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This article delves into the complexities of the U.S.'s treatment of enemy aliens during World War I, particularly illuminating the experiences of the Slovenian-American immigrant ethnic community, following the declaration of war on Austro-Hungary. It presents instances of repression, violence and internment suffered by members of the Slovenian-American community and other immigrant ethnic communities originating from Austria-Hungary, while also highlighting examples of their resilience and defiance. The study is firmly grounded in the archives of the Slovenian-American fraternal benefit society the Slovene National Benefit Society (SNPJ), and the Yugoslav Socialist Alliance (JSZ), housed at the Immigration History Research Center Archives in Minneapolis, Minnesota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The governments of the newly formed and expanded states of Habsburg Central Europe began remaking society in formerly imperial spaces following Austria-Hungary's defeat in 1918. Austria-Hungary's demise as a geopolitical unit did not mean the disappearance of its administrative and juridical apparatus, some of which functioned well into the interwar era. Because bureaucratic transition did not necessarily parallel political transition, there was often no immediate, dramatic change in the regulation of prostitution--or the treatment of prostitutes and women assumed to be prostitutes--in these states. Some officials/police maintained that prostitution was a "necessary evil," and sought its continued regulation, while others sought its abolition. This article analyzes continuity and change in the treatment of prostitutes in prewar/wartime Cisleithanian Austria and postwar Venezia Giulia and Slovenia. Neighboring provinces under the Habsburg Monarchy, Italy occupied the former in late 1918, while the latter became part of Yugoslavia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Woman without a Shadow is both the title of an opera resulting from the collaboration between Hugo von Hofmannsthal and the composer Richard Strauss in the three years immediately preceding the outbreak of the First World War, and that of a fairy tale in which the writer, from 1912 to 1919, reworked the subject of the libretto. With a specific focus on the second version, this essay sets out to describe how, beyond the complex symbolism of the formal structure (which initially makes one think of an artistic product finely crafted, but completely unrelated to historical reality), Hofmannsthal's fairy tale is actually intimately connected to the cultural and 'social' project developed by the author during the years of the First World War. It was this project that gave rise to the veritable 'mythology of the social' that lies at the heart of this fairy tale, in which Hofmannsthal revisits the very cornerstones of Romantic aesthetics and gives them a modern twist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esiste una letteratura che, in periodo di guerra, pone esplicitamente a tema la problematica della perdita d’identità. Ne esiste un’altra, di più intima estrazione, che solo in filigrana dimostra d’aver colto la sfida imposta dal senso imperante di smarrimento. Guardando in fino al passaggio tra le prime due opere poetiche di Ungaretti — L’Allegria e Sentimento del tempo — è possibile intendere l’evoluzione del lessico, del metro e del concetto di tempo come lo svolgimento di un vero e proprio ufficio civile, atto ad esorcizzare col canto la palpabile onnipresenza della morte. Se l’Italia tutta chiede all’Ungaretti del Carso di trovare un barlume d’amore in una natura dilaniata, essa chiede all’Ungaretti del dopoguerra uno strumento per respingere la morte in un’atmosfera di ritrovato amore. Il poeta, a guisa dello stregone del magismo lucano descritto anni dopo da Ernesto De Martino, percuote il tamburo del metro, allontana il pericolo, e si pone propriamente al servizio di un’identità in ricostruzione.

