bright gamma-ray blazar PKS 0402-362. We collected approximately 13 years of Fermi-LAT data between Aug 2008 to Jan 2021 and identified three bright $\gamma$-ray activity epochs. The second was found to be the brightest epoch ever seen in this source. We observed most of the $\gamma$-ray flare peaks to be asymmetric in profile suggesting a slow cooling time of particles or the varying Doppler factor as the main cause of these flares. The $\gamma$-ray spectrum is fitted with PL and LP spectral models, and in both cases, the spectral index is very steep. The $\gamma$-ray spectrum does not extend beyond 10 GeV energy suggesting the emission is produced within the BLR. The absence of time lags between optical-IR and $\gamma$-ray suggest one zone emission model. Using the above information, we have modeled the broadband SED with a simple one-zone emission model using the publicly available code `GAMERA'. The particle distribution index is found to be the same as expected in diffusive shock acceleration suggesting it as the main mechanism of particle acceleration to very high energy up to 4 - 6 GeV. Throughout the various flux phases, we noticed that the optical emission is dominated by the thermal disk, suggesting it to be a good source to examine the disk-jet coupling. We postulate that the observed broadband flares could be linked with perturbation produced in the disk, which propagates to the jet and interacts with the standing shock. However, a more detailed examination is required., Comment: Accepted for publication in The MNRAS

The Vera Rubin Observatory will provide an unprecedented set of time-dependent observations of the sky. The planned Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) operating for 10 years will provide dense lightcurves for thousands of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in Deep Drilling Fields (DDFs) and less dense lightcurves for millions of AGN. We model the prospects for measuring time delays for emission lines with respect to the continuum, using these data. We model the artificial lightcurves using Timmer-Koenig algorithm, we use the exemplary cadence to sample them, we supplement lightcurves with the expected contamination by the strong emission lines (Hbeta, Mg II and CIV as well as with Fe II pseudo-continuum and the starlight). We choose the suitable photometric bands appropriate for the redshift and compare the assumed line time delay with the recovered time delay for 100 statistical realizations of the light curves. We show that time delays for emission lines can be well measured from the Main Survey for the bright tail of the quasar distribution (about 15% of all sources) with the accuracy within 1 sigma error, for DDFs results for fainter quasars are also reliable when all 10 years of data are used. There are also some prospects to measure the time delays for the faintest quasars at the smallest redshifts from the first two years of data, and eventually even from the first season. The entire quasar population will allow obtaining results of apparently high accuracy but in our simulations, we see a systematic offset between the assumed and recovered time delay depending on the redshift and source luminosity which will not disappear even in the case of large statistics. Such a problem might affect the slope of the radius-luminosity relation and cosmological applications of quasars if simulations correcting for such effects are not performed., Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics in press

The origin of the diffuse flux of TeV-PeV astrophysical neutrinos is still unknown. The $\gamma$-ray blazar PKS 0735+178, located outside the 90\% localization region at 2.2 deg from the best-fit IC-211208A event, was found to be flaring across all wavebands. In addition to leptonic synchrotron (SYN) and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission, we invoke photohadronic ($p\gamma$) interactions inside the jet to model the spectral energy distribution (SED) and neutrino emission. We analyze the 100 days $\gamma$-ray and X-ray data and 10 days around the neutrino event is chosen to generate the broadband SED. The temporal light curve indicates that the source was in a high state in optical, UV, $\gamma$-ray, and X-ray frequencies during the neutrino detection epoch. In the one-zone lepto-hadronic model, the SSC photons do not provide enough seed photons for $p\gamma$ interactions to explain the neutrino event. However, including an external photon field yields a neutrino event rate of 0.12 in 100 days, for the IceCube detector, using physically motivated values of the magnetic field, an external photon field peaking at optical wavelength, and other jet parameters. The radiation from secondary electrons at X-ray energies severely constrains the neutrino flux to a lower value than found in previous studies. Moreover, the flux of high-energy $\gamma$-rays at GeV energies from the decay of neutral pions is subdominant at the high-energy peak of the SED, suggesting a higher correlation of neutrinos flux with X-ray flux is plausible., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, accepted in mnras

