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The 2017 outbreak of Mycoplasma bovis in New Zealand deeply impacted rural communities, particularly cattle farmers. In 2018, the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) implemented an eradication programme that involved herd testing, stock culls, restriction of stock movements, decontamination of affected farms, and compensation to farmers for losses associated with the eradication programme. New Zealand news media reported widely on the emotional trauma experienced by affected farmers and MPI was criticised for poor management of the outbreak. We interviewed nineteen farmers and farming couples affected by M. bovis in Southern New Zealand to gain insight into their experiences of the outbreak. In this paper, we present the findings pertaining to one dominant thematic: that of farmers' interactions with the bureaucracy associated with the management of the outbreak. The farm appeared to quite literally represent a site of collision between farming values of stock welfare and practical and relational forms of knowledge; and policy, regulation, compliance and technical instrumental forms of knowledge. For these reasons, Habermas’ theory of lifeworld and system presented itself as a particularly salient framework for interpreting our data. Participants experienced the eradication programme as intrusive, impractical, and inhumane; while their situated local knowledge and pragmatism were ignored in favour of adherence to wasteful and inefficient bureaucratic processes that while compliant with policy, made no sense to the farmers. We suggest that biosecurity threats such as M. bovis might be more effectively managed when the bureaucracy is attentive to the rural lifeworld and responsive to the situated knowledge of farmers.

Este manuscrito proporciona una visión general sobre la vulnerabilidad de México, como región geográfica, a los impactos del cambio climático. Es en el dinamismo del sector primario donde los cambios climáticos globales climáticos globales tienen mayor influencia. Para reescalar las observaciones globales a escala local, regional y nacional, el INIFAP como centro público de investigación, aporta soluciones tecnológicas al alcance de los usuarios, tomadores de decisiones, investigadores, académicos y consultores. Desde su creación, el instituto mantiene líneas de investigación para estudiar los impactos del cambio climático en lo agrícola, pecuario y forestal. Esta la lleva a cabo a través de la organización de encuentros nacionales e internacionales de intercambio técnico-científico y la ejecución de proyectos de investigación y de servicios. A través de la integración y análisis de bases de datos, de la implementación de técnicas de máquinas de aprendizaje en arquitecturas de cómputo, series de tiempo de imágenes satelitales y datos de procesos de intercambio entre la cubierta del suelo y la atmósfera, el Laboratorio Nacional de Modelaje y Sensores Remotos oferta al usuario productos y servicios basados en TICs. Pronósticos numéricos de lluvia y sequía, conforman la oferta institucional para proveer de información útil para la mitigar los efectos del cambio climático en el sector primario. A través de estos productos y servicios se promueve un cambio de paradigma para el estudio de los impactos del cambio climático en México.

The primary sector plays a key role in any country, from both economic and social perspectives, as has been underscored by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Europe, this sector is highly dependent on the aid provided under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Therefore, the distribution of this aid among the various recipients is crucial to maintaining a strong primary sector throughout the European Union (EU). This is especially true in light of the new funding for the period from 2021 to 2027 and the United Kingdom's departure from the EU. In this sense, the 93.5% of the first pillar of CAP aid consists of direct aid to farmers. The related literature has shown its effect on aspects such as sustainability and farmers' income, among others, and its distribution in specific geographical areas. In this vein, the present paper conducts a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of aid across EU countries. The results show that the CAP reforms and the incorporation of countries into the EU influenced the distribution of aid. Moreover, there is a clear division between Eastern and Western EU countries, with a more equitable distribution of aid in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Agricultural Economics / Zemedelska Ekonomika is the property of Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La nueva ruralidad, la descampesinización y la tercerización económica, constituyen tres nociones que evidencian una dura transformación económica, social y espacial en las concepciones tradicionales del mundo rural. A partir de la inserción en el sistema mundial bajo, la etiqueta de “Pueblo Mágico”, Chignahuapan, una comunidad rural mexicana del centro del país, ha dejado de lado las actividades del sector primario para impulsar al terciario y ha adoptado al turismo como eje rector del crecimiento económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es visibilizar cómo la transformación económica local, hacia el turismo, se ha dado a partir de mercantilizar un manantial de aguas termales con propiedades curativas, y a partir de la fabricación de esferas navideñas de vidrio soplado, una actividad económica que ha posicionado a la localidad en el imaginario nacional. Así, en Chignahuapan se ha generado una relación de dependencia hacia el turismo, asociada con las necesidades y demandas de las dos grandes ciudades del centro de México: la Ciudad de México y Puebla.

The potential of an area can be identified through the identification of leading sectors. The purpose of this study is to determine the shift in economic structure and patterns of economic growth in Parepare City, using several analytical approaches. This research seeks to analyze and provide information related to shifts in economic structure or solutions to increase economic growth and provide strategic and policy advice. This study is a quantitative descriptive study. The data used is secondary data. Data analysis techniques were carried out through literature studies and publications published by BPS. Then the data were analyzed using Location Quotient (LQ) analysis tools, Shift Share analysis, and Klassen Typology analysis. The results of the study indicate that there has been a shift in the economic structure from agriculture (primary sector) and industry (secondary sector) to the service sector (tertiary sector) while the economic sectors that are included in the developed sector and grow rapidly in the first quadrant are Electricity Procurement and Gas, Water Supply, Waste Treatment, Waste and Recycling, Transportation and Warehousing, Provision of Accommodation and Food and Drink, Financial and Insurance Services, Real Estate, Health Services, and Social Activities., Corporate Services. The results of the Shift Share analysis show that there has been a shift in the economic structure. from industry (secondary) to services (tertiary). Location quotient (LQ) analysis results show that the base sector includes fourteen sectors including four industrial sectors and nine service sectors, while the non-base sector has four sectors.

In the past 40 years, cultivated land has faced the continued anthropogenic interference, which has become a significant issue for cultivated land preservation during rapid urbanization. The purpose of this research was to reveal the spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of cultivated land and the correlation between rural population variation and farmland change in China. Fifty county-level administrative units in Zhejiang Province were selected as the study area wherein spatio-temporal evolution comparative analysis for every 5 years from 2000 to 2015 was conducted. This study used the pool method to estimate the impacts of the rural population variation, average slope, average elevation, rural residential disposable income, primary industry proportion, and road density on farmland utilization efficiency from the spatial perspective, which is represented by landscape metrics including the mean patch size, edge density, area weighted mean shape index, and area weighted mean patch fractal dimension. This study showed that the cultivated land landscape index continued to rise after 2000 and then started decreasing after 2010, indicating a reduction in human interference after 2010. The spatial variation of rural population of all county-level administrative units decreased from 2000 to 2010, and 62% of them began to increase after 2010. The regression analysis results showed that the spatial variation of rural population was significantly and negatively correlated with the cultivated land landscape while the rural residential disposable income, average slope and primary industry proportion were all significantly and positively related to the cultivated land landscape index. The results implied that the loss of the agricultural labor force and the difficulty of sloping farmlands adapting to mechanized farming were unconducive to farmland utilization efficiency improvement, and the increase in nonagricultural activities in rural areas would increase the difficulty of cultivated land preservation. Our analysis suggests that local governments should improve the production efficiency of fragmented land or strengthen the construction control of housing and facilities in rural areas according to their regional urbanization development situation.