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Alice Schalek (1874-1956) is known predominantly as an Austrian war correspondent and one of the first women to practise this profession. Her life and work before and especially after World War I remain fairly unknown, as if the two years on the front were more defining for her than the other eight decades of her life. The article focuses on her intellectual labour and follows her ideological and intellectual development from being an integral part of fin de siècle Viennese artistic society throughout the ideologically fluid 1920s and communist experiments in the 1930s to becoming a tired old woman in American exile. It also presents the ways in which her gender was an obstacle in practicing intellectual work, especially during World War I. No serious attempts to analyse her post-war writings have been made thus far; this article is, at least in part, an attempt to fill in this gap. The article focuses particularly on the division between intellectual labour and the status of an intellectual. Alice Schalek performed intellectual labour; however, she was not recognised as an intellectual. In the conclusion, the article seeks to find the reasons why. Historiography and sociology gave us some answers to the question of who is an intellectual; however, they seem to be applicable mostly to men and their position in society. The case of Alice Schalek also serves as an example of questioning the prevailing qualities of the concept of an intellectual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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L'articolo ripercorre le tappe più significative della vita e dell'opera di Leda Rafanelli, attivista e scrittrice di grande originalità, oggi purtroppo quasi dimenticata a fronte dell'importanza del suo impego politico ed editoriale, e dell'interesse delle sue opere che si distinguono per i temi dell'anticolonialismo, dell'anarchia, della questione femminile, della rivalutazione delle religione e della cultura islamiche, dell'esotismo e dello spiritulismo. Una figura la sua "diversa" ma non marginale nel panorama letterario italiano del Novecento.

SOMMARIO La scuola, anche dal punto di vista architettonico e dell’arredo scolastico, è senza dubbio un prodotto culturale tipico di ogni epoca storica. Durante il fascismo, essa ha svolto il compito di formare il cittadino-soldato, amante della patria e obbediente ai voleri del duce. Servendosi in maniera massiccia dell’arte e della bellezza, la scuola ha assunto un compito centrale nello Stato fascista, venendo incaricata della trasmissione di un’identità nazionale basata sul culto di coloro che erano morti per la costruzione dell’Italia unita. L’arte, in tutte le sue forme, ma specialmente quelle architettoniche e plastiche, è stata per questo abilmente utilizzata nel ventennio fascista come strumento di trasmissione di una pedagogia della morte e della guerra, considerata come imprescindibile per l’“italiano nuovo”. Il saggio indaga i meccanismi con cui l’estetica totalitaria fascista è stata applicata nelle scuole di Torino negli anni del primo dopoguerra, ricoprendo una parte imprescindibile - seppur insospettabile per molti - nella costruzione del consenso.

The aim of this paper is to present the life of Hungarian prisoners of war in the internment camps of L’Aquila, a city situated in the central part of Italy, during and after the Great War. The POWs were first detained in the caserma Castello (Castle barracks), which is a 16th-century fortress where units of the Italian Army were stationing as well at that time. This made it possible for the POWs to lead a relatively idyllic life, whose various aspects are examined in the paper, such as nutrition, accommodation, clothing, correspondence, religious life, daily routine and employment. The sources used include archival documents, two memoirs of ex-POWs and newspaper articles. The comfortable life of the POWs was dimmed by the lack of their families and the Homeland, the idleness and certain infectious diseases. From the summer of 1916, the prisoners were employed in agricultural and industrial works outside the prison camp and were hence transferred from the fortress to barracks and unused churches. It is unknown when the last Hungarian POW left L’Aquila, and yet one of them is proven to have been there still in July 1919.

In my essay, I examine Mario Monicelli’s La Grande Guerra, in order to verify if its comic and anti-heroic perspective really leads to a new concept of WWI. I first retrace the director’s previous filmography, where the characters, genres and patterns which will recur in La Grande Guerra originally take shape. I then reconstruct the movie’s genesis, focusing on the sources the screenwriters refer to: not only WWI movies and memories, such as Kubrick’s Paths of Glory and Lussu’s Un anno sull’Altipiano, but also, quite unexpectedly, La vita militare by De Amicis. On this basis, I analyse the representation of the war, in its figurative and narrative elements. In many senses, it’s a war seen from the ground, and indeed the scenography and script take inspiration from the soldiers’ pictures of the front and their military songs. In this realistic context, Monicelli develops the plot of two cowardly privates, from a poor, undisciplined background, who ultimately identify with their nation enough to sacrifice themselves for their compatriots. The purpose of highlighting the unacknowledged war contribution of the mass, however, is somehow contradicted by the army’s image. The comic and anti-heroic aspects, indeed, concern only the low-ranked soldiers, while the Command is represented in a sentimental way. In this respect, Monicelli confirms a rhetoric coming from De Amicis, and later inherited by Fascism: the army as an image of a model society, where North and South, rich and poor, educated and illiterate unite, and where everyone deserves his hierarchical rank.