We report the multi-wavelength study for a high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lac 1ES 1218+304 using near-simultaneous data obtained during the period from January 1, 2018, to May 31, 2021 (MJD 58119-59365) from various instruments including Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, AstroSat, and optical from Swift-UVOT $\&$ TUBITAK observatory in Turkey. The source was reported to be flaring in TeV $\gamma$-ray band during 2019, but no significant variation is observed with Fermi-LAT. A sub-hour variability is seen in the SXT light curve, suggesting a compact emission region for their variability. However, hour scale variability is observed in the $\gamma$-ray light curve. A "softer-when-brighter" trend is observed in $\gamma$-rays, and an opposite trend is seen in X-rays suggesting both emissions are produced via two different processes as expected from an HBL source. We have chosen the two epochs in January 2019 to study and compare their physical parameters. A joint fit of SXT and LAXPC provides a constraint on the synchrotron peak, roughly estimated to be $\sim$1.6 keV. A clear shift in the synchrotron peak is observed from $\sim$1 keV to above 10 keV revealing its extreme nature or behaving like an EHBL-type source. The optical observation provides color-index variation as "blue-when-brighter". The broadband SED is fitted with a single-zone SSC model, and their parameters are discussed in the context of a TeV blazar and the possible mechanism behind the broadband emission., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

We use measurements of 59/58 quasars (QSOs), over a redshift range $0.0041\leq z \leq 1.686$, to do a comparative study of the radius--luminosity ($R-L$) and X-ray$-$UV luminosity ($L_X-L_{UV}$) relations and the implication of these relations for cosmological parameter estimation. By simultaneously determining $R-L$ or $L_X-L_{UV}$ relation parameters and cosmological parameters in six different cosmological models, we find that both $R-L$ and $L_X-L_{UV}$ relations are standardizable but provide only weak cosmological parameter constraints, with $L_X-L_{UV}$ relation data favoring larger current non-relativistic matter density parameter $\Omega_{m0}$ values than $R-L$ relation data and most other available data. We derive $L_X-L_{UV}$ and $R-L$ luminosity distances for each of the sources in the six cosmological models and find that $L_X-L_{UV}$ relation luminosity distances are shorter than $R-L$ relation luminosity distances as well as standard flat $\Lambda$CDM model luminosity distances. This explains why $L_X-L_{UV}$ relation QSO data favor larger $\Omega_{m0}$ values than do $R-L$ relation QSO data or most other cosmological measurements. While our sample size is small and only spans a small $z$ range, these results indicate that more work is needed to determine whether the $L_X-L_{UV}$ relation can be used as a cosmological probe., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, MNRAS in press

Since many years we know that dust in the form of the dusty-molecular torus is responsible for the obscuration in active galactic nuclei (AGN) at large viewing angles and thus for the classification of AGN. Recently, we gained some observational and theoretical insight into geometry of the region and the role of the dust in the dynamics of the outflow and failed winds. We will briefly touch on all these aspects, including our dust-based model (FRADO - Failed Radiatively Accelerated Dusty Outflow) of the formation of the Balmer lines in AGN., Comment: Partially based on talk at 31st Symposium on the Physics of Ionized Gases in Belgrade, accepted for European Physical Journal D Topical Issue: "Physics of Ionized Gases and Spectroscopy of Isolated Complex Systems: Fundamentals and Applications"

The continuous monitoring capability of Fermi-LAT has enabled the exploration of Quasi-Periodic Oscillations (QPOs) in the $\gamma$-ray light curve of blazar that has given a new perspective to probe these sources over a wide range of time scales. We report the presence of transient QPOs in the long-term $\gamma$-ray light curve of blazars PKS 0244-470 and 4C +38.41. We first identified different flux states using the Bayesian Block algorithm and then explored the possible transient QPOs in the segments of each flux phase where the flux level changes over fairly regular intervals. Combining this with the source's intrinsic variance, we identified two flux phases for PKS 0244-470: one activity (AP-1) and one quiescent phase (QP-1). For 4C+38.41, we similarly identified four activity (AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, AP-4) and two quiescent (QP-1, QP-2) phases. AP-1 phase of PKS 0244-470 shows QPO of $\sim$225 days persisting for 8 cycles ($\sim$ 4.1$\sigma$). In 4C+38.41, AP-1 and AP-2 phases show QPO-like behavior of $\sim$110 days and $\sim$ 60 days, respectively, persisting for 5 cycles. In AP-3, we identified three sub-phases, and all show a $\sim$ week scale possible recurrent rise with five complete cycles, while in QP-1, we could identify 2 sub-phases (Q1, and Q2). Q1 phase shows a period of $\sim$ 104 days with six complete cycles. Q2 phase also shows QPO but with only $\sim$3.7 cycles. We discuss the possible origin and argue that the current driven kink instability and curved jet model seem the most likely cause for shorter and longer QPOs., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