Although recent years have seen a growth in studies examining teacher agency, educators working in the primary sector remain a relatively under-researched population. One specific group of teachers in primary education are those who teach Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). In this study, we wanted to understand how CLIL primary teachers’ sense of agency helped them to navigate this professional role, considering factors in their ecologies which supported or inhibited their agency. Based on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with six primary school CLIL teachers, this study shows that even though these teachers were initially passionate about CLIL, they all ultimately exercised their agency as teachers in giving up on CLIL due to a limited sense of agency in the particular role as a CLIL educator.

Agriculture sector referred as primary sector. it is very important for economic growth of any country. It emerged as an essential-growing sector within the world economy. This sector contributes huge part of Indian GDP and occupy first place in employment provider. 58% of India’s population is depends upon Agriculture. Gross Value Added (GVA) by agronomy, forestry and trawling was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20 (PE). GVA Growth in agriculture and related sectors stood at 4% in FY20. Essential agricultural commodities export for the April-September period of 2020 enlarged by 43% to Rs. 53,626 crore (US$ 7.3 billion) over Rs. 37,397 crore (US$ 5.1 billion) in the same period last year. Its respectable share in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows similarly as in total exports makes it the engine of economic process. Keeping in higher than scene, the current study makes an analysis of agriculture sector in Indian economy. The study shows that agriculture sector has achieved incredible growth over the year in Indian economy. Besides, their contributions in value, employment and exports are rising significantly. To take care and accelerate the expansion & contributions of this sector & to develop it as a real engine of economic process.

Globally we are experiencing a decline in aggregate natural capital. Many primary industries and enterprises are highly dependent on renewable and non-renewable natural capital, but there has been little focus on measuring and monitoring the flows benefits from natural capital. Natural capital accounting can help by potentially enabling the enterprise to better adapt and respond to risks in the future. To assist future implementation of natural capital accounting we assess the value proposition perceived by primary industry stakeholders. We use three primary industries in Australia as case studies (cotton, forestry and fisheries), and surveyed 140 stakeholders across the three industries. Interviewees generally suggested natural capital accounting is of public benefit by improving environmental outcomes. Private benefits are obtained through industry gaining social licence, greater market access and better business models. Although there was general agreement over improved environmental outcomes and access to premium markets, there were differences between industries and stakeholders. There were some concerns across the industries about the potential costs natural capital accounting may add to normal business operations and the lack of consistency in practices. Mainstreaming natural capital accounting across primary industries will mean that the value propositions and the implementation barriers need to be addressed. Overall the value proposition of implementing natural capital accounts at the enterprise level must stack up favourably against its costs.

The purpose of this small-scale study was to explore the aspirations of a final year cohort of students on an Education Studies degree programme at one School of Education, within a London university, with the intention of widening graduate employment opportunities. The Education Studies degree attracts candidates who are almost always aspiring for a career in the teaching profession, and in particular, the primary sector. The responses collected via a survey revealed that thirty per cent of respondents were going to take up jobs in non-graduate employment, a job that they could have secured without a degree. The School of Education, in a bid to increase graduate employment opportunities, widened the choice of career routes into teaching by providing two additional teacher training courses for the post compulsory sector. This is the first phase of the research. The following phase, planned for next year, will track the students into their teaching roles in order to evaluate the popularity and success of these graduate courses.

International audience; In this paper, for the first time, we investigate the relationship between infrastructure and sectoral distribution of FDI inflow in China. We use the Estimating Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) procedures of estimation. To unmask the shortcomings in the previous literature, we use a composite index of infrastructure with more than 30 indicators. The results show that there is a long-run relationship between sectoral FDI and infrastructure. A bidirectional causal relationship is confirmed by using VECM. However, we find unidirectional causality between the primary sector's FDI and infrastructure, and it is running from infrastructure to primary sector FDI. The inclusion of control variables, e.g., institutional quality, trade openness, and domestic investment, is robust in our analysis. The positive role of infrastructure in the sectoral distribution of FDI inflows is of utmost importance for policymakers and Chinese-government. Several policy implications are given in our study.

Generally, modeling poverty aims to obtain the best criteria for assessing poverty status. There are two approaches to model the factors that affect poverty, namely consumption approach and discrete choice model. The advantage of the discrete choice model compared to the consumption approach is that the discrete choice model provides a probabilistic estimate for classifying samples into different poverty categories. This study aims to examined how the factors that affect poverty in Yogyakarta through Regularized Ordinal Regression with elastic net approach both for parallel, non-parallel, and semi-parallel models. The data used in this study is Susenas March 2018 for Yogyakarta provinces. The result of this study shows that the best discrete choice model for Yogyakarta’s modelling is the parallel model. Households that live in villages, have a large number of household members, are headed by women, have elderly household heads, have low education, and work in the primary sector tend to be more vulnerable to poverty. Therefore, a simultaneous policy with inclusive economic development is needed to reduce cross-border, cross-gender, and cross-sector inequality

The municipality of Serra, Valencia, located in the Spanish Mediterranean east coast, covers an area of 5,730 hectares, with 95% of this territory lying within the Sierra Calderona Natural Park and 85% being forest. The main axis of the municipality’s economy has been the construction, reducing the primary sector, resulting in uncontrolled growth of forest and deterioration of the landscape. All this has raised forest fire risk to dangerous levels threatening the natural heritage of Serra and the future of the Serra Calderona Natural Park. The study shows how an adequate model of forest biomass management, through energetic use in sustainable public heating systems, can have positive direct effects in the fight against climate change, considering both economics aspects and environmental effects, and its capacity to contribute to the socioeconomic development of agro forestry regions, fixing its habitants and offering a rural development based on the rational use of their natural resources

PurposeThis paper investigates the income dynamics of Italian primary sector, during and after the international economic crisis. It focuses on three research questions: what has been the evolution of the main profitability ratios of agricultural enterprises in recent years? After the crisis, have the surviving farms increased their profitability? Has the profitability been different also in relation to the geographic location?Design/methodology/approachIncome dynamics of a sample of companies have been analyzed, obtaining the 10-year evolution of the average value of three income indices (return on equity [ROE], return on assets [ROA] and return on sales [ROS]). Statistical elaborations and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method have been used.FindingsThe years of the international economic crisis are often characterized by higher incomes than the following ones. The descending trend involves all three national macroareas of Italy, although characterized by considerable socioeconomic differences.Research limitations/implicationsThe study considers only the society that survived the crisis, so, presumably, the strongest. Moreover, other ratios should be considered in order to have a more complete view.Practical implicationsPublic policymakers could use this study for a better intervention in support of agricultural and agro-industrial activities.Social implicationsThe careful economic and financial analysis of the sector favors the relaunching strategies of the Italian primary sector in which many employees work.Originality/valueThe research contributes to the literature by providing a quantitative analysis of the dynamics of the sector, through the comparative information that may be derived from financial statements.

