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ABSTRACT Management of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) is very complex, even under ideal circumstances. Children in the primary dentition have unique needs, and it is important that the diagnosis and treatment choices are offered to parents. The prevalence of TDI in the primary dentition is far greater than for any other age group. Education of parents and caregivers in prevention and emergency management of oral injuries is essential. When injuries occur, the dental professionals must also respond appropriately to establish correct diagnosis of the injuries and assist parents in making decisions for management while communicating realistic expectations for the future. Progress has been made in the diagnosis and management of dental injuries in the primary dentition based on the biological healing response of oral tissues following injury over time. Several factors influence critical decisions that must be made based on basic principles and guidelines to improve successful outcomes for the child. Managing co‐operation must be balanced with the benefit of anticipated treatment need. The current evidence challenges previous dental interventions. The IADT guidelines updated the approach to management of TDI in children in the primary dentition. Encouraging a positive attitude to the dental setting early in the life course prepares the child to be a motivated dental attendee throughout their lifetime. This manuscript aimed to outline the critical issues and clinical choices for injuries to the primary dentition and to summarise recent guidance from the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Childhood primary dentition caries prevalence and experience is higher among Qatari than non‐Qatari nationality children in Qatar but only this bivariate association has been described.There were two objectives. First, to understand the variation of primary dentition caries among 4‐ to 8‐year‐old children in Qatar across nationality classified into four groups, and second, to explore whether the association persisted in the presence of socio‐demographic and behavioural indicators.The study used data from the Qatar Child Oral Health Survey 2017 (QCOHS 2017). Detailed information was collected through a parental dual‐language questionnaire and an oral epidemiological examination conducted by calibrated dentist examiners. Children in 20 kindergartens and 40 schools across Qatar were recruited. Data were weighted to represent the Qatar child population.Overall, 1154 children aged 4–8 years old (48.9% female, 51.1% male) participated. Qatari children made up 26.3%, Non‐Qatari (N‐Q) Arabic children 44.2% N‐Q Indian sub‐continent 16.4% and N‐Q Other 13.1%. There were no significant differences by nationality for age or sex, but differences existed for kindergarten/school type and parents' highest level of education. Among behavioural indicators, Qatari and N‐Q Arabic children began toothbrushing later, and more N‐Q Other children brushed 2+ times a day and had made a check‐up visit in the last 12 months. More Qatari children were in the highest tertial for sugar intake and drank bottled water with no fluoride. All N‐Q children had a significantly lower prevalence and experience of caries. The means ratio (95% CI) for N‐Q Arabic (0.78; 0.65–0.94), Indian (0.58; 0.46–0.72) and other children (0.61; 0.42–0.88) were all significant against Qatari nationality children. Multivariable models showed an attenuation of the association with caries with the means ratio for N‐Q Arabic (0.92; 0.73–1.16), Indian (0.79; 0.57–1.11) and other children (0.94; 0.61–1.44) being non‐significant compared to Qatari nationality children. The variables which were significantly associated with caries were parental education, toothbrushing frequency, sugar intake and check‐up visiting in the last 12 months in the multivariable models.Primary dentition caries in children resident in Qatar differed by nationality. The association of primary dentition caries with nationality was markedly attenuated and non‐significant in the presence of socio‐demographic and behavioural variables, pointing towards the importance of these variables as the pathways to improving primary dentition caries prevalence and experience of children in Qatar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with early childhood caries (ECC) may develop caries in their developing permanent teeth also. The etiology of ECC is multifactorial. Amongst the common risk factors, maternal risk factors have been studied a lot and are considered as the risk of developing ECC in primary dentition till 71 months of age. There are various maternal factors that can influence the occurrence of ECC in children, such as the educational level of the mother, socioeconomic status, occupation, mother’s inappropriate feeding practices, frequency of maternal sugar consumption, her oral hygiene practices, and her dental treatment-related experiences. Mothers whether working or homemaker, number of siblings at home, type of family also influence the dental care toward her child suffering with ECC. Factors with economic problems in the family leads to familial stress resulting in maternal psychological distress, which is accompanied by throwing temperaments on her child and can lead to dysfunctional parenting behaviors, which is responsible for having ECC in her child.

The extrinsic black tooth stain (EBS) is commonly found in primary dentition. Patients cannot clean the EBS; this can only be done by professional scaling and debridement. It also has a tendency to reform, which significantly compromises children's aesthetics and even affects their quality of life. However, there is no conclusive evidence on the etiology of the EBS. The associations between the EBS and related oral microbial features is one of the research hot topics. No literature review summarized these research progresses in this area. Therefore, we reviewed the literature on the microbiology of the EBS since 1931 and reported as the following 5 aspects: molecular biotechnology, morphological structure and physiochemical characteristics, microbial etiology hypothesis and core microbial characteristics. The EBS is a special dental plaque mainly composed of Gram-positive bacilli and cocci with scattered calcium deposits that acquired salivary pellicle activates. Early studies showed that the Actinomyces was the main pathogenic bacteria. With advances in biological research techniques, the ‘core microbiome’ was proposed. The potential pathogenic genera were Actinomyces, Prevotella nigrescens, Pseudotropinibacterium, Leptotrichia, Neisseria and Rothia. However, the pathogenic species of the above genera were still unclear. Currently, it is believed that the EBS consists of iron compounds or black substances that oral bacterial metabolism produces or that the bacterial metabolites formed after chemical reactions in the micro-ecological environment.