As Setti & Woltjer noted back in 1973, quasars could be used to construct the Hubble diagram but the actual application was not that straightforward. It took years to implement the idea successfully. Most of the ways to use quasars for cosmology now require an advanced understanding of their structure, step by step. We briefly review this progress, with unavoidable personal bias, and concentrate on bright unobscured sources. We will mention the problem of the gas flow character close to the innermost stable circular orbit close to the black hole, discussed 50 years ago, which later led to the development of the slim disk scenario, but was recently revived in the context of Magnetically Arrested Disks (MAD) and Standard and Normal Evolution (SANE) disk models. We also discuss the hot/warm corona issue, which is still under discussion and complicates the analysis of the X-ray reflection. We present the scenario of the formation of the low ionization part of the Broad Line Region as a mostly failed wind powered by radiation pressure acting on dust (FRADO - Failed Radiatively Driven Dusty Outflow model). Next, we discuss the cosmological constraints that are currently achievable with quasars, mostly concentrating on light echo methods (continuum time delays and spectral line time delays with respect to the continuum) which are (or should be) incorporating the progress mentioned above. Finally, we briefly mention future prospects in this direction., Comment: Astrophysics and Space Science (in press)

One of the most important questions in blazar physics is the origin of broadband emission and fast-flux variation. In this work, we studied the broadband temporal and spectral properties of a TeV blazar 1ES 1727+502 and explore the one-zone synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) model to fit the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED). We collected the long-term (2014-2021) multiband data which includes both the low and high flux states of the source. The entire light curve is divided into three segments of different flux states and the best-fit parameters obtained by broadband SED modeling corresponding to three flux states were then compared. The TeV blazar 1ES 1727+502 has been observed to show the brightest flaring episode in X-ray followed by optical-UV and gamma-ray. The fractional variability estimated during various segments behaves differently in multiple wavebands, suggesting a complex nature of emission in this source. This source has shown a range of variability time from days scale to month scale during this long period of observations between 2014-2021. A "harder-when-brighter" trend is not prominent in X-ray but seen in optical-UV and an opposite trend is observed in gamma-ray. The complex nature of correlation among various bands is observed. The SED modeling suggests that the one-zone SSC emission model can reproduce the broadband spectrum in the energy range from optical-UV to very high energy gamma-ray., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure, 2 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Context. Continuum time delays from accretion disks in active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been proposed long time ago as a tool for measuring distances to the monitored sources. However, the method faces serious problems as a number of effects must be taken into account, including the contribution from the Broad Line Region (BLR). Aims. In this paper, we model the expected time delays when both the disk reprocessing of the incident X-ray flux and further reprocessing by the BLR are included, with the aim to see if the two effects can be disentangled. Methods. We use simple response function for the accretion disk, without relativistic effects, and we use a parametric description to account for the BLR contribution. We include only scattering of the disk emission by the BLR inter-cloud medium. We also use artificial lightcurves with 1-day sampling to check if the effects are likely to be seen in real data. Results. We show that the effect of the BLR scattering on the predicted time delay is very similar to the effect of rising height of the X-ray source, without any BLR contribution. This brings additional degeneracy if we want in the future to recover the parameters of the system from the observed time delays in a specific object. Both effects, however, modify the slope of the delay versus wavelength curve when plotted in log space which opens a way to obtaining bare disk time delay needed for cosmology. In addition, when the disk irradiation is strong, the modification of the predicted delay by the BLR scattering and by X-ray source height become considerably different. However, the required data quality must be high since our artificial curves with 1-day sampling give rather noisy results., Comment: 14 pages, 16 figures, and 1 table. Published in A&A. Comments are welcome