— The research objective to analyzes the contribution of the primary and secondary sectors to the GRDP of Madiun Regency, analyzes the direction of the relationship between the primary and secondary sectors toward economic growth and analyzes the effect of the contribution of the primary and secondary sectors on the economic growth of Madiun Regency in 2014 - 2018. The data used in this study are (1) Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) aggregate primary and secondary sectors/sub-sectors is the total value added (products) generated by various primary and secondary sectors/sub-sectors which has carried out business or activities in an area without regard to the selection of production factors for the data of 2014 - 2018 (2) GRDP based on the prevailing prices of the primary sector and the secondary sector of Madiun Regency based on the field of business data in 2014 - 2018. Research results that (1) The contribution of the primary sector which contributed the first is the agriculture, forestry and fisheries category, followed by mining and quarrying in Madiun Regency. (2) The contribution of the secondary sector which contributed the first is the construction category, followed by the processing industry, water supply and the lowest is electricity, gas procurement in Madiun Regency. (3) The direction of relations of each sector is positive. (4) Partially, each sector does not significantly influence the rate of economic growth in Madiun Regency. (6) Simultaneously the primary and secondary sectors have a significant effect on economic growth variables in Madiun Regency in 2014-2018. Keywords—: Primary Sector; Secondary Sector; Economic Growth; Madiun Regency.

Agriculture is the primary sector in the Indonesian economy. Massive infrastructure development has an effect on the reduction of agricultural land. A lot of land is not used by the owner because of his inability in agriculture. On the other hand, many farmers who control agriculture but do not own agricultural land. This is the background of cooperation between land owners and farmers with an agreement to share the harvest. This cooperative practice is found in many regions in Indonesia. In Islamic law this practice is identical to the muzara`ah contract. This article discusses the theory of the muzara`ah contract in the study of Islamic law and its application in cooperation in the agricultural sector. Scholars have different opinions regarding the validity of the muzara`ah contract. Hanbali, Maliki, and Hanafi madhhab scholars state that this contract is valid in Islamic law. The application of the muzara`ah contract is ideally based on togetherness and openness between the two parties.Kata Kunci : muzara`ah, cooperation, agricultural, Islamic Law

The study attempts to show the impacts of agro tourism in environmental and climatic betterment of the state and nation. The results of this study will tell us that agro-tourism will help to improve environmental and climatic factors and also plays a great role as an additional income source for farmers and government. General public is now-a-day’s facing problem because of environmental instability and this can be cured if we consider agro tourism sector as a solution and incorporate this sector too like other tourism sector. Maharashtra was the first to understand this sectors demand and used this concept very well to improve its GDP and environment. Agro tourism help to create awareness among public about the environment by providing income source and environmental benefits both simultaneously. It creates knowledge about agriculture science. A modern style of development proposes rationalexploitation of agricultural resources together with the rediscovery of heritage both historical and naturalistic as a means to reach sustainable development. Agro tourism acts as the contact point between the tourist’s expectations of healthy environment, natural and fresh products, rediscovery of nature and best touristic services with an unforgettable experience. The study assumes the importance of environmental and climatic betterment to neutralize or reduce its harmful effects in near future. It helps to evaluate that how a sustainable development can be reached without causing damage to our environment. This synergy between agriculture and tourism capitalized on the combined benefits of development in agriculture as a primary sector and tourism as a service sector which further boost rural employment generation and environmental benefits. Thus, the paper suggests that agro-tourism has the potential for developing income opportunities and creates new ways for environmental and climatic betterment

Using a firm-level dataset of more than 500,000 domestic and cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) for 95 countries during the period 1995–2015, we measure the level and evolution of the border effect on M&As. We find that the number and value of M&As between same-country firms are five times larger than between firms of different countries. We show that the border effect on the number and value of M&As remained constant during the period. The border effect on M&As in the European Union is substantially lower than elsewhere. We find that the border effect is lower for large investors and firms operating in the primary industry and utilities.

As a vital resource endowment area and ecological barrier area in China, low‐carbon development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is of great significance. This paper compiled the emission inventory in the Upper Yangtze River Economic Zone in the IPCC regional emission accounting method framework and used the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to evaluate economic development and carbon emissions. Finally, this paper used the time series method to predict carbon emissions to 2030. We find that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increased rapidly from 2004 to 2012. The average annual growth rate reached 9.16%. After 2012, carbon emissions in the region no longer grow steadily but fluctuate or even decline. The secondary industry contributed 79.77%, the tertiary industry contributed 17.78%, and the primary industry only 2.45% from 2000 to 2015. From the industrial sector and energy consumption, thermoelectricity production and supply division and nonmetallic mineral products industry are the sectors with the most CO2 emissions, accounting for 35.54% and 13.34%, respectively. Raw coal and coke are the main factors causing emissions. Nearly 61.32% of the carbon dioxide produced by raw coal comes from the electricity production sector. However, from 2011 to 2015, the CO2 emissions of raw coal decreased year by year, down by 23.32%. The impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions supports the EKC hypothesis. The CO2 emissions in the Upper Yangtze River Economic Zone will decline after 2020, but Chongqing has shown an upward trend. With the above results, provinces and cities can optimize the regional industrial structure based on sectoral carbon emissions. The study area needs to develop clean energy to optimize the coal‐led energy consumption structure. Provinces and cities in the district can learn from each other's advanced emission reduction experience. © 2021 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Total factor productivity is an important driver of economic growth. It is therefore important to understand its determinants. This will help to enhance it and accelerate economic growth. The objective of this paper is therefore to investigate drivers of total factor productivity in Angola. The investigation covers the period 1995 – 2018. It is conducted for selected sectors of the economy. The results show that foreign direct investment has a positive effect on total factor productivity in all sectors. Increase in openness of the economy and depreciation the exchange rate have a positive effect on total factor productivity in the manufacturing sector. However, an increase in these two variables is associated with a decrease in total factor productivity of the primary and service sectors. The results indicate that a rise in inflation is associated with a decrease in total factor productivity in the manufacturing and service sectors. However, an increase in inflation is positively associated with an increase in total factor productivity in the primary sector. Increase in official development assistance impact negatively on total factor productivity in the primary and service sectors. This variable has a positive effect on total factor productivity of the manufacturing sector. The implication of these results is that Angola should pursue policies that attract foreign direct investment in order to ensure sustainable total factor productivity growth. The impact of other drivers such as openness of the economy, inflation, official development assistance and exchange rate depends on sectors. This implies that it is important for Angola to implement policies, which are specific to sectors. This will help to enhance the growth of total factor productivity.

Analyzing the factors affecting human capital at household level increases the productivity of people living in developing countries. A primary data was collected through a household survey to study the factors affecting human capital in Southern Punjab using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression technique. The findings show that the location of the household in rural areas, occupation of the household head in the primary sector, household size, household poverty and female/male ratio shows significant and negatively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. Moreover, per capita income, number of earners in the household, remittances are significant and positively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. The annual budget allocation for education in Pakistan is very low, so Government should allocate a significant amount of funds to the education sector.