ABSTRACT Background/Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Alveolar bone process fractures in preschool children are not well documented in the literature. Alveolar process fractures are located very close to primary teeth and permanent tooth germs. This study investigates the risk of healing complications following alveolar process fractures in the primary dentition and potential sequelae in the permanent dentition.A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 21 patients with 49 primary teeth involved in an alveolar fracture. The follow‐up protocol included clinical and radiographic examinations at specified intervals up to the age of 6 years. Healing complications in the primary teeth such as pulp necrosis, pulp canal obliteration, ankylosis, infection‐related resorption and premature tooth loss were examined. Sequelae in the permanent dentition was also registered when the permanent incisors had erupted.Over a 3‐year follow‐up, the incidence of premature tooth loss was 51.2% [95% CI: 34.1%–68.4%], pulp canal obliteration was 42.5% [95% CI: 27.1%–57.8%], and pulp necrosis was 8.9% [95% CI: 0.6%–17.3%] following an alveolar process fracture. No cases of ankylosis were observed. Sequelae in the permanent dentition primarily included demarcated opacities and hypoplasia with a risk estimated at 24% [95% CI: 13%–39%] and 9% [95% CI: 2%–21%] respectively.Alveolar process fractures in primary dentition are associated with several healing complications in the primary teeth. Although the likelihood of severe complications in the permanent dentition is low, young children are still susceptible to developing sequelae in their permanent teeth. These results highlight the importance of awareness of dental injuries following alveolar process bone fractures in the primary dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bilateral cleft lip palate is a severe congenital birth defect of the mouth and face. Immunity factors modulate immune response, inflammation, and healing; therefore, they are vital in the assessment of the immunological status of the patient. The aim of this study is to assess the distribution of Gal-10, CD-163, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 in tissue of the bilateral cleft lip palate in primary dentition children. Methods: Five patients underwent cheiloplasty surgery, where five tissue samples of lip were obtained. Immunohistochemical staining, semi-quantitative evaluation, and non-parametric statistical analysis were used. Results: A statistically significant increase in HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 was found in skin and mucosal epithelium, hair follicles, and blood vessels. A notable increase was also noted in IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in the mucosal epithelium and CD163 in blood vessels. The connective tissue of patients presented with a statistically significant decrease in Gal-10, IL-10, and HBD-3. Spearman's rank correlation revealed multiple significant positive and negative correlations between the factors. Conclusions: Upregulation of CD163 points to increased angiogenesis but the increase in IL-4 and IL-10 as well as the decrease in Gal-10 points to suppression of excessive inflammatory damage. Decreased connective tissue healing and excessive scarring are suggested by the decrease in HBD-3 and IL-10 and the increase in IL-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Occlusion in a growing child is considered as a dynamic rather than static relation between facial structures and also plays a significant role in determining occlusion in permanent dentition. The key prerequisite for the prevention of proximal caries is a contact area that prevents food impaction and facilitates easy plaque removal. The lack of data regarding the prevalence of these features led to the conduction of this study in the children of North Maharashtra. To determine the prevalence of occlusal characteristics, physiologic spaces and molar interproximal contacts in primary dentition of preschool children residing in North Maharashtra. Material and Methods This survey was based on dental examinations of 728 children aged 3-5 years from North Maharashtra. Parental consent was obtained. All dental examinations were completed at the pre-schools. Children having all of their intact primary teeth were included, whereas children with premature loss of teeth or having dental caries were excluded from the study. Results The flush terminal plane was the most common molar relationship followed by mesial step. Class-I canine relation was the most prevalent and spacing between the anterior teeth along with primate spaces were seen in these children. The most common inter proximal molar contact type was I, followed by S, then O, and X. Conclusion This prevalence study clearly stated the presence of flush terminal plane, Class-I canine relationship, presence of primate spaces and I - shaped contact type in a pronounced fashion in the preschool children of North Maharashtra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: External environmental heat exposure during gestation impacts the physiology of human development in utero, but evidence for these impacts has not yet been explored in dentition. We examined deciduous teeth for fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability, together with gestational environmental temperature data drawn from historical weather statistics. Materials and Methods: We measured dental casts from the longitudinal Burlington Growth Study, representing 172 participants (ages 3–6 years) with health records. FA was calculated from crown dimensions and intercuspal distances that develop during gestation. Multiple regression separated by sex (nfemale = 81) examined the effects of mean temperatures in each trimester, controlling for birth year. Results: In females, increased temperatures during the first trimester are significantly associated with an increase in FA (p = 0.03), specifically during the second and third prenatal months (p = 0.03). There is no relationship between temperature and FA for either sex in the second or third trimesters, when enamel is formed. Discussion: Dental instability may be sensitive to temperature in the first trimester in females during the scaffolding of crown shape and size in the earliest stages of tooth formation. Sexual dimorphism in growth investment strategies may explain the differences in results between males and females. Using enduring dental characteristics, these results advance our understanding of the effects of temperature on fetal physiology within a discrete period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although gingival thickness has been extensively studied in permanent dentition, the literature regarding marginal gingival thickness in primary dentition is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to assess the variations in marginal gingival thickness in preschool-age children. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 4,109 primary teeth was conducted. Using a reamer, the transgingival probing method was employed to assess marginal gingival thickness in healthy preschoolers. Inter-examiner and intra-examiner reproducibility were assessed via the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: Descriptive statistics revealed that primary maxillary left second molars had the highest mean marginal gingival thickness (1.06 mm), whereas primary mandibular right central incisors had the lowest mean marginal gingival thickness (0.74 mm). Gender-based independent sample t-tests revealed significant differences in the values of primary maxillary right canines (females had greater values than males; P=0.03) and primary mandibular right first molars (males had greater values than females; P=0.01). An inter-arch comparison revealed significant differences between the primary second molars (maxillary more than mandibular; P=0.001). Conclusions: This study reports the first documented marginal gingival thicknesses of primary dentition. It reveals substantial variations in the values of primary maxillary right canines and primary mandibular right first molars and between primary maxillary and mandibular second molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the subgingival microbiome in patients with grade C molar‐incisor pattern periodontitis (C‐MIP) affecting the primary or permanent dentitions. Methods: DNA was isolated from subgingival biofilm samples from diseased and healthy sites from 45 C‐MIP patients and subjected to phylogenetic microarray analysis. C‐MIP sites were compared between children affected in the primary to those affected in the permanent dentitions. Within‐subject differences between C‐MIP‐affected sites and dentition‐matched healthy sites were also evaluated. Results: C‐MIP sites of subjects affected in the primary dentition showed partially overlapping but distinct microbial communities from C‐MIP permanent dentition sites (p < 0.05). Differences were due to increased levels in primary C‐MIP sites of certain species of the genera Capnocytophaga and Leptotrichia, while C‐MIP permanent dentition sites showed higher prevalence of Filifactor alocis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) was among species seen in high prevalence and levels in both primary and permanent C‐MIP sites. Moreover, both permanent and primary C‐MIP sites showed distinct microbial communities when compared to dentition‐matched healthy sites in the same subject (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Primary and permanent teeth with C‐MIP showed a dysbiotic microbiome, with children affected in the primary dentition showing a distinct profile from those affected in the permanent dentition. However, Aa was enriched in both primary and permanent diseased sites, confirming that this microorganism is implicated in C‐MIP in both dentitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extrinsic black tooth stain (EBS) is commonly found in primary dentition. Patients cannot clean the EBS; this can only be done by professional scaling and debridement. It also has a tendency to reform, which significantly compromises children's aesthetics and even affects their quality of life. However, there is no conclusive evidence on the etiology of the EBS. The associations between the EBS and related oral microbial features is one of the research hot topics. No literature review summarized these research progresses in this area. Therefore, we reviewed the literature on the microbiology of the EBS since 1931 and reported as the following 5 aspects: molecular biotechnology, morphological structure and physiochemical characteristics, microbial etiology hypothesis and core microbial characteristics. The EBS is a special dental plaque mainly composed of Gram-positive bacilli and cocci with scattered calcium deposits that acquired salivary pellicle activates. Early studies showed that the Actinomyces was the main pathogenic bacteria. With advances in biological research techniques, the 'core microbiome' was proposed. The potential pathogenic genera were Actinomyces , Prevotella nigrescens , Pseudotropinibacterium , Leptotrichia , Neisseria and Rothia. However, the pathogenic species of the above genera were still unclear. Currently, it is believed that the EBS consists of iron compounds or black substances that oral bacterial metabolism produces or that the bacterial metabolites formed after chemical reactions in the micro-ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review was aimed to describe the prevalence and the regional distribution of malocclusion among preschool children worldwide. Two independent reviewers performed a systematic literature search to identify English publications from January 2010 to May 2024 using PubMed, ISI Web of Science and Embase. Search MeSH key words were "malocclusion", "primary dentition" and "child, preschool". The reporting quality was assessed by the modified Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We identified 2599 publications and recruited 47 articles. Fourteen of the included studies were conducted in Asia, four in Europe, twenty-eight in South America and one in Africa. The prevalence of malocclusion ranged from 28.4% to 83.9%, and half of the reported prevalences were higher than 50%. The highest percentage was in Asia (61.81%), followed by Europe (61.50%), South America (52.69%) and Africa (32.50%). Statistically significant differences existed in deep overbite, anterior open bite, posterior crossbite, edge-to-edge incisor relationship and distal step between continents (p < 0.05). Europe showed the highest prevalence (33.08%) of deep overbite. Africa showed the highest prevalence (18.60%) of anterior open bite. Europe showed the highest prevalence (15.38%) of posterior crossbite. The most common malocclusion traits were increased overjet and deep overbite. To conclude, malocclusion remained prevalent in the primary dentition and varied between countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrapment of foreign objects in the oral cavity is a glaring risk for its accidental aspiration. This paper details a case of a partially movable foreign body that was lodged in the primary mandibular second molar of a 5-year-old boy with autism. We opted for a conservative and risk-free management strategy as per the foreign body’s size and position. This case details a FORMAL (Foreign Object Removal with Minimal Aspiration Liability) technique whose application is justified when there is a high-risk of aspiration of the foreign body based on its location. The tooth was then managed by pulp therapy followed by stainless steel crown. Follow-up at 6-months and 12-months revealed the tooth to be asymptomatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDental caries is a significant global health concern, impacting around 2.5 billion people worldwide. Conventional methods for managing dental caries have evolved to prioritize preventive measures and minimally invasive treatment alternatives. One of these approaches involves the application of silver diamine fluoride. Although effective, the limited use of SDF is attributed to concerns about potential long-term complications and other adverse effects.ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to assess the role of SDF in preventing and managing dental caries, evaluating its efficacy and adverse reactions.Material and methodsThis review adheres to PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL to include peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials published between 2014 and 2024. The Cochrane risk of bias and GRADE tools were employed to evaluate the trials and ensure the certainty of the evidence. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine the effectiveness of SDF at the individual, tooth, and surface levels.ResultsFindings from 20 randomized controlled trials, which met the inclusion criteria, revealed that participants aged 1–50 showed promising results with follow-up intervals ranging from 1 to 30 months. The caries arrestment rate of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) varied from 25% to 99%.ConclusionThese results indicate that SDF could be an invaluable tool in combating dental caries, providing a less invasive and potentially more cost-effective alternative to traditional treatment methods. Nonetheless, further research is essential to comprehensively understand the potential of SDF in various settings and to optimize its application in clinical practice.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/, PROSPERO (CRD42024559853)

Aim of the study: This paper aims to identify information regarding traumatic dental injuries in primary and mixed dentition, in respect to clinical evaluation and knowledge of dental practitioners. Materials and method: Literature was searched for electronic articles, using the terms: dental trauma, primary dentition, guidelines. Results: Most studies show a reluctance of general dental practitioners to treat dental trauma in their office, even if guidelines and treatment protocols are available for each type of traumatic dental injury, both for primary and permanent dentition. Conclusions: Continuous education, information and instructions available for parents are needed in order to obtain a correct diagnosis and have an efficient management and follow-up in dental trauma.

Introduction: Studies on the effect of feeding practices and sucking habits on malocclusion traits in the primary dentition of pre-schoolchildren from developing countries are scarce. Purpose: Assessing the association of feeding and sucking habits with malocclusion traits, and the association of malocclusion traits with observed oral functional problems. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey of children aged 3-5 years residing in Kinondoni and Temeke Districts of Dar es Salaam region in Tanzania. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, SPSS version 21.0. Univariate analysis was applied to generate frequencies of different variables. Cross tabulations and Chi-square statistics were used to assess bivariate relationships and multivariate analyses were performed by multiple logistic regression. Results: Most pre-schoolchildren (82.5%) were breastfed for less than two years. A history of non-nutritive sucking habits was reported in 28.1% of the children, mostly in boys than girls (33.6% versus 21.8%, respectively. The current non-nutritive sucking habits were reported in 17.8% of the participants. Overall, malocclusion traits were most significantly seen in children who were breastfed for less than two years, compared with those who were breastfed for two years or more (48.5% versus 27.3%, respectively). The presence of various malocclusion traits was significantly found among most of the children who had a history of non-nutritive sucking habits, compared with those who had never performed the habits (65.9% versus 38.6 %, respectively). In the logistic regression analyses, children who were breastfed for a shorter duration (<2 years), their probability of being found with different traits of malocclusion in the primary dentition was almost three times that for those who were breastfed for a longer duration (= two years). Also, children who were not actively performing non-nutritive sucking habits were less likely to have an open bite compared with those who were actively performing non-nutritive sucking habits. An open bite in children was significantly associated with speech problems (p<0.01) and swallowing with tongue thrusting (p=0.000). Conclusion and recommendations: Most of the children who were breastfed for a shorter duration and children who had non-nutritive sucking habits were found with various malocclusion, compared with those who were breastfed for a longer duration and those who had no non-nutritive sucking habits. It is crucial to recommend exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months and continuation of breastfeeding practice, possibly for up to 2 years of age due to its nutritional, immunological, and stomato-gnathic system developmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Morphological and morphometric features of the teeth are of interest to various clinical and academic dental and medical fields including prosthodontics, orthodontics, anatomy and anthropology, pathology, archeology, and forensic dentistry. These have been more or less researched in the case of the permanent dentition. However when it comes to the primary dentition, the literature is scarce and controversial. No study worldwide exists on the cutoff points (thresholds) for sex identification; no study exists on metric or nonmetric traits of deciduous teeth in Iranians. Hence, the aim of the study was to assess both the metric and nonmetric traits of primary molars, as well as their cut-off points for sex identification. Methods In this epidemiological cross-sectional study, pretreatment casts of 110 children (51 boys and 59 girls) aged 6 to 12 years were collected. Maxillary and mandibular first and second primary molars were evaluated regarding their metric traits (mesiodistal and buccolingual widths) and 9 nonmetric traits (Accessory cusp on the upper D, Accessory cusp on the lower D, Fifth cusp on the upper E, Carabelli’s cusp on the upper E, Protostylid on the lower E, Fifth cusp on the lower E, Sixth cusp on the lower E, Tuberculum intermedium [metaconulid] on the lower E, and Deflecting wrinkle on the lower E). ROC curves were used to identify cut-off points for sex determination as well as the usefulness of metric measurements for this purpose. Data were analyzed using independent-samples and paired-samples t-tests, McNemar, Fisher, and chi-square tests, plus Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (α = 0.05). Results All the primary molars’ coronal dimensions (both mesiodistal and buccolingual) were extremely useful for sex identification (ROC curves, all P values ≤ 0.0000099). Especially, the mandibular primary molars (areas under ROC curves [AUCs] between 85.6 and 90.4%, P values ≤ 0.0000006) were more useful than the maxillary ones (AUCs between 80.4 and 83.1%, P values ≤ 0. 0000099). In the mandible, the first primary molar (maximum AUC = 90.4%) was better than the second molar (maximum AUC = 86.0%). The optimum thresholds for sex determination were reported. Sex dimorphism was significant in buccolingual and mesiodistal crown widths of all the primary molars (all P values ≤ 0.000132), but it was seen only in the case of 2 nonmetric traits: Deflecting wrinkle (P = 0.001) and Tuberculum intermedium (metaconulid, P = 0.029) on the lower Es, taking into account the unilateral and bilateral cases. The occurrence of nonmetric traits was symmetrical between the right and left sides (all P values ≥ 0.250). All mesiodistal and two buccolingual molar measurements were as well symmetrical (P > 0.1); however, two buccolingual measurements were asymmetrical: in the case of the maxillary E (P = 0.0002) and mandibular D (P = 0.019). There were three weak-to-moderate correlations between the nonmetric traits of the mandibular second molars (Spearman correlations between 22.7 and 37.5%, P values ≤ 0.045). Up to 6 concurrent nonmetric traits were observed in the sample, with 53.6% of the sample showing at least 2 concurrent nonmetric traits at the same time, without any sex dimorphism (P = 0.658). Conclusion Sex dimorphism exists considerably in primary molars’ sizes, but it is not as prevalent in their nonmetric traits or abnormalities. Primary molars’ crown sizes are useful for sex identification; we calculated optimum cut-off points for this purpose, for the first time.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion and its linked risk indicators among a group of Saudi preschool children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on preschool children aged 3 to 5 years residing in Riyadh City, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The study sample included 709 Saudi children of both genders with complete primary dentition. Oral examination was conducted for children to assess the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical dimensions, arch spacings, and oral habits. Results: The prevalence of malocclusion was 59.1% among the study participants. A deep overbite and increased overjet were found in 26.23 % and 25.11%, respectively. Arch space problems were reported, including missing primate spaces in 24.12%, missing developmental spacing in 27.93%, and crowding in 14.1%. An association between mothers aged 25 years and younger at childbirth was linked with their child's malocclusion in the primary dentition (p-value of 0.03). Conclusion: The prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion among a specific group of Saudi preschool children was significantly high. Increased overbite and overjet were the most prevalent occlusal discrepancies, followed by arch spacing problems. The younger mother's age at childbirth is significantly associated with her child's malocclusion. The study results can serve as a baseline for future investigations.

An observational study was carried out in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia to determine the occurrence of dental anomalies among Arabian children. The study included children of Saudi nationality with primary teeth. The study assessed the prevalence of dental anomalies in their primary dentition. The assessment and data collection were conducted by a single examiner, utilizing clinical examination and intra-oral radiographs. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine dental anomalies in relation to gender (boys and girls) and arch type (maxillary and mandibular). In addition, the study explored the occurrence of gender-specific dental anomalies depending on arch type. The data analysis was conducted using IBM Statistics (version 21.0) with a significance level of p < 0.05. In total, there were 245 children included in the final analysis. The study population consisted of boys (66%) and girls (34%), with an average age of 4.87 ± 0.9 years. Taurodontism was the most prevalent dental abnormality, occurring in 2.8% of the individuals in the study sample. The study sample exhibited hypodontia in 2%, supernumerary teeth in 2.4%, double teeth in 2%, and microdontia in 1.2%. Talon cusp and macrodontia have a relatively low incidence of 0.4%. Boys exhibit supernumerary teeth, microdontia, macrodontia, talon cusp, and taurodontism, whereas hypodontia and double teeth were more frequent in girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion and its linked risk indicators among a group of Saudi preschool children. A cross-sectional study was carried out on preschool children aged 3 to 5 years residing in Riyadh City, the capital of Saudi Arabia. The study sample included 709 Saudi children of both genders with complete primary dentition. Oral examination was conducted for children to assess the anteroposterior, transverse, and vertical dimensions, arch spacings, and oral habits. The prevalence of malocclusion was 59.1% among the study participants. A deep overbite and increased overjet were found in 26.23 % and 25.11%, respectively. Arch space problems were reported, including missing primate spaces in 24.12%, missing developmental spacing in 27.93%, and crowding in 14.1%. An association between mothers aged 25 years and younger at childbirth was linked with their child's malocclusion in the primary dentition (p-value of 0.03). The prevalence of primary dentition malocclusion among a specific group of Saudi preschool children was significantly high. Increased overbite and overjet were the most prevalent occlusal discrepancies, followed by arch spacing problems. The younger mother's age at childbirth is significantly associated with her child's malocclusion. The study results can serve as a baseline for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of occlusion in primary dentition and examine its relationship to caries experience in preschoolers in Aydın, TÜRKİYE. Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 962 children aged 3–5 years from preschoolers in a cross-sectional design. The clinical features were evaluated according to Björk et al and the caries examination was carried out with dft index. Results: The most common type of terminal plane relationship was flush type (46.7%) and primary canine relationship was Class I (69.6%). The most common type of irregularity was the prevalence of deep overbite (55.7%) followed by midline deviation (15.8%). Approximately half of the children (51.2%) had at least one carious tooth but caries experience was not related with any of the occlusal irregularities. Conclusion: Occlusal characteristics of the preschool children were defined and no relationship was found between these features and gender or caries experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT Background: Dental emergence staging involves the utilization of a group of teeth to categorize the dentition into deciduous, mixed, adolescent and permanent. The various stages serve as guides for clinical intervention. Aims: This present study was conducted to determine the onset of the various dentition stages among a group of Nigeria children. Materials and method: it was a cross-sectional descriptive study and data were collected over a fourteen-month period among clinically healthy 424 participants comprising of 186 male and 238 females aged 4-15 years and analysed using SPSS statistics 22.0. The mean ages of onset of the various dental stages, the overall dental stages and the dental stages of each jaw were compared according to gender using unpaired t-test. Statistical significance level was set at P0.05. Conclusion: The results shows that female participants attained early mixed dentition, late mixed dentition and adolescent dentition earlier than males. However, males had early attainment of the intermediate mixed dentition. The average age of the fully erupted first and second permanent molars which also tend to have occurred earlier among the females. Therefore, there is the need to individualized staging of the dentition stage to guide the appropriate timing of treatment intervention. Keywords: Dental emergence, Dental eruption, Dentition stage