Lo studio analizza l'enciclica di Benedetto XV dedicata a Dante dal titolo In Praeclara Summorum. Il testo papale, scritto nel 1921 in occasione del sesto centenario della morte del Poeta, eleva Dante, nell'Europa devastata del primo dopoguerra, a guida morale, sociale e politica dei popoli straziati dalla follia bellica. Il mio obiettivo è quello di capire le profonde ragioni che spinsero papa Benedetto XV a trasformare l'Alighieri in mistagogo e teorico politico per l'uomo contemporaneo, col potere di rigenerare spiritualmente soprattutto i giovani e giovanissimi dell'Europa uscita dalla Prima guerra mondiale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work tries to analyze some aspects of the life of Clara Zetkin (1857-1933). The German feminist and socialist militant, at the beginning of World War І, took a different position from the majority of her party, the Spd, since she strongly condemned the war and the nationalist values that led the European people to fight each other in this enormous conflict. After the conflict, until her death, Clara Zetkin fought mainly against fascism and national socialism. In opposition to Nazism, she proposed the soviet system, as the one which would free masses from the danger of such violence and oppression. The last part of this work will deal with some aspects of the reception Clara Zetkin had among scholars and feminist movements in the Western culture.

The paper focuses on the stereotype of the delinquent soldier and his internment in asylums at the beginning of the twentieth century. In particular, it focuses on the figure of simulator. Moreover it deals with the history of mental disorder treatment policies – real or alleged – and control strategies of anormality in soldiers before the Great War. It also tries to relate the forms of discipline represented by asylum, the behavior and the knowledge of doctors of the time with some social practices and cultures spread among the soldiers. This research in particular considers the case of a soldier interned in the asylum of Racconigi, in the province of Cuneo, in 1913.

Giulio Camber Barni fu autore di sole due raccolte poetiche, di cui la prima, La Buffa (soprannome della Fanteria), è la più importante. Le sue poesie costituiscono un documento esemplare e una testimonianza di altissimo valore di come un ufficiale italiano irredentista, nato a Trieste (1891), militare nell’esercito italiano, ha condiviso coi suoi soldati la terribile esperienza della vita in trincea, coi suoi dolori, le paure, le speranze, le prove di coraggio, il rischio di morire, le brevi pause di serenità e comunanza affettuosa.