Background: New Zealand’s Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) manages the “declare or dispose” biosecurity border compliance social marketing program. Its aim is to protect the country’s important horticulture and agriculture industries from imported pests and diseases, and its environment. The program encourages visitors to New Zealand to leave potential biosecurity risk items at home or dispose in specially marked bins on arrival. An important part of this is having New Zealand ethnic communities advocate on MPI’s behalf to friends and family overseas to follow the biosecurity rules. To fully engage the community to be advocates, it was felt that the community should be involved in the creation of this aspect of the program. Focus of the article: The article is a case study explaining how MPI used co-design methodology to create an advocacy program with a local community to assist behavior change in overseas visitors. The article focusses on the process and planning (including following a six-step co-design model) from a practitioners’ perspective to develop a program co-created with the target audience, rather than the final interventions developed. Program design/approach: The “declare or dispose” program had been solely “expert led” and designed by social marketers and researchers. The program is heavily influenced by a mix of quantitative and ethnographic research. These feed into customer journey mapping where interventions are inserted to influence audiences’ behavior. To assist in advocacy from the New Zealand Indian community to friends and family overseas, a customer led co-design process was developed to create community engagement and advocacy. Methods: MPI ran three co-design sessions involving members of local Indian community groups. The sessions used a mixture of card sorting and open discussion within small groups. The card sorting was used to review, and rate current interventions used in the behavior change program (including interventions both overseas direct to visitors and locally to community members). The open discussion asked participants to generate new ideas for potential new interventions to reach visitors. Results: Through the ranking of existing tools and participant suggestions of new ideas—MPI has developed an advocacy program that spans expert-led and user-led interventions. As hoped, the user-led suggestions were at a community-based level, resulting in a stronger buy-in from the community to deliver advocacy messages to overseas friends and family. Recommendations for practice: The article is useful for practitioners by detailing how to not only use co-design for creating new ideas, but also to evaluate existing ones to create a program blending both expert- and user-led interventions. MPI followed a six-step co-design process to organize its co-design program. This ensured that the right preparation was followed, sessions were effective, and the desired results of the program were achieved.

The study discusses underlying factors of labor productivity in firms of basic non-resource industries of the Russian economy and considers the role of innovation and investment activity, human capital development, competitive environment and government support. The data is based on the results of a survey of managers of 713 companies in basic non-resource industries (manufacturing, agriculture, transport, construction). We find high level of divergence of firm productivity at the industry level. We show that higherlevelof productivity is accompanied with investments in human capital, in fixed assets, as well as the use of digital technologies, but we do not find that higher productivity is accompanied by innovations and expenditures on research and development. We show that productivitygrowthis combined not only with investment, but also with innovative activity (process innovations) and R&D expenditures. The driver of productivity growth is the private sector: the increase in productivity is driven by firms serving the demand of private medium and large companies. Competitive environment is another factor: moderate competition with import (which acts as a stimulus for innovations of Russian companies) is a condition for the productivity growth.

Az élelmiszeripar kiemelt jelentőségű iparág, mely fontos stratégiai ágazat a magyar gazdaságpolitikában. Az ágazat előtt új lehetőségek és források nyílnak a következő időszakban a támogatások terén. A tanulmány összegzi a támogatási rendszer változásait, általános képet ad az iparágról makrogazdasági szinten. 2018-as vállalati beszámolók alapján több szempontból megvizsgálja a mikro-, kis- és középvállalkozások helyzetét. A bruttó hozzáadott érték kiszámításának segítségével azonosítja a tanulmány a jól teljesítő élelmiszeripari ágakat, területi és különböző kategorizálási szempontok szerint elemzi azokat. A tanulmány eredményei alapján az élelmiszeripari vállalatok képesek jelentős hozzáadott érték előállítására, de ez területileg nagyon heterogén. Az iparágban érvényesül a méretgazdaságosság elve, jelentős potenciál főként a kis- és középvállalkozások esetén azonosítható. Agriculture is an important sector and has strategic role in the Hungarian economic policy. The changes in the subsidy scheme open up new opportunities and financial sources in agriculture. The paper summirizes these changes and gives a comprehensive picture of the primary sector relying on annual company reports and gross added value calculations. The results show that there is a territorial heterogeneity regarding gross added value in the Hungarian agriculture and economies of scale occurs, but the contribution of SMEs is well below its potential.

This study aims to analyze how the influence of economic potential in the form of leading and potential sectors on regional inequality in 13 districts and 4 cities in South Sumatra Province. The analytical method used is the Williamson Index measurement to measure regional inequality and the analysis of Static Location Quotient (SLQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ). The analysis technique uses panel data regression with the selection of the best model, namely Fixed Effect with the observation period from 2011 to 2019. The results show that the SLQ variable has a positive relationship and does not have a significant effect on the level of regional inequality. The influence coefficient of 0.0379 with a probability value of 0.1113>0.05 (which is the critical limit of 5 percent) is not statistically significant. This condition shows that sectoral economic development will also increase inequality. Economic development in the early stages of a region is generally characterized by the production of the dominant primary sector in the economy, so that at the beginning of development, an increase in economic growth is also followed by an increase in inequality. DLQ shows the constant value of the applicable Fixed Effect model is -0.007971. And it has a negative effect, which means that when the DLQ increases by 1 percent, inequality will decrease by 0.0079 with a probability value of 0.0114

Mobility of labour across the country continues as a major source of labour supply in ensuring economic development across all sectors including the primary sector. The migrant labour in search of better employment emancipates better living conditions through meaningful employment and better financial status. The coastal states of Maharashtra with commendable marine fish landings provides states with commendable marine fish landings provide ample opportunities for migrant fishing labour across the year. The migrant labors are involved in harvest and post harvest operations. The present study tries to assess the major factors leading to labour migration and its effect in the state of Karnataka state. About 100 respondents were met for a primary survey and result reveals that the migration leads to the increase in savings. Majority (57 percent) of the respondents were youth (Below 30). Most respondents completed high school levels of education. The respondents migrated from 5 different states with majority from Jharkhand (36%), Assam (23%) and Orissa (13%) to Mangalore district in Karnataka and the 54 percent respondents migrated in the year 2000. Garrett ranking method assessed the main reason and problems of migration and also used to find the effect of migration on socioeconomic status. The main reason for migration is the low income and the major difficulty during migration was the difficulty in language. The major achievement of the migrant labour had been the quality education provided to their children.

It is worthwhile to carry out carbon emission reduction of transportation, which is an important sector of energy consumption. Thus, we used the expanded structural decomposition analysis model and input–output analysis to investigate the structural emission reduction of transportation in China. The results reveal that within the research interval, (1) the energy intensity effect (EIE) was a major factor for reducing carbon emissions from China’s transportation sector, which is caused by the improvement of energy efficiency. However, the input structure effect (ISE) on emission reduction is not apparent. Therefore, the utilization efficiency of transportation in various industries has not been significantly optimized. (2) The final demand effect (FDE) is the main determinant of carbon emission growth in transportation sector due to the steady growth of demand for transportation across all industries. Simultaneously, secondary industries play a major role in the FDE, followed by tertiary and primary industries. However, the direct consumption coefficient of primary and tertiary industries to the transportation sector demand is lower than that of the secondary industries (e.g., heavy industry). Therefore, the dynamic optimization of industrial structure is conducive to reducing carbon emissions caused by FDE. (3) The energy structure effect (ESE) is shown to restrain the growth of carbon emissions with an increasing trend, caused by the increase and decrease in the proportion of low-carbon and high-carbon energy consumption structure, respectively, in the energy supply side of transportation sector. Diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, and liquefied natural gas were the main contributors to carbon emission reduction in ESE, while raw and cleaned coal did not play a role in reducing carbon emissions in ESE. This study can provide practical guidance for China’s transportation sector to implement emission reduction more accurately based on the energy type and industry level.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the extent to which locating primary industry subsidiaries in politically unstable countries impacts their survival. The authors argue that foreign multinational enterprises in less stable political environments can shape policies that are impactful on the costs of operating in primary industries and avoid compliance with more stringent policies at home. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 753 primary sector investments of Japanese multinational enterprises during the period 1986 to 2013, the authors conduct a parametric survival analysis of the relationship between political stability and subsidiary survival. Findings Political instability has a slight, curvilinear relationship with subsidiary survival, such that both high and low stability are associated with lower exit hazard, while moderate levels of stability increased exit hazard. This nonlinear relationship is stronger for efficiency-seeking subsidiaries, and weaker for market-seeking subsidiaries. Originality/value This research contributes to the debate around the pros and cons of globalization by examining the extent to which firms benefit by offshoring primary sector investments to avoid more costly legal requirements at home. The results suggest that this non-market strategy should be mitigated through appropriate policy measures and provides evidence that those policies already implemented are effective.