We have presented a multiwavelength temporal and spectral study of the Blazar PKS 0346-27 for the period 2019 January-2021 December (MJD 58484-59575) using data from Fermi-LAT (gamma-rays), Swift-XRT (X-rays) and Swift-UVOT (ultra-violet and optical). We identified multiple flaring episodes by analyzing the gamma-ray light curve generated from the Fermi-LAT data over a two-year period. The light curves of these individual gamma-ray flares with one-day binning were then modeled using a sum-of-exponentials fit. We found the minimum variability times for the gamma-ray light curve to be 1.34 +\- 0.3 days and a range of 0.1-3.2 days for the Swift wavelengths suggesting the compactness of the source. The broadband emission mechanism was studied by modeling the simultaneous multi-waveband Spectral Energy Distributions (SED) using the one-zone leptonic emission mechanism. We found that the optical-UV and X-ray data can be explained by the synchrotron and Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) emissions. However, the disk component of the External Compton radiation is dominant at higher energies with contributions from the EC broad line region component and SSC. Further, we performed a power spectral density (PSD) analysis with data from the gamma-ray light curve using the power spectrum response (PSRESP) method. With the power law model, a best-fit slope of 2.15 +\- 0.87 was found. This source could be a promising target for upcoming CTA for its harder spectrum at lower energies (tens of GeV).

Blazars are a class of AGN, one of their jets is pointed towards the earth. Here, we report about the multi-wavelength study for blazar S5 1803+78 between MJD 58727 to MJD 59419. We analysed $\gamma$-ray data collected by Fermi-LAT, X-ray data collected by Swift-XRT \& NuSTAR, optical photons detected by Swift-UVOT \& TUBITAK observatory in Turkey. Three flaring states are identified by analysing the $\gamma$-ray light curve. A day scale variability is observed throughout the flares with the similar rise and decay times suggesting a compact emission region located close to the central engine. Cross-correlation studies are carried out between $\gamma$-ray, radio, and X-ray bands, and no significant correlation is detected. The $\gamma$-ray and optical emission are significantly correlated with zero time lag suggesting a co-spatial origin of them. A significant positive correlation between the R-I index and the V magnitude is observed. The broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) modeling was performed for all the flaring episodes as well as for one quiescent state for comparison. SEDs are best fitted with the synchrotron-self Compton (SSC) model under a one-zone leptonic scenario. The SED modeling shows that to explain the high flaring state strong Doppler boosting is required., Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures, 4 tables, Accepted in MNRAS

We attempt to present a multiwavelength variability and correlation study as well as detailed multi-waveband spectral characteristics of the May 2021 $\gamma$-ray flare of the blazar source TXS 1700+685. The multi-wavelength observation from \textit{Fermi}-LAT, \textit{Swift}-XRT/UVOT as well as radio archival data are used for our spectro-temporal investigation. We estimate the variability time-scale of the source from the flux doubling time in different flaring regions detected in \textit{Fermi}-LAT observation and the shortest variability time is used to put a constraint on the minimum Doppler factor and on the size of the emission region. We have detected a statistically significant quasi-periodic oscillation feature (QPO) at $\sim$ 17 days. The broad-band emission is satisfactorily represented during its flaring state with a leptonic synchrotron and inverse Compton component. From the broadband spectral modeling, we observe the external Comptonization of the seed photons originating in the broad line region to be dominant compared to the dusty torus. This is further supported by the fact that the emission region is also found to be residing within the BLR. The equipartition value implies the energy density of the magnetic field in the jet comoving frame is weak, and that is also reflected in the magnetic field and low power corresponding to the magnetic field component of the jet. In order to produce the high energy hump, we need the injection of a large population of high energy electrons and/or the presence of strong magnetic field; and we observe the later component to be sub-dominant in our case. The flat rising and steep falling profile in the $\gamma$-ray SED as well as the break or spectral curvature at $\sim$ 1 GeV are in commensuration with the flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) nature of the source.

We present the results of the reverberation monitoring aimed at MgII broad line and FeII pseudocontinuum for the luminous quasar CTS C30.10 (z = 0.90052) with the Southern African Large Telescope covering the years 2012-2021. We aimed at disentangling the MgII and UV FeII variability and the first measurement of UV FeII time delay for a distant quasar. We used several methods for time-delay measurements and determined both FeII and MgII time delays as well as performed a wavelength-resolved time delay study for a combination of MgII and FeII in the 2700 - 2900 \AA restframe wavelength range. We obtain the time delay for MgII of $275.5^{+12.4}_{-19.5}$ days in the rest frame, while for FeII we have two possible solutions of $270.0^{+13.8}_{-25.3}$ days and $180.3^{+26.6}_{-30.0}$ in the rest frame. Combining this result with the old measurement of FeII UV time delay for NGC 5548 we discuss for the first time the radius-luminosity relation for UV FeII with the slope consistent with $0.5$ within uncertainties. Since FeII time delay has a shorter time-delay component but lines are narrower than MgII, we propose that the line delay measurement is biased towards the BLR part facing the observer, with the bulk of the Fe II emission may arise from the more distant BLR region, one that is shielded from the observer., Comment: 22 pages, 19 Figures, 6 Tables, Submitted to Astronomy and Astrophysics, Comments are welcome

4C+28.07 is a $\gamma$-ray Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar (FSRQ) type source. It is often monitored at different frequencies, though long-term multi-wavelength data of this source have not been modelled in detail before. We have analyzed $\sim 12$ years (Aug, 2008 - May, 2020) of Fermi-LAT data with a binning of 10 days time scale and observed three distinctive flaring states. Each flaring state consists of different phases of activity, namely, pre-flare, flare \& post-flare regions. $\gamma$-ray spectral analysis of these different activity phases has been performed and the best fit model for its spectra is found to be a Log-parabola model. We have also studied the correlation of simultaneous $\gamma$-ray light curves with the optical \& radio counterparts in these flaring states and report the DCF with a 95\% significance level. A large time delay is found between radio and gamma-ray data for two flares, indicating two zones of emission. We have fitted the multi-wavelength data with a two-zone leptonic model. In our two-zone leptonic model, the maximum required power in the jet is 9.64 $\times$ 10$^{46}$ erg sec$^{-1}$, which is lower than its Eddington luminosity $2.29\times 10^{47}$ erg sec$^{-1}$., Comment: 23 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

Low luminosity active galactic nuclei are more abundant and closer to us than the luminous ones but harder to explore as they are faint. We have selected the four sources NGC 315, NGC 4261, NGC 1275, and NGC 4486, which have been detected in gamma rays byFermi-LAT. We have compiled their long-term radio, optical, X-ray data from different telescopes, analysed XMM-Newton data for NGC 4486, XMM-Newton and Swift data for NGC 315. We have analysed the Fermi-LAT data collected over the period of 2008 to 2020 for all of them. Electrons are assumed to be accelerated to relativistic energies in sub-parsec scale jets, which radiate by synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton emission covering radio to gamma-ray energies. This model can fit most of the multi-wavelength data points of the four sources. However, the gamma-ray data points from NGC 315 and NGC 4261 can be well fitted only up to 1.6 GeV and 0.6 GeV, respectively in this model. This motivates us to find out the origin of the higher energy {\gamma}-rays detected from these sources. Kilo-parsec scale jets have been observed previously from these sources in radio and X-ray frequencies. If we assume {\gamma}-rays are also produced in kilo-parsec scale jets of these sources from inverse Compton scattering of starlight photons by ultra-relativistic electrons, then it is possible to fit the gamma-ray data at higher energies. Our result also suggests that strong host galaxy emission is required to produce GeV radiation from kilo-parsec scale jets., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

A detailed study of the BL Lacertae PKS 0903-57 has been done for the first time with 12 years of Fermi Large Area Telescope data. We have identified two bright gamma-ray flares in 2018 and 2020. Many sub-structures were observed during multiple time binning of these flares. We have performed detailed temporal and spectral study on all the sub-structures separately. A single-zone emission model is used for time-dependent leptonic modeling of the multi-wavelength spectral energy distributions. Our estimated values of variability time scale, magnetic field in the emission region, jet power obtained from leptonic modeling of PKS 0903-57 are presented in this work. Currently, we have a minimal number of observations in X-rays and other bands. Hence, more simultaneous multi-wavelength monitoring of this source is required to have a better understanding of the physical processes happening in the jet of the blazar PKS 0903-57., Comment: 29 pages, 22 figures, 14 tables, Accepted for Publication in ApJ

This study is focused on the observational measurement of the viewing angle of individual quasars by modeling the broadband quasar spectrum ranging from the infra-red (IR) to the soft X-ray band. Sources are selected from various published catalogs, and their broadband quasi-simultaneous spectral data points were collected and used to model. We started with a COSMOS sample of type-1 sources which have broadband photometric points. Then, to include more data points, we cross-matched the COSMOS with the SDSS DR14 quasar catalog, and eventually, we find 90 sources that have broadband data ranging from IR to soft X-ray. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling is done in Xspec by using the optxagnf and the SKIRTOR models for the X-ray, UV, Optical, and IR regimes for each source. The whole sample is divided into four bins with respect to redshift, black hole (BH) mass, and Eddington ratio with an equal number of sources in each bin. The viewing angle is estimated in each bin, and its evolution with respect to redshift, BH mass, and Eddington ratio is examined. As a result, we did not find any significant evolution of viewing angle with those parameters within the 95$\%$ confidence interval. We conclude that the use of quasars in cosmology to determine the expansion rate of the universe is therefore justified, and biases are not expected., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, Accepted for publication in ApJ

Context. The blazar OJ 287 has been proposed as a binary black hole system based on its periodic optical outburst. Among blazars with parsec scale jets, the black hole binary systems are very rare and hence this source is very interesting to study. Aims. The BL Lac OJ 287 is an interesting object for multi-wavelength study due to its periodic outbursts. We have analyzed the optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray data of OJ 287 for the period of 2017-2020. There are several high states in optical-UV and X-ray frequencies during this period. Based on the observed variability in optical and X-ray frequencies the entire period 2017-2020 is divided into five segments, referred to as A, B, C, D, & E in this paper. A detailed temporal and spectral analysis is performed to understand the nature of its flaring activities. Methods. To understand the temporal variability in this source we have studied the intra-day, and fractional variability for all the various states, and along with that fast variability time was also estimated to understand the nature of variability. Further, the multi-wavelength SED modeling is performed to know more about the physical processes responsible for the simultaneous broadband emission and the fast variability. Results. The Fermi-LAT observations show a moderate flux level of this source in gamma-ray frequency throughout this period, though flux variability has been observed. The source has shown a strong flux variability in X-ray, optical, and UV during early 2017 and mid-2020 when the source was in a very high state. A single zone SSC emission model is considered to model the spectral energy distributions and this helps us to explore the nature of this BL Lac with binary super-massive black holes., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, 6 tables, Accepted for publication in A&A

OJ 287 is a well-studied binary black hole system, that occasionally exhibits bright X-ray and optical flares. Here we present a detailed spectral study of its second brightest X-ray flare observed during 2019-2020 using archival Swift and NuSTAR observations along with ToO observations from AstroSat. The entire flaring period is divided into three states, defined as low, intermediate, and high states. The variation of hardness ratio (HR) with 0.3-10.0 keV integrated flux suggests a \enquote{softer-when-brighter} behavior, as also previously reported based on flux-index variations. Simultaneous high state X-ray spectra obtained using Swift, NuSTAR and AstroSat are very steep with a power-law index $>$2. A significant spectral change is observed in AstroSat-SXT and LAXPC spectrum which is consistent with Swift-XRT and NuSTAR spectrum. Together, optical-UV and X-ray spectrum during the high flux state, suggesting the emergence of a new high BL Lacertae (HBL) component. We have modeled the synchrotron peak with publicly available code named GAMERA for low, intermediate, and high flux state. Our modeling suggests the need of high magnetic field to explain the high state under the leptonic scenarios. Increase in the magnetic field value inside the jet could be linked to the increase in accretion rate as expected in the BH-disk impact scenario. The color-magnitude diagram reveals a \enquote{bluer-when-brighter} spectral energy distribution chromatism during the flaring period. Different chromatism or no chromatism at various occasions suggests a complex origin of optical emission, which is believed to be produced by disc impact or through synchrotron emission in the jet., Comment: 14 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, Accepted in MNRAS