Aim: The aim of this case series study is to describe where the crowns of the permanent mandibular canines are located in early childhood in relation to the preceding primary canines. Materials and methods: From a sample of 31 orthopantomograms from children, younger than 5 years of age, the location of the mandibular canines was analysed by visual inspection. The radiographs were taken due to different deviations in the dentition and forwarded during a period of 28 years for elucidating different diagnostic questions. From an embryological point of view, the primary canine was considered as a stable structure in the jawbone. A longitudinal axis through the primary canine was named the canine axis. The initial site of the permanent crown was the site, where the permanent lamina "placed" the tooth bud for final development. A normal site was determined when the canine axis passed though the permanent crown and a pathological site was determined when this did not happen. Results: Normal sites for the permanent crowns were observed in 19 cases and abnormal sites in 8 cases. In four cases, the interrelationship between the canine axis and the permanent crown could not be decided. The study demonstrated that the tooth germ for the permanent canine can start initial formation misplaced distally or mesially to the preceding primary tooth. Conclusion: The study demonstrates different malpositions of the initial crowns of the permanent mandibular canines in children younger than 5 years of age. The results are considered of importance for future understanding of the aetiology behind ectopic mandibular canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral health in children plays an important role as it lays down the foundation for healthy permanent teeth. In children, primary teeth play an important role in eating, speech, and facial appearance and also as a perfect space maintainer for permanent teeth. Mother is the first teacher of the child and she is the one who will take care of the child, so knowledge regarding the importance of primary teeth is necessary. Aim: The present study aimed to assess the knowledge of mothers with children aged 1–6 years on primary teeth and their importance. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the mothers of children between 1 and 6 years attending a pediatric hospital in Nellore for 3 months. A prevalidated closed-ended questionnaire consisting of 15 questions on the knowledge and attitude of mothers on primary teeth and the importance of visiting a dentist for regular dental checkup was given, and the responses were collected on the same day. Results: A total of 211 mothers participated in the study and filled the questionnaire, of which 65.4% are of the view that it is important to save an infected primary tooth, and among them, 60.2% agreed for treatment. About 41.7% responded that they visited a pediatrician when pain occurs and 51.7% believed that having too much sweets is the reason for tooth decay. Conclusion: This study concluded that the mothers of preschool children had partial knowledge of primary teeth and there is a need to improve the knowledge of the importance of primary teeth and regular dental checkup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Adequate gingival thickness provides a stable base for appropriate oral hygiene maintenance and mucogingival lesion prevention. The study aim was to assess attached gingiva thickness in relation to its width, probing depth, crowding, and tooth position in the arch during the early transitional dentition phase. Method and materials: A cross-sectional study in 193 children aged 7 years with healthy mucogingival complex was conducted, and PIROP ultrasonic biometer measurement of gingival thickness of mandibular incisors was applied. To compare qualitative variables across different dentition groups, chi-square test or Fisher exact test were used, and for quantitative variables Kruskal-Wallis test plus post-hoc analysis (Dunn test). Spearman correlation coefficient was used to correlate gingival thickness with width of attached gingiva, as well as Kruskal-Wallis test and post-hoc analysis to assess the relationship between gingival thickness and tooth position in the arch, type of incisor, and eruption phase. Results: The mean gingival thickness value was less than 1 mm in all incisor type groups. The thinnest gingiva was noticed at permanent newly erupted incisors (0.72 ± 0.36; P < .001). Thickness of attached gingiva positively correlated with its width and with probing depth (r = 0.164, P < .001). Gingival thickness was significantly thinner at incisors positioned labially. No correlation of attached gingiva thickness with transitional crowding in mandibular incisor segment was observed. Conclusions: The results revealed thin gingiva at mandibular incisors in white children during the early transitional dentition phase. Objective, ultrasound measurements were used for the first time in a pediatric population, and the device was simple and well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Caesarean-section (C-section) may influence children’s long-term health by affecting bacterial colonization. However, few studies have focused on the association between C-section delivery (CSD) and dental caries, and previous conclusions have been conflicting. This study aimed to explore whether CSD would increase the risk of early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool children in China. Methods This study was a retrospective cohort study. Three-year-old children with full primary dentition were included through the medical records system. Children in the nonexposure group were vaginally delivered (VD), while children in the exposure group were delivered through C-section. The outcome was the occurrence of ECC. After agreeing to participate in this study, guardians of included children completed a structured questionnaire on maternal sociodemographic factors, children’s oral hygiene and feeding habits. The chi-square test was used to determine differences in the prevalence and severity of ECC between the CSD and VD groups and to analyse the prevalence of ECC according to sample characteristics. Subsequently, potential risk factors for ECC were preliminarily identified through univariate analysis, and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were further calculated through multiple logistic regression analysis after controlling for confounding factors. Results The VD group included 2115 participants while CSD group included 2996 participants. The prevalence of ECC was higher in CSD children than in VD children (27.6% vs. 20.9%, P

Purpose: The aim of the study was to measure and compare the release of fluoride ions from three bioactive restorative materials used for restorations in primary dentition - conventional GIC Fuji IX GP Extra, compomer Dyract and giomer Beautifil II. Materials and methods: 20 samples with a diameter of 6 mm and a thickness of 2 mm were made from the tested materials. At the beginning of the test, all samples were immersed in 5 ml of deionized water and placed in an incubator for 24 hours at 37°C ± 0.5°C. After 24 hours, the concentration of fluoride ions in the medium was measured with an ion-selective electrode for fluorides connected to an ion meter. During this time, the removed cylindrical samples were washed with fresh deionized water, dried, and transferred to new vials with 5 ml of fresh deionized water. The described procedure was repeated every day for a week and then on the 14th, 21st and 28th days. Results: GIC outperformed compomer and giomer in terms of fluoride ions release for all time intervals with a statistically significant difference. The difference between compomer and giomer was not reliable, but compomer demonstrated higher values ​​for all time intervals. Conclusion: All studied materials released fluoride ions during the entire experimental period, with the highest concentrations being recorded on the first day of the study. GIC outperformed compomer and giomer many times in terms of fluoride release for all time intervals.

Purpose: To examine the relationships between (1) the levels of each temperament traits and the levels of milk-feeding frequency, oral hygiene care and dental caries, and (2) the difference in mean numbers of decayed surfaces among temperament types.Materials and Methods: Four hundred and ninety-three (493) 12-month-old infants were assessed for temperaments and characteristics of child-rearing practices. The data were analysed with their dental caries status at 18 months of age. The chi-squared test, Student's t test, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess the association between temperament traits and the following variables; dental caries, oral cleaning habits and feeding frequency. Logistic regression models were used to identify the effect of temperament traits and other factors on dental caries status.Results: The trait of adaptability was found to associate with feeding frequency at night, while those of activity and approach/withdrawal were significantly associated with regularity of oral cleaning habits by the children's caregiver. Three of the nine temperament traits - biological rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal and mood - were significantly associated with dental caries in bivariate analysis. Biological rhythmicity and approach/withdrawal traits were significantly associated with a higher chance of having caries after adjusting for regularity of oral cleaning habits and frequency of night feeding.Conclusion: Biological rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal and mood traits were related to caries in these young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irreversible pulpitis and pulp necrosis resulting from severe carious lesions or dental trauma, represent the most frequent clinical diagnoses in the indication of pulpectomies. In the realization of this therapy, pediatric rotary systems are gaining more and more acceptance due to the benefits they provide compared to the classic manual files. The present study has dual purpose: to present to the international scientific community the Endo Kids rotary system and to evaluate its effectiveness in the mechanical instrumentation of temporary teeth, based on the presentation of clinical cases and opinions of users on the advantages and disadvantages of this pediatric file system. According to the results obtained, it is concluded that the rotary file system Endo Kids provides effectiveness for mechanical instrumentation in temporary teeth, even in young children, because thanks to its design characteristics and ease of use, they allow pulpectomies to be performed in a single session and without complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die MKG-Chirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ege University School of Dentistry / Ege Üniversitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege University Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Umpteen studies have suggested that breastfeeding can prevent future skeletal and dental malocclusions. However, there is no fair evidence that the duration of breastfeeding affects skeletal or dental malocclusions in pediatric patients. Keeping the facts in mind, the objective of this systematic review was to review available updated articles on the impact of breastfeeding and nonnutritive sucking behaviors in deciduous and mixed dentition on different forms of malocclusions. The electronic databases used PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar to obtain relevant data that met the eligibility criteria. The last 10 years of studies were covered in this narrative review. Out of 254 papers identified, this systematic review focused on 16 articles that met the eligibility criteria. To conclude it has been reviewed that breastfeeding appears to decrease the occurrence of malocclusion in the pediatric population. Furthermore, there appears to be a favorable correlation between the duration of breastfeeding and the reduction in the risk of developing malocclusion. More longitudinal studies are warranted to reduce bias, with data collected prospectively on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and nonnutritive sucking behaviors, using specific survey questions, and subsequent clinical investigation of the occlusal status at the deciduous, mixed, and permanent teeth stages.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an innovative technology widely used in dentistry for manufacturing objects of various shapes using different materials. It has gained increasing popularity in the field of pediatric dentistry, particularly in the production of space maintainers, which serve as a preventive orthodontic treatment following the early loss of primary molars. Aims: In this systematic review, we present a comprehensive overview of the manufacturing process for space maintainers, ranging from traditional procedures to the advancements in 3D printing technology. Materials and Methods: Our review adheres to the PRISMA criteria and includes scientific articles published until 27 May 2023, without any restriction on the publication period and language. To conduct our research, we searched electronic databases, such as Medline, Web of Science, and Embase, using specific keywords and MeSH terms. Results: We identified 9 articles that discussed the CAD/CAM manufacturing and 3D printing of various types of space maintainers. Conclusions: Based on this systematic review, it is evident that 3D-printed space maintainers offer great potential as an alternative to conventionally processed ones, by addressing their limitations. However, further studies are required to evaluate the accuracy, efficacy, and clinical success rates of different 3D printing technologies, materials, and designs for additive manufacturing of space maintainers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caesarean-section (C-section) may influence children's long-term health by affecting bacterial colonization. However, few studies have focused on the association between C-section delivery (CSD) and dental caries, and previous conclusions have been conflicting. This study aimed to explore whether CSD would increase the risk of early childhood caries (ECC) in preschool children in China. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. Three-year-old children with full primary dentition were included through the medical records system. Children in the nonexposure group were vaginally delivered (VD), while children in the exposure group were delivered through C-section. The outcome was the occurrence of ECC. After agreeing to participate in this study, guardians of included children completed a structured questionnaire on maternal sociodemographic factors, children's oral hygiene and feeding habits. The chi-square test was used to determine differences in the prevalence and severity of ECC between the CSD and VD groups and to analyse the prevalence of ECC according to sample characteristics. Subsequently, potential risk factors for ECC were preliminarily identified through univariate analysis, and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were further calculated through multiple logistic regression analysis after controlling for confounding factors. Results: The VD group included 2115 participants while CSD group included 2996 participants. The prevalence of ECC was higher in CSD children than in VD children (27.6% vs. 20.9%, P < 0.05), and the severity of ECC in CSD children was higher (mean number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth, dmft: 2.1 vs. 1.7, P < 0.05). CSD was a risk factor for ECC in 3-year-old children (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.10–2.83). In addition, irregular tooth brushing and always prechewing children's food were risk factors for ECC (P < 0.05). Low maternal educational attainment (high school or below) or socioeconomic status (SES-5) may also increase the prevalence of ECC in preschool children and CSD children (P < 0.05). Conclusions: CSD would increase the risk of ECC in 3-year-old Chinese children. Paediatric dentists should devote more attention to the development of caries in CSD children. Obstetricians should also prevent excessive and unnecessary CSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a four year old Somali girl who presented with traumatic effects of infant oral mutilation on odontogenesis. The girl underwent restoration or extraction of primary teeth affected by caries. Her micro-computed tomography showed shorter root of mandibular canine with mild apical dilaceration, reduced size of primary teeth and reduced crown and root dentin thicknesses. Histology revealed dentinal tubule organization in healthy teeth.

This survey examined the prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors in 3- to 5-year-old children in Huizhou, China. Children were recruited from 21 kindergartens using a multistage sampling method. Two examiners performed oral examinations on the children, assessing occlusal traits, including primary molar and canine relationship, overjet, crossbite, overbite, anterior open bite, scissor bite, midline deviation, crowding, and spacing. Caries experience was recorded. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to collect background information and oral health-related habits. Chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U test, and binary logistic regression were conducted. The study invited 1485 children and eventually recruited 1454 (52.9% boys; response rate: 97.9%). The prevalence of malocclusion was 68.3%, and deep overbite was found in 48.6% of the children. Children who had lip-biting habits had a higher prevalence of deep overbite than those who did not (OR = 2.36, p < 0.05). Children who had digit-sucking habits and dental caries in anterior maxillary teeth had a lower prevalence of deep overbite than those who did not (OR = 0.73 and 0.70, respectively, p < 0.05). In conclusion, over half of the children in Huizhou who participated in the study had malocclusion. Dental caries in anterior maxillary teeth, digit-sucking, and lip-biting were the associated factors of deep overbite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recently, clinical trials have assessed the effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) as an indirect pulp capping material (IPC) in primary teeth. This systematic review aimed to assess the evidence presented in these trials. Data sources: A comprehensive search identified relevant studies through five electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane). Search strategies were designed using the PICO model to identify all studies that investigated SDF as an IPC compared to calcium hydroxide (CaOH) or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Quality assessment and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) were used to assess the level of evidence. Study selection: Four clinical trials were found to be suitable for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis and three studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Three studies compared SDF with CaOH and only one study compared SDF, CaOH, and MTA. Only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) had a low risk of bias, and the non-RCT study had a moderate risk of bias. The level of evidence based on the GRADE was low. Three out of four studies showed higher clinical and radiographic outcomes with SDF than with CaOH. One non-RCT study showed that SDF resulted in the least reparative dentin at the 6-months follow-up. The meta-analysis showed a non-significant difference between the SDF and CaOH groups (P = 0.36). Conclusion: There is little evidence showing a higher clinical and radiographic outcome of SDF compared to CaOH as an IPC material in primary molars. Clinical significance: This systematic review updates pediatric dentists regarding the effectiveness of using SDF as indirect pulp caping in primary teeth.

An observational study was carried out in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia to determine the occurrence of dental anomalies among Arabian children. The study included children of Saudi nationality with primary teeth. The study assessed the prevalence of dental anomalies in their primary dentition. The assessment and data collection were conducted by a single examiner, utilizing clinical examination and intra-oral radiographs. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine dental anomalies in relation to gender (boys and girls) and arch type (maxillary and mandibular). In addition, the study explored the occurrence of gender-specific dental anomalies depending on arch type. The data analysis was conducted using IBM Statistics (version 21.0) with a significance level of p < 0.05. In total, there were 245 children included in the final analysis. The study population consisted of boys (66%) and girls (34%), with an average age of 4.87 ± 0.9 years. Taurodontism was the most prevalent dental abnormality, occurring in 2.8% of the individuals in the study sample. The study sample exhibited hypodontia in 2%, supernumerary teeth in 2.4%, double teeth in 2%, and microdontia in 1.2%. Talon cusp and macrodontia have a relatively low incidence of 0.4%. Boys exhibit supernumerary teeth, microdontia, macrodontia, talon cusp, and taurodontism, whereas hypodontia and double teeth were more frequent in girls.

Regional odontodysplasia (RO) is a rare developmental anomaly affecting the enamel as well as dentin of teeth. The anomaly is more common in females than in males and observed in both dentitions. The maxilla is more commonly affected than the mandible, and the condition is, in most of the cases, limited to a quadrant only. Clinically affected teeth show yellowish-brown discoloration and pitted appearance. On radiograph, the teeth affected by RO look like “ghost teeth” due to reduced thickness of enamel and dentin. In this article, an 8-year-old female patient with clinical and radiographic features of RO was described.

Abstract Background Previous literature shows that children with dental black stain might be less susceptible to dental caries. The aim of this study was to systematically review the available literature to determine whether black stain presence could influence the prevalence or severity of dental caries in primary dentition. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, and Egyptian Universities Libraries Consortium was conducted up to December 2020. Quality assessment was done using a modified version of Down’s and Black checklist. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the association between dental black stain and: (i) Likelihood of developing dental caries/being caries-free (ii) Number of teeth affected by dental caries (iii) Number of tooth surfaces affected. Results The database search yielded 2164 results, 14 of which matched the eligibility criteria. The meta-analysis showed that the likelihood of developing caries (Fixed effect model: OR [95% CI]: 0.67 [0.54; 0.82]; I2=37%; τ2=0.05), number of teeth affected (Random effects model: MD [95% CI]: –0.98 [–1.54; -0.42]; I2=79%; τ2 =0.44), and number of surfaces affected (Random-effects model: MD [95% CI]: –2.34 [–4.23; -0.44]; I2=85%; τ2 =2.93), were all lower in children with black stain. Conclusions It is suggested that dental black stain is associated with lower dental caries experience in children with primary dentition. However, it is questionable whether black stain has a protective effect against dental caries, or whether children at low risk of dental caries are more likely to develop BS because their oral microbiome favors BS-forming organisms.

Abstract Background Despite increasing prevalence, age-specific risk predictive models for erosive tooth wear in preschool-age children have not been developed. Identification of at-risk groups and the timely introduction of behavioural change or treatment will stop the progression of erosive wear in the permanent dentition. This study aimed to identify age-specific risk factors for erosive wear. Distinct risk prediction models for 3-year-old and 5-year-old children were developed. Methods A prospective cohort study included school-based clinical examinations and parent administered questionnaires for consented 3 and 5-year-old healthy children. Calibrated examiners measured the following health parameters under standardised conditions: erosion, using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination Index (BEWE), caries using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), plaque and calculus according to the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry (BASCD) scores, dental traumatic injuries and soft tissue lesions, salivary testing and BMI. Other health conditions were collected via a parent-administered questionnaire that explored oral- and general-health. Non parametric tests were utilised to explore the temporal relation of erosion with, demographic factors, oral hygiene habits, general health and dietary habits. Variables showing significance with a difference in BEWE cumulative score over time were utilised to develop two risk prediction models. The models were evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis. Results Risk factors for the 3-year-old cohort (N = 336) included erosive wear (χ2(1, 92) = 12.829, p

Abstract Background Occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition are crucial in predicting and determining permanent tooth alignment and occlusion. The aim of our study was to determine the occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition of 5-year-old children in Greece through a national pathfinder survey. Methods A stratified cluster sample of 1222 5-year-old children was selected according to the WHO guidelines for national pathfinder surveys. Five occlusal traits were registered clinically in centric occlusion, separately for the left and right sides: sagittal relationships of the second primary molars and primary canines, overjet, overbite, crossbite, and maxillary and mandibular spacing. Results Most children showed a flush terminal plane of primary second molars (44.8%), a class I primary canine relationship (52.2%) and normal overjet (46.4%), but a high prevalence of Class II canine relationship (25.6%) and overjet (37.8%) were also observed. A normal overbite was found in 40% of the children and 40% had a deep overbite. Spacing was apparent in both maxilla (71.1% of children) and mandible (56.4%). The prevalence of open bite and distal step molar relationship significantly rose in children with non-nutritive sucking habits. Conclusions Νon-nutritive habits were associated to altered occlusal features. No sex significant differences were found in either the sagittal relationships of second primary molars and primary canines, or overjet, overbite, crossbite and spacing.

Objective: To evaluate the dental caries status and its association with tooth brushing frequency and previous dental visits among Arabian children. Methods: Arabian school children attend a specialty pediatric dental clinic at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. Only children of Saudi origin with primary dentition were included in the study, and only one examiner was involved in the assessment and data collection. The parents of children completed a questionnaire to investigate possible explanatory variables for caries status, including tooth brushing frequency and previous dental visits. Dental caries were diagnosed according to the criteria recommended by the World Health Organization (2013). The comparison performed was based on sex, age, tooth brushing frequency, and previous dental visits. The descriptive statistics were carried out using SPSS (version 21.0) with a p-value of <0.05 significance. Results: The study involved 268 Saudi children with a mean age of 4.6 ± 1.1 years. The caries prevalence was 78.8%, and the mean dmft was 5.82 ± 4.48, while the overall mean scores for decayed, missing, and filled were 3.903 ± 3.69, 1.18 ± 1.69, and 0.73 ± 1.35, respectively. The mean dmft scores for the <3 years, 3.1–6 years, and >6 years old children were found to be 1.74, 6.58, and 4.58, respectively. Among the children, the females reported higher dmf scores (7.51 ± 4.18) compared to males (4.97 ± 4.39) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Fifty percent of the children had tooth brushing habits of once daily, followed by never (22.4%), twice daily (15.7%), and rarely (11.2%) brushed their teeth. Statistically significant correlations were found between the children's dental caries status, age, and dental visits, while sex and tooth brushing did not find a correlation. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries among Arabian preschool children was higher. Mandibular second molars were commonly affected by dental caries, while mandibular central incisors were less frequently affected. The child's age and frequency of dental checkups were positively related to the prevalence of dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scissor bites have been reported in relatively few epidemiological studies because of their extremely low prevalence rate (below 1%). The etiology of scissor bites remains obscure, but its impact on growth and function should not be ignored. Methods: In this case report, a novel treatment that utilizes Invisalign aligners was performed on a 3-year-old child who presented with a bilateral posterior scissor bite and anterior crossbite, accompanied by multisite obstruction in the upper airway. The aligners functioned as occlusion pads to unlock the scissor bite relationship and combined with cross-traction to narrow the maxillary arch and enlarge the mandibular arch simultaneously. Results: The duration of orthodontic therapy was 28 weeks. A multidisciplinary consultation (orthodontics department, ENT department, and spinal surgery) was conducted and a stable result was achieved. A healthy occlusal relationship, improved dental esthetics and a better lateral profile were eventually obtained. Conclusions: Positive treatment outcomes rely on patients' good compliance in this case. In addition, we hope that clinicians will consider our situation in terms of alternative treatments and interprofessional experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp treatment in primary dentition is generally divided into vital and non-vital pulp therapies and assists in the preservation of pulpally involved primary teeth in the dental arch until the affected tooth naturally exfoliates. The success of pulp therapies depends on several factors; e.g. proper case selection, accurate diagnosis and good coronal seal. To date, studies on the success and failure rates of pulp treatments are based on clinical signs and symptoms, radiographic findings and histological analysis. However, the clinical and radiographic evidence may not completely portray the true status of the dental pulp. Histological evidence remains the gold standard in the assessment of pulp condition, whether it is in a healthy or adverse state. The aims of the current research were to summarise the treatment outcomes of pulp therapy in primary dentition based on clinical, radiographic and histological criteria, and to support its relevance in the presence of limited histological evidence to measure authentic treatment success. An electronic database search of dental literature from 1990 to 2022 was carried out using the MEDLINE, i.e. PubMed, database. Current dental literature showed that the success rates of primary tooth pulp therapy are high. The obtained results were based largely on clinical and radiographic studies with narrow histological investigations to assess the treatment outcome(s) of pulp therapy in primary dentition. Despite the scarcity of histological evidence, pulp therapies in primary teeth are still practical due to their statistically empirical success compared to their failure. Consequently, pulp therapy of primary dentition is still relevant, and should continue to be indicated as an important treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Primary dentition takes the most important role in the development of permanent dentition. Primary second molars determine the eruption and position of permanent first molars. Early diagnosis and treatment could prevent the establishment of occlusal anomalies and deformities, therefore this study aimed to collect data about the prevalence of malocclusions based on the deciduous second molar terminal planes among the Tbilisi preschoolers. Methods. A total of 396 children aged 3-6 years, with an equal number of male and female subjects, were examined in kindergartens drawn from ten districts of Tbilisi, using the PPS (probability proportional to size) method. The relationship between distal surfaces of primary second molars was evaluated and recorded according to Baume’s classification. The significance level is 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results. Out of investigated preschoolers, 52.7% showed the flush terminal plane, followed by the distal step in 21.2% and mesial step in 26.1% of cases. There were no significant differences in genders. The most prevalent relationship between deciduous second molars was the flush terminal plane, with equal distribution in all age groups. The frequency of distal step decreased with age, more frequently recorded in the 3 to 4 year age group. The mesial step was mostly recorded in 3-4 and 5-6 year groups. Conclusion. The flush terminal plane is the most frequent molar relationship, followed by mesial and distal step. Prevalence of distal mesial step significantly decreased with age, while mesial step relationship showed the tendency to increase. The flush terminal plane showed little change with age.