An overview of current Mexican legislation regarding soil restoration and updating needs is made through the analysis of three case studies located in the southeastern México: a) soil affected by spillage of congenital waters (Zone 1), b) soil contaminated by hydrocarbons (Zone 2) and, c) a site adjacent to urban infrastructure (Zone 3). It was performed a comparative analysis of the soils conditions in the short and long term after the anthropogenic impact and restoration process that were carried out in each studied location. It was found that important properties of the soils do not recover after the weathering process, for instance in Zone 1, DR and DA as well as %Po did not reach equivalent values to the control sample and the soil texture is different even after a long recovery period. For Zone 2, it was detected important variations in the concentration of Ca, Na and K in both the impacted and recovered soils which affect the growth of plantations. In Zone 3, there were found signif icative differences in DA, %Po; %L, %R, %MO and CEC parameters. The current normative considers general aspects, but does not contemplate the actual site situation, there is an information gap due to this, although it was observed achievement of physical and chemical properties for the recovery soil use in each site, it was also noticed that the evaluations do not consider if these properties can change over time due to weather conditions, therefore, they could influence the success of each restoration process in the long term. The information generated can be used to make decisions about government rescue programs for the primary sector or as a starting point in the implementation of Environmental Bases Lines (LBA) for the hydrocarbon sector.

In New Zealand the primary sector together with central and local government agencies have been promoting measures to mitigate the adverse effect of farming practices on water quality over the last...

El objetivo de este trabajo radica en establecer cómo la población maya de Tankuché del estado de Campeche, México, perteneciente a la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Petenes (RBLP), se ha adaptado a las restricciones que la Política Pública Ambiental (PPA), impuso al aprovechamiento de recursos naturales, con motivo de la creación de dicha Área Natural Protegida (ANP). La PPA enfocada en ANP, como en el caso de las Reservas de la Biosfera (RB), en su búsqueda por alcanzar el desarrollo sustentable, restringe el aprovechamiento que afecte ecosistemas, pero lo permite a sus habitantes en actividades productivas, para generarles beneficios económicos, no excluirlos y con ello evitar los conflictos derivados del aprovechamiento de recursos naturales, postulados por la economía ecológica y la ecología política. En tal virtud, mediante trabajo etnográfico, observación directa y entrevistas semiestructuradas a la población maya de Tankuché, se develó que esta ha atestiguado la transformación y disminución de sus actividades con recursos naturales, del sector primario, junto con el aumento de actividades secundarias y terciarias, que a su vez ha diversificado, para generar ingresos, contrario a la promoción de actividades productivas para con el uso del entorno, que prometió generar la zona.

This paper introduces an agent-based computational economic modeling approach into an input–output analytical framework and proposes diffusion of technological innovation behavior into the simulation models. A large number of heterogeneous firms with macro-regional economic frameworks are included to perform policy simulation scenarios to investigate the impact of diffusing technological innovations on the dynamic changes in the regional economic structures of major global economies (i.e., China, Japan, the United States, Russia, India, and the European Union). This study reveals that process innovation may be more conducive to promoting the transfer of resource elements between regions for China, the EU, Japan, India, and Russia. However, for the U.S., product innovation may facilitate upgrading its industrial structure. Furthermore, from 2012 to 2030, for these six economies, the output share of the primary industry will likely decline by varying degrees, while the output share of the tertiary industry will show an uptrend. The employment share in the tertiary industry in these six economies decreased. Another important finding is that differentiated technological innovation-driven policies must be adopted within the context of global economic governance. Moreover, each economy should choose a technological innovation mode that is suitable for its economic development. Thus, these findings provide an important theoretical basis for formulating global economic governance policies in the future.

The Chinese economy has developed rapidly since the reform and opening up, but economic growth in Northeast China has declined dramatically after the 21st century. In this context, exploring the characteristics of economic and industrial fluctuations in the northeast of China and their relationship is beneficial to alleviating economic fluctuations and promoting stable economic development from the perspective of industrial development. The relationship between economic and industrial fluctuations in the three provinces of Northeast China was reexamined from the angle of fluctuation components with the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) algorithm. The results obtained are as follows: (1) In the three northeastern provinces of China, economic fluctuations were almost free from the influence of the primary industry, most affected by the secondary industry, and gradually influenced by the tertiary industry after the 21st century. (2) Regarding the short-term business cycle of each province, economic development was the most stable when the market and government participated in the development of the secondary industry simultaneously. (3) The midterm business cycle of Jilin Province was affected by the investment of equipment in secondary and tertiary industries, while that of Liaoning Province was affected by the investment of equipment in the secondary industry. (4) Investment in the equipment of the secondary industry and the construction of secondary and tertiary industries was the key to maintaining the stability of long-term business cycle in Heilongjiang Province, and that in the construction of secondary and tertiary industries was the key to maintaining the stability of long-term business cycles in Jilin and Liaoning Provinces.

Regional economic development describes the total social and economic activities in a given time and space. An objective understanding of the real regional economy is beneficial for healthy, sustainable societal development. Generally speaking, the understanding of the regional economy is mainly based on social surveying, which incurs time and energy costs and lacks objectivity. Therefore, this study proposes a seamless economical feature extraction method using the advantages of Landsat time series based on the morphologic changes of the earth’s surface caused by regional economic development. First, the land-use/cover changes of the earth’s surface were collected using Landsat time series; second, the correlations between land-use types and regional economic indices were analyzed and the optimal sensitive factors were selected. Third, a regional economic development model was constructed from the perspective of the land-use/cover change observed by remote sensing technology. Finally, the accuracy was evaluated in order to assess the validity and applicability of the model. The Zhoushan Islands of China were chosen as the research area for the verification experiment. From the results, the construction land is the most significant sensitive factor that correlates closely with various economic indices, and its correlation coefficients R with gross domestic product (GDP), value-added of primary industry (VPI), value-added of secondary industry (VSI), and value-added of tertiary industry (VTI) were 0.9591, 0.9390, 0.9546, and 0.9573, respectively. The regional economic development model constructed is simple, clear, and highly accurate; the determination coefficient R2 was 0.9884. This study opens up unique opportunities for the objective, seamless understanding of regional economic development from the perspective of land-use/cover change using Landsat time series, as well as the correction of economic survey data, both with a high degree of accuracy.