BL Lacertae (BL Lac) is categorized as TeV blazar and considered as a possible source of astrophysical neutrinos. In 2020, the brightest X-ray flare ever detected from it. A detailed study can answer many puzzling questions related to multiband emissions and fast-flux variability often seen in this kind of source. We have performed the temporal and spectral analysis of the brightest flare. The variability is characterized by the fractional variability amplitude and the variability time. We found that the source has crossed all its previous limits of flux and reached the maximum ever seen from it in optical and X-rays. It is highly variable in X-rays with fractional variability above 100$\%$ (1.8397$\pm$0.0181) and the fastest variability time of 11.28 hours within a day. The broadband light curves correlation with X-ray suggest a time lag of one day. A broadband SED modeling is pursued to understand the possible physical mechanisms responsible for broadband emission. Modeling requires two emission regions located at two different sites to explain the low and high flux states. A significant spectral change is observed in the optical-UV and X-ray spectrum during the high state, which eventually leads to shifts in the location of the synchrotron peak towards higher energy, suggesting an emergence of a new HBL component., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, Accepted in MNRAS

We present the temporal and spectral study of blazar PKS 0208-512, using recent flaring activity from November 2019 to May 2020, as detected by the Fermi-LAT observatory. The contemporaneous X-ray, optical/UV observations from Swift-XRT/UVOT are also used. During the activity state, 2-days binned ${\gamma}$-ray lightcurve shows multiple peaks indicating sub-flares. To understand the possible physical mechanisms behind flux enhancement, we divided the activity state of the source into several flux-states and carried out detailed temporal and spectral studies. Timing analysis of lightcurves suggest that peaks of sub-flares have rise and decay time on the order of days, with flux-doubling time $\sim$ 2-days. The 2-days binned ${\gamma}$-ray lightcurve shows double-lognormal flux distribution. The broadband spectral-energy-distribution (SED) for three selected flux states can be well fitted under synchrotron, synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) and external-Compton (EC) emission mechanisms. We obtained the physical parameters of the jet by the SED modeling and their confidence intervals through ${\chi}^2$-statistics. Our SED modeling results suggest that during quiescent-state, ${\gamma}$-ray spectrum can be well explained by considering the EC-scattering of infra-red (IR) photons from dusty-torus. However, ${\gamma}$-ray spectra corresponding to flares demand additional target photons from broad-line-region (BLR) along with IR. These suggest that during flares, the emission-region is close to the edge of BLR, while for quiescent-state the emission-region is away from BLR. The best fit results suggest that marginal increase in magnetic-field during the flaring-episode can result in the flux enhancement. This is possibly associated with the efficiency of particle acceleration during flaring-states as compared to quiescent-state., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables, Published in MNRAS

A study of the gravitationally lensed blazar PKS 1830-211 was carried out using multi waveband data collected by Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT and Swift-UVOT telescopes between MJD 58400 to MJD 58800 (9 Oct 2018 to 13 Nov 2019). Flaring states were identified by analysing the gamma-ray light curve. Simultaneous multi-waveband SED were obtained for those flaring periods. A cross-correlation analysis of the multi-waveband data was carried out, which suggested a common origin of the gamma-ray and X-ray emission. The broadband emission mechanism was studied by modelling the SED using a leptonic model. Physical parameters of the blazar were estimated from the broadband SED modelling. The blazar PKS 1830-211 is gravitationally lensed by at least two galaxies and has been extensively studied in the literature because of this property. The self-correlation of the gamma-ray light curve was studied to identify the signature of lensing, but no conclusive evidence of correlation was found at the expected time delay of 26 days., Comment: 17 pages, 8 figures. Updated to match the published text based on referee's suggestions and minor corrections. Results remain the same