This article traces the evolution of the representation of war landscapes in Futurist aesthetics in the 1910s, with a particular focus on Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's writings. Throughout this decade, the representation of war landscapes changed in form and content, conveying different sets of meanings which reflected the increasing politicisation of the movement from 1918 onwards. After a theoretical section on the Futurist landscape, this article examines three specific works by Marinetti that exemplify the three stages of its evolution. In La battaglia di Tripoli (1912), the landscape is only a static background to be lyrically described, whereas in 'Battaglia a 9 piani' (1916) it is instead a participant in the Futurist war. Finally, in L'alcòva d'acciaio (1921), the Italian war landscape becomes the symbol of the entire country, to be actively modified by the Futurists, a change that signalled the political appropriation of Italy by Marinetti's movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in the most parts of Europe, Spanish flu with its mortality appeared in the south of the Magraviate of Istria in September of 1918, having the peak of the second wave in October and waning at the end of the December of 1918. The objective of this paper was to explore whether patients of Provincial hospital of Pula, were hospitalised and diagnosed with both Spanish flu and any mental illness, simultaneously or consequently. Hospital registers for the period 1918-1920 reveal no such cases. Lower relevance of mental disorders, administrative omission in diagnoses recording, higher level of diagnostical threshold for mental disorders, and somatisation of mental disorders could explain the lack of connectedness between the two types of illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish influenza pandemic that affected global population in 1918-20 is considered as one of the most lethal ones in human history. According to recent estimates, 500 million people had been infected while 50 to 100 million died. Within Austria-Hungary, the second wave of the pandemic in autumn of 1918 spread to Slovenian population as well. The research - based on death register analyses, newspaper articles, minutes of the municipal council meetings, as well as memoires and diaries from the time of WWI - relates to the city of Ljubljana. The death register analysis results for 11 city and surrounding parishes and those for the provincial hospital demonstrate that 414 people died in the city itself and its suburbs. The fatalities in the city started emerging in the second half of September 1918 and culminated in October of that year. Most of the deceased were young adults and children, more women than men, predominantly single persons (as regards the marital status) and children. Indirect sources revealed that school children were affected in great numbers, which caused mass school absenteeism during the epidemic. The latter also prompted the only public health measure by the authorities, i.e. the closure of schools for a month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a case study on influenza epidemic in Koper (Capodistria) between the autumn of 1918 and the spring of 1919. The epidemic outbreak is placed within the context of a long-lasting indigence, malnutrition (protein low and deficient food) and poverty, which was a direct consequence of the war and which strongly affected the immunity of the population in the region, with Trieste and smaller Istrian coastal towns included. Besides, chaotic political situation (war ending, changing of authorities and establishing provisional administrative structures after the end of the Austrian rule and before the final reestablishment of Italian authority in the Julian March) was not in favour of the hard situation and led to disorganized confrontation with health issues, absence of physicians and medicine shortage s. The paper tries to reconstruct the epidemic situation through scarce quantitative data (parish registers) and narrative sources (newspapers, memoirs, school chronicles etc.). Methodological obstacles in evidencing the appearance of this disease, are especially regarding inconsequent and non-uniform recording of the cause of death in the parish registers, lack of morbidity data due to non-obligatory announcing of influenza cases, prevalence of political topics but also the censorship, to which the daily (and other) press of the time was subjected. Despite these limitations, the paper tries to contribute, at least in part, to the deficient knowledge about the living conditions and social circumstances of the civilian population within the Julian March at the very end of the World War I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article brings the results of a comparative study on the death toll of the Spanish influenza pandemic between September 1918 and April 1919. The study is based on the data of parish death registers. The analysis of the social aspect of the pandemic employed the classification of historical occupations (HISCO) and historical social classification (HISCLASS) schemes, developed by the International institute of social history in Amsterdam. After brief introduction of the two mentioned schemes the article continues with a discussion of the obtained r esults. The results display a good amount of conformance across the four locations under study as far as age specific mortality is concerned. The highest death toll shares have been observed among the populations of children and adults between 20 and 40 years of age. As far as social status is concerned, we were able to compare only three of the four locations, due to constraints of non-existing data. Blue-collar occupations have been more severely impacted as white collar occupations. Among blue-collar occupations a fair amount of variation across the three locations has been observed. The most noticeable in this regard has been the high portion of peasants in Koper in comparison to Ljubljana and Pula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’articolo si propone di indagare il funzionamento della censura postale e dei tribunali militari durante la Grande Guerra attraverso il rapporto epistolare intercorso fra i sospettati di diserzione e i propri familiari, con particolare attenzione alle testimonianze del fondo del Tribunale Supremo Militare conservato presso l’Archivio Centrale dello Stato a Roma. Dopo una prima ricostruzione del funzionamento della censura postale militare in Italia durante gli anni del primo conflitto mondiale, viene dato risalto al dibattito storiografico circa l’uso delle lettere come fontI per la storia. Al rapporto tra censura postale e giustizia militare viene dedicata l’ultima parte dell’articolo, con particolare rilievo al caso degli accusati di diserzione. In questa sede, vengono resi noti tre testi, sinora inediti, conservati nel fondo del Tribunale Supremo Militare. Si tratta di una lettera e due cartoline, tutte spedite tra il giugno e l’agosto del 1916 da o per la Sicilia. Si è scelto di circoscrivere l’attenzione al territorio siciliano in quanto la regione, ai margini del regno d’Italia e lontana dalla linea del fuoco, è al momento al centro degli interessi di ricerca dell’autore, sulla scia di un recente filone di studi riguardante la partecipazione dell’isola alla Grande Guerra. Dal punto di vista storiografico, si tratta di fonti estremamente interessanti poiché, da una parte, testimoniano il modo di operare e le scelte della censura militare, dall'altra, ci raccontano quali fossero le emozioni, i sentimenti e la posta in gioco per i militari e le loro famiglie nel caso in cui si passasse dall'altro lato del campo come prigionieri e si fosse per questo accusati di diserzione.