Highlights • New Zealand has existing primary sector growth and a low carbon economy commitment. • It has no clearly defined bioeconomic vision and has yet to develop a national strategy. • Key barriers hinder development of the emergent bioeconomic transition pathways. • We examine the emerging bioeconomy approach, and growing a bioeconomic environment., There has been significant national interest and movement towards bioeconomic policy over the past decade. Through an examination of the current bioeconomic pathways in New Zealand, this paper outlines key barriers that transition pathways will need to overcome and factors needing development within the country’s bioeconomic environment. New Zealand’s strength in primary production, coupled with a market-led economy and recent green growth with low carbon policies, provide an excellent platform for bioeconomic development. However, the strength in established biological industries and lack of clearly defined vision or cohesive support for bioeconomic development provide sufficient inertia to realising the full potential. For a bioeconomy in New Zealand to flourish, a primary sector model that is cohesive and more integrated is needed to develop new niche industries and attract finance, while providing an overarching governance system to the primary industries.

The Primary Innovation programme investigated co-innovation to solve complex agricultural problems in five New Zealand primary sector projects. The projects engaged diverse stakeholders using a col...

Background: Nowadays, existence of self-motivated and efficient human resource is a key issue of great importance in the telecommunication industry. Considering that human resource in an organization is significant resources, steps should be taken to find the strong and weak points in enhancing the operation of increasing efficiency in the firm. Moreover, job satisfaction has been considered one of the important factors in the provision of superior performance and high quality services at the telecommunication industry. Problem: Considering the telecommunication industry that is one of the primary industries in the poor performing sector of Cameroon. An industry is growing at high speed by adopting unfair practices. Operators are not satisfied with the current government regulations towards issuance of SIM’s and the imposition of XAF 3.5 billion fine. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the impacts of job stress (JS), work environment (WE), overall compensation benefits and pay (OCS), leadership, and moderating role of leadership on employees’ job satisfaction (EJS). Method: A quantitative method was employed in the sample size of 515 responses. A technique of random sampling was used to select the respondents. Data was collected through a field survey by using a closed-ended questionnaire. The analysis was done through SmartPLS 3.0. Results: The results have supported the hypothesized model. Indeed, findings proved a significant relationship between JS, WE, OCS, leadership, and EJS. Leadership significantly moderates the relationship between JS, WE, OCS, and EJS. In particular, job JS has adverse effects on EJS. Originality/Value: This paper helps the executives of telecommunication industry how to lessen the job stress and increase the level of job satisfaction. This paper has implications for practitioners and researchers interested in examining the moderating role of leadership on employee’s job satisfaction. As well as work environment plays a critical role in the satisfaction of employees.

Millimeter wave communications technology is an essential component of the new radio (NR) standard for standalone 5G networks, i.e., frequency range 2 (FR2) bands. This technology provides contiguous bandwidth at the detriment of high path loss and blockage sensitivity. Hence beamforming architectures are leveraged to compensate for the channel impairments. However, beamforming introduces significant challenges in terms of initial beam access and beam adaptation requirements. Namely, the base station (BS) and mobile station (MS) are compelled to search the entire spatial directions to specify the pointing directions (optimum beamforming and combining vectors) that yield in the strongest impinged signal levels. This search process results in a high computational complexity, extended delay periods, high power consumption and energy inefficiency. Hence this paper proposes a novel sector (beam) prediction scheme that leverages the synergistic combination of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM). The goal is to propose ultra-low access times for FR2-bsaed 5G networks, thus enhancing mmWave bands to operate independently as a standalone network without reliance on Frequency Range 1 (FR1) bands, e.g., dual-connectivity. The proposed scheme here predicts the primary sector with the highest popularity class at the BS, which is affiliated with the mostly used beamforming vector. This retrieves information about the sector locations with the highest MS traffic, thereby the BS can eliminate the spatial search over locations of scarce MS densities. Consequently, this process reduces the beam scanning search at the BS, while performing conventional search at the MS. The proposed scheme yields in reduced complexity and access times as compared to prominent existing methods.

The relevance of the study: Several factors combine to explain this situation, including the poor equipment of farms and the lack of supervision and strong support from the public authorities. In addition to these factors, the lack of security of land tenure is a major problem facing farmers [1]. This problem of land rights is exacerbated by women's poor access to farmland despite the fact that they make up a very large part of the agricultural labor force. Mali is a country whose economic structure is strongly dominated by the primary and tertiary sectors. In 2017, the contribution of the primary sector accounted for 38.34% of GDP, with a large share for agriculture (19 % of GDP). In 2019, it is estimated at 38.43% of GDP [2]. Malian agriculture remains largely dependent on rainfall. It is characterized by low agricultural yields. Problem of the research. Low access to agricultural property rights is a source of demotivation for women who paradoxically constitute the main agricultural workforce. This lack of a consecrated and explicitly recognized right to land ownership reflects the lack of incentives for women and would explain in part the low productivity and low total agricultural production. Subject of the research: women's right of access to agricultural property and its impact on the country's production. The aim of this paper is to reveal the problems women's right of access to land. The following tasks: is to identify the legal arsenal relating to land law directly and to women's right of access to land ownership and to highlight the practical, social and customary difficulties encountered in the implementation of this right. Subsequently, it is necessary to highlight the link between this poor access to agricultural property rights and the low level of agricultural production in Mali. Methods. To deal with this theme we had adopted a feminist and critical posture. The novelty the adoption of the feminist posture helps us to understand women's discourse in a context marked in practice by the implicit denial of women's right to access agricultural land ownership. The paper concluded that he critical approach makes it possible to go beyond this observation to try to understand the relations of force and power between men and women in the particular context of the country. As the result women's right to access land ownership is a recognized and inalienable right in Mali. However, sociological, customary and religious constraints make the implementation of this right on the ground problematic. As a result, despite their significant weight in the agricultural labor force, women have little access to land, farms, inputs and equipment. The corollary of this situation is their low agricultural yield and their low contribution to agricultural value added.

Electronic invoicing in Mexico is considered under a tax verification scheme, derived by all sales and purchases made, either in a regular period or irregular period, by an economic authority, considering the egresses and also the income. In turn they can be used by buyers and also by sellers, offering the market a good or a service, expressing as a receipt to the authorities, whether federal, state or municipal, also used in internal and external audits. The electronic invoice is a document that verifies the making of a business transaction of a natural person or moral person to a natural or moral person depending on the assumption, and can be digitally or in printed form. This project is carried out in order to have a document that validates the inputs and outputs of goods, for this it is necessary to develop an Accounting-Administrative process, which processes the information and serves for the business management of the entity Granjero Feliz S de R.L de C.V., this process has an alternative that adapts to the rotation of said company which is the Marketing and transformation of pork cuts. The project is developed with the company information, which it has provided, for an accounting period. In this way, the referrals will be properly controlled. It is also important to mention that it can be easy for the authorities to give indications, under the grounds of laws where it obliges users, to use, develop or apply. Those provisions must also be analysed the situation raised which is addressed to the first sector, in this case it is applied to the primary sector, specifically to the primary sector, farmers. The purpose of this research is both to guide and structure the information of a farmer who, for different reasons, is unaware of federal and government provisions to be able to invoice. For the farmer it is very difficult, to understand and understand the tax provisions that challenge him, from the process of developing for obtaining the electronic signature, to the elaboration, issuance and cancellation of the invoice. This research aims to guide and support primary sector individuals, seeing it as an area of opportunity for their better understanding. Also to support you so that you know the administrative facilities from which you have benefit. Considering some of the objectives of this investigation, it is to manage the reality of the farmer's accounting, in accordance with tax procedures and provisions, giving a general diagnosis to the farmer, to contribute to decision-making in the electronic invoicing process. Considering the degree of knowledge of a farmer, he departed from there to provide support and to be able to apply a billing process, and knew the degree involved in this process, considering the obligations to which he is exposed, as part of this regime, of course that many farmers, do not know that they are obliged to invoice for sales made by the sale is a seed considering also in the mistake for the sale of livestock. In particular, the farmer's theme will be touched, through the billing process, thus giving a specific interpretation and analysis to each of the subject. The farmer's location is in a municipality belonging to Valle de Santiago, Gto. Mexico.

This paper aims to investigate the feasibility offlood management based onthe concept of Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) via a literature review and field surveys. The investigationfocused on the primary industry of oil palm plantations in Malaysia. Although the country is promoting the palm oil industry, the impact of oil palm plantations on the local environment has been relatively disregarded because of the benefits and opportunities, such as subsidies, jobs, and amenities,which the local companies/people can obtain. Effective flood management inoil palm plantations entails the local peoples’ understanding and participation in the management activities, such as removing fallen leaves and weeding an area. Theflood management strategiessuggested inthis research provide new insights into local flood management, which usually focuses on the hydrologic aspects, by promoting the integration of the actual-local environment and local people’s actions for their environment within the framework of IWM.

Industrial structure can describe not only the structural relationships between industrial output capacities, but also the structural relationships between industrial economic outputs. Fixed-asset investment affects industrial structure through the formation of capital stock and contemporaneous demand. Based on VAR model, this paper utilizes Granger causality test and other econometric methods to analyze the hysteresis relationships between fixed-asset investment and industrial structure in China from 1991 to 2017. In addition, the contemporaneous relationships are identified by employing the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) analysis. The results show that: The hysteresis relationships exist in primary and secondary industries between fixed-asset investment and their respective value added. The fixed-asset investment in primary and tertiary industries are the contemporaneous causes of positive effect to the value added of primary industry. And the value added of secondary industry is the contemporaneous cause of positive effect to its fixed-asset investment.

This paper assesses the role of foreign direct investment in economic growth by analyzing the contribution of sectoral external finance in Tanzania. Time series data from 1988 to 2017 and 1999 to 2017 for the general and sector‐specific foreign finance respectively is studied using time series econometrics techniques. More specifically, the autoregressive distributive lag bound test for cointegration and error correction model are employed to evaluate the impact of sector foreign direct investment on growth. The diagnostic tests suggest that our models are free from instability, nonnormality, misspecification, heteroscedasticity, and serial correlation. Estimated long‐ and short‐term coefficients show that the effect of the primary sector foreign direct investment is positive and statistically significant at the 10% and 5% significance levels, respectively. In contrast, that of the secondary and tertiary sectors is insignificant. The coefficient of the general foreign direct investment is found to be statistically insignificant. These results confirm that the type rather than the quantity of foreign direct investment may be more relevant in explaining economic growth. Other control variables exhibit their expected signs except that of openness to trade. Based on these findings, the study recommends more and strategic foreign direct investment incentives to the primary sector.

El trabajo de investigación analiza la estructura económica del municipio de San Pelayo Córdoba en el contexto regional del Medio y Bajo Sinú durante el siglo XXI; se realiza un recuento histórico del territorio desde la época prehispánica hasta la actualidad con el fin de reconstruir esos hechos geográficos y económicos que marcaron la realidad presente de las actividades económicas, teniendo en cuenta la evolución de las formas de producción y explotación de los recurso naturales en el área de estudio. También, se analiza la dimensión espacial en la que se desarrollan las actividades del sector primario y terciario de la economía en el presente siglo, donde las zonas rurales son espacios contenedores de las actividades ganaderas, agrícolas y mineras, mientras que los espacios urbanos albergan toda actividad económica relacionada con el comercio y el servicio. Esta diferenciación espacial marca unos aspectos relevantes en el territorio, ya que el análisis desde la geografía económica permite inferir que en la actualidad los espacios urbanos constituyen las mayores riquezas del territorio, hecho que se refleja en las altas cifras en miles de millones de pesos de valor agregado que genera el sector terciario en comparación con el valor agregado del sector primario. Por otro lado, las relaciones urbano-regionales de San Pelayo en el contexto regional del Medio y Bajo Sinú, permiten deducir que los vínculos espaciales más fuertes se facilitan con los municipios de Cereté y Montería gracias a su gran oferta de bienes y servicios que suplen las necesidades básicas de la población. 1. CAPÍTULO I. PROPUESTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN ................................................ 13 1.1. Planteamiento del Problema. ..................................................................................... 13 1.1.1. Descripción del Problema. .................................................................................. 13 1.1.2. Formulación. ....................................................................................................... 16 1.2. Justificación. .............................................................................................................. 17 1.3. Objetivos. ................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.1. Objetivo General. ................................................................................................ 20 1.3.2. Objetivos Específicos. ......................................................................................... 20 1.4. Marco Espacial. ......................................................................................................... 21 1.5. Marco de Referencia. ................................................................................................. 23 1.5.1. Antecedentes. ...................................................................................................... 23 1.5.2. Bases Teóricas. .................................................................................................... 30 1.5.2.1. Estructuralismo Histórico. ........................................................................... 30 1.5.2.2. Modelo de Von Thünen. .............................................................................. 31 1.5.2.3. Teoría del lugar central de Walter Christaller. ............................................ 35 1.5.3. Marco Conceptual. .............................................................................................. 41 1.6. Diseño Metodológico. ................................................................................................ 46 1.6.1. Población y Muestra. ........................................................................................... 46 1.6.2. Tipo de Investigación. ......................................................................................... 47 1.6.3. Fuentes de Información. ...................................................................................... 47 1.6.4. Técnicas de recolección de información. ............................................................ 51 1.6.5. Fases de Investigación. ........................................................................................ 51 2. CAPÍTULO II. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO-ECONÓMICO DEL MUNICIPIO DE SAN PELAYO DESDE LA ÉPOCA PREHISPÁNICA HASTA LA LLEGADA DEL SIGLO XXI ..................................................................................... 58 2.1. Época Prehispánica. ................................................................................................... 58 2.2. Época Colonial. .......................................................................................................... 62 2.2.1. Primera Etapa: finales de siglo XVII y principios de siglo XVIII. ..................... 62 2.2.2. Segunda etapa: fundación de San Pelayo en el año 1777 hasta la independencia en el año 1810. .............................................................................................................. 65 2.3. Época Republicana. ................................................................................................... 70 2.4. Llegada del siglo XXI. ............................................................................................... 73 3. CAPÍTULO III. LOCALIZACIÓN DE LAS ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS EN LA ZONA RURAL Y URBANA DEL MUNICIPIO DE SAN PELAYO. .................... 75 3.1. Localización de las actividades económicas en la zona rural. ................................... 76 3.1.1. Localización de las actividades económicas según la fertilidad del suelo. ......... 76 3.1.1.1. Relieve. ............................................................................................................. 77 3.1.1.2. Material parental. ............................................................................................. 79 3.1.1.3. Capacidad de uso de las tierras en el municipio de San Pelayo. ...................... 81 3.1.2. Renta del suelo en los corregimientos de San Pelayo. ........................................ 87 3.1.3. Cobertura de la tierra en el municipio de San Pelayo. ........................................ 98 3.1.4. Precio del suelo rural en el municipio de San Pelayo. ...................................... 100 3.2. Distribución de la tierra por tamaño predial. ........................................................... 104 3.3. Indicadores económicos del sector primario de la economía en San Pelayo. ...... 106 3.3.1. Unidades de Producción Agropecuaria (UPA). ................................................ 106 3.3.2. Ganadería. ......................................................................................................... 106 3.3.2.1. Ganado Bovino. .............................................................................................. 107 3.3.2.2. Ganado Porcino. ............................................................................................. 107 3.3.2.3. Ganado Caprino.............................................................................................. 107 3.3.2.4. Ganado Ovino. ............................................................................................... 107 3.3.3. Agricultura. ....................................................................................................... 108 3.3.3.1. Cultivos agroindustriales. ............................................................................... 108 3.3.3.2. Plátanos y tubérculos. ..................................................................................... 110 3.3.3.3. Cultivos frutales. ............................................................................................ 111 3.3.3.4. Cultivos de cereales. ....................................................................................... 112 3.3.3.5. Hortalizas, verduras y legumbres; plantas aromáticas, condimentarias y medicinales; plantas forestales. ................................................................................... 113 3.3.4. Minería. ............................................................................................................. 114 3.3.5. Valor agregado del sector primario en el municipio de San Pelayo. ................ 118 3.4. Localización de las actividades económicas en la zona urbana. .............................. 118 3.4.1. Zona céntrica de San Pelayo (carrera 7 y calle 6). ............................................ 119 3.4.2. Zona sur: Calle 3 y carretera San Pelayo – Santa Lucía. .................................. 125 3.4.3. Valor agregado del sector terciario en porcentajes en el municipio de San Pelayo. ......................................................................................................................... 128 3.4.3.1. Comercio, reparación y restaurantes. ............................................................. 128 3.4.3.2. Establecimientos financieros y otros servicios............................................... 128 3.4.3.3. Actividades de servicios sociales y personales. ............................................. 129 3.4.3.4. Transporte almacenamiento y comunicaciones. ............................................. 130 3.4.4. Valor agregado del sector terciario en miles de millones de pesos. .................. 130 3.4.5. Indicador de importancia económica: valor agregado de San Pelayo en el departamento de Córdoba (miles de millones de pesos). ............................................ 131 4. CAPÍTULO IV. RELACIONES URBANO-REGIONALES DEL MUNICIPIO DE SAN PELAYO EN EL CONTEXTO REGIONAL DEL MEDIO Y BAJO SINÚ ..... 136 4.1. Relaciones funcionales de San Pelayo en su contexto regional. .............................. 136 4.2. Accesibilidad y conectividad vial como elementos de la interacción espacial. ....... 148 4.2.1. Distancia y tiempo de desplazamiento. ............................................................. 148 4.2.2. Índice de conectividad. ...................................................................................... 151 4.2.3. Densidad vial. .................................................................................................... 153 5. CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................ 158 6. ANEXOS. ...................................................................................................................... 162 6.1. Anexo 1 .................................................................................................................... 162 7. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ....................................................................... 164 Pregrado Geógrafo(a) Trabajos de Investigación y/o Extensión

Purpose Innovation is a growing topic. The primary sector is also a subject that has great importance in the global economy. However, limited research has been conducted linking these two subjects. This paper aims to start bringing them together. Design/methodology/approach The method selected is a systematic literature review presenting a thorough analysis of the existing discussions and a summary of the findings to identify future research opportunities. Findings Innovation has played and will continue to play an essential role in the success of fisheries. The fishing industry is in crisis. A decline in wild fish stocks, regulations and quota management are some of the factors that drive the need to innovate. The discussions of innovation in this industry are non-technological, which is an emerging field with opportunities for further research. There is a strong focus on fisheries sustainability. The main theoretical frameworks discussed in the literature are common property theory, cooperation and competition theory and diffusion of innovation. Emerging environmental sustainability frameworks are also becoming an essential element in the primary sector. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on peer-reviewed publications based on the results of the searches from selected keywords, recognizing that the literature evaluated may not cover the full spectrum of themes related to this subject. Originality/value Innovation is usually linked to high tech and fast-moving industries. This paper tries to broaden this paradigm and evaluate it from a different perspective, with a focus on the primary sector.

Whether agricultural insurance promotes primary industry production has been debated for decades. Our paper studies this question based on the agricultural insurance premium subsidy policy in China. We use this quasi-experiment to conduct difference-in-differences and event study estimations. We find that the development of agricultural insurance, induced by premium subsidies, significantly promotes primary industry production; per person, it increases by CNY 1430 in subsidised provinces compared to unsubsidised provinces. We use county-level data to address the aggregation problem in our province-level analysis and obtain the same conclusion. We also find that agricultural insurance primarily affects agriculture and husbandry among the four subindustries of the primary industry.

Agriculture is a backbone of the economy for any country. Being a part of primary sector, all the other major sectors and industries depend on it for their raw materials. It satisfies the basic needs of human like food, clothing and shelter. However, due to climate change and other related problems, it is becoming increasingly difficult for farmers to keep pace with rising demands. As per estimate by Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, around 55 percent of India’s total land area is used for agricultural produce. India is also a leading producer and exporter of some of the major crops. Still there are concerns regarding food security in India by United Nations. For overcoming the natural hurdles, involvement of technology is required for better analysis and decision-making. Through this paper, we plan to propose a visualization technique, which can help farmers to make better decision regarding crop selection. The study proposes a novel framework where farmers can get detailed information about the crops grown in any particular district and also area, production and productivity of any particular crop. This web-based agri solution will help farmers to take smart farming decision by resource optimization and smart planning.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto económico de acciones en el sector agropecuario para mitigar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y, por tanto, contribuir a la política climática del país. Para ello, se hacen una serie de simulaciones de estas políticas con un modelo estático de equilibrio general computable para determinar el efecto en producción, consumo, y bienestar de distintos grupos poblacionales de acuerdo a su ingreso. La hipótesis de investigación es que las políticas agropecuarias elegidas que están siendo instrumentadas actualmente pueden a la vez impulsar el crecimiento económico y apoyar la política climática del país. Los resultados muestran que hay una alineación de objetivos entre las distintas Secretarías y programas, y que las acciones de política planteadas contribuyen al crecimiento económico, aunque de manera limitada. Existe un incremento potencial en el valor de la producción agropecuaria de 6.8%, con un aumento en el consumo de alimentos de casi 1%. Además, la renta de la tierra y los salarios incrementan su valor a partir de las políticas en el sector primario. Los resultados obtenidos están en línea con los de otros estudios citados a lo largo del trabajo.

EL artículo, analiza la guerra comercial entre China y los Estados Unidos (EU), concentrándose en la determinación del impacto que ha generado sobre sectores económicos y productos sensibles. Analiza el impacto la guerra comercial desde dos perspectivas: la primera analiza la evolución y escalamiento del conflicto desde que este se presentó en 2018; la segunda y más desarrollada, tiene que ver con la determinación del impacto que mediante la herramienta del análisis de escalamiento multidimensional, se realizó para clasificar los sectores y productos más sensibles. La hipótesis que se demuestra es que, el impacto de la guerra comercial ha afectado principalmente al sector primario, así como al nivel de precios que han tenido que pagar los consumidores. En tal sentido, en el corto plazo, todos los agentes económicos involucrados en dicha guerra han perdido, de ahí la expectativa que se abre, con la reciente firma de entendimiento fase 1.