Durante la prima Guerra Mondiale, diversi settori della società civile italiana furono posti sotto il controllo dell’autorità militare. Il settore produttivo fu quello che più di altri fu sottoposto ad un vero e proprio inquadramento militare, sia a livello disciplinare sia giuridico. In questo processo furono coinvolte tutte le zone di guerra, inclusi i territori che comprendevano attività necessarie allo sforzo bellico. Fu questo il caso di Torino che fu proclamata zona di guerra nel 1915. Il mio contributo mira a studiare quali siano state le ricadute dell’applicazione del nuovo ordinamento militare anche ai civili e le limitazioni alle libertà personali che questo cambiamento impose.

The German occupations of Riga and the West Estonian Archipelago were a complete success in strategic, tactical and operational terms, especially considering that German strategists had had negligible experience in amphibious operations. In this sense, also the fact that both operations were planned only a few weeks before their successful implementations is commendable. Operation Albion proved to be the most successful amphibious operation of World War I. With minimal casualties and material losses, the German Armed Forces were able to neutralize the Russian defence and occupy all the major islands of the West Estonian Archipelago. The special infantry units - the stormtroopers, also made use of bicycles, thus showing a sense for improvisation. The mouth of the Gulf of Riga no longer protected the Russian capital from a possible German attack, which was a major psychological victory, as the Provisional Russian Government soon proclaimed that they would move the capital from Petrograd to Moscow. What is more, the Germans were now able to transport ore from Sweden to their homeland. The German Armed Forces succeeded in integrating different combat arms to achieve mutual goals, thus establishing a unified approach to battle. At one point, more than twenty thousand German troops, 10 dreadnoughts and 350 other vessels, half a dozen zeppelins and eighty aircraft were in motion. In terms of the number of vessels involved, Operation Albion went beyond the numbers that met at the Battle of Jutland. In his excellent study of the Imperial German Navy during the First World War, Holger Herwig notes that German strategists sent too big of a force into battle. Richard L. DiNardo opposes this observation; he believes that the reason for this was the lack of inexperience of the German Armed Forces in a combined arms operation. In a war characterized by excesses, the decision of the German military to send an "overkill" force, is, thus, understandable. The closing German operations on the north-eastern front of World War I were closely monitored by the German press, reporting, understandably, almost exclusively on successes. The strategic goal of the German Supreme Army Command - the disruption or complete incapacitation of the Russian Armed Forces to continue the war had been achieved. The new defeat pushed the Russian Republic, suffering from internal unrest and the consequences of war, further into the embrace of the October Revolution. Following the collapse of the Provisional Government, the new Bolshevik establishment tried to reach peace with the German Empire in the Brest-Litovsk negotiations, but the path to peace w as anything but easy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The 600,000 Italians detained during the First World War produced a great variety of texts (letters, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies and recipe books) that historiography has not yet studied with sufficient depth and rigour. Starting with a psychological portrait of prisoners' conditions in the concentration camp, the present paper aims to provide an organic review of these written testimonies, analysing in detail their morphology, contents and genetic context. The essay also describes the advancement of studies and goes into the main methodological issues, using mostly unpublished material from the Ligurian Archives of Popular Writing of Genoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Storia Urbana is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Storia Urbana is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses, within the context of the centenary of the First World War, the events organised in Jordan to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Great Arab Revolt of 1916. The various popularising works of history which were assembled by the National Commission for the Celebrations are described, with particular attention paid to the narrative of the Revolt and to the description of its chief protagonists. The narrative elaborated by the Commission is compared to that found in certain works by Arab and Western historians, from which a differing degree of attention to sources in Arabic emerges. Finally, the article discusses popularising works on the Revolt produced in the Arab and Western world, such as films, exhibitions and school text books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centenary of the Italian defeat at Caporetto has been, within the Italian Centenary of the First World War, an important event. Official commemorations, speeches by the President of the Republic, cinema, theater, daily press, specialized press in history have spoken about it. Many books have been published, mostly written by non-professionals. Also scholars have contributed to the centenary of Caporetto, with scholarly conferences and researched monographs. The article aims at understanding what impact all this has had in the public sphere and if, in the framework of the Centenary, the historical interpretation emerged in the fiftieth anniversary and then codified in scholarly monographs has been questioned, at the level of the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approdato a Milano dalla natia Cento ed entrato in contatto con il nascente gruppo dei Futuristi, Aroldo Bonzagni (Cento, 1887 – Milano, 1918) ebbe una parabola artistica di circa un decennio in cui maturò un linguaggio realista-espressionista. Alla pittura e al disegno affiancò la caricatura, l'illustrazione e la cartellonistica. E fu soprattutto in quest’ultima che si manifestò il suo sentimento politico, rafforzato dalla presentazione delle opere in alcune vetrine di via Dante e dal frequente intervento della censura. Molti dei suoi cartelloni satirici furono infatti dedicati alla cronaca (Gli sfratti in Via Palestrina, 1909) e alla politica italiana interna ed estera, dalla guerra di Libia alle rivendicazioni delle suffragette, fino alla campagna interventista agli inizi del primo conflitto mondiale. Tuttavia una lettura politica affiora anche in altri suoi temi: il lavoro e l’industria nella metropoli in crescita, gli appuntamenti mondani della borghesia milanese e le vedute popolari della periferia, teatro della vita di poveri ed emarginati (Rifiuti della società, 1918).

On the night of 20 May 2012, the Emilia provinces were hit by a strong earthquake. At the center of this area is the Municipality of Cento, which was one of the areas most affected by the tragic event. In addition to damage to roads, houses, offices and other structures, the library, the Borgatti Theater, the Vitali Gipsoteca, the famous Civic Picture Gallery dedicated to Guercino and the Gallery of Modern Art were also seriously damaged. The Gallery, after careful restoration work, was reopened with a major exhibition dedicated to the painter Aroldo Bonzagni (1887-1918) with a focus on his activity during the First World War. This exhibition was an opportunity to think of a new and more modern set-up and, at the same time, a reorganization of museum services.

Il saggio verte su alcuni aspetti dei fenomeni immigratori che si collegano alla genesi e alla tenuta dei sensi di appartenenza etnica e nazionale. Accanto alla progressiva rimozione dei vecchi meccanismi di acculturazione linguistica, che scalzano, ove posseduto in partenza, l’italiano procurando la sua sostituzione progressiva –e in parte fisiologica– con il castigliano si assiste in America, per integrazione, anche al declino dell’“italianità politica”. Un momento di svolta prima del definitivo affermarsi di tale processo di “argentinizzazione” fu rappresentato però dalla congiuntura della grande guerra. Il suo deflagrare, infatti, coincise con il momento di massima espansione (non solo a Buenos Aires) della presenza immigratoria straniera e di quella italiana in particolare. Diversamente da quanto succederà più tardi con il secondo conflitto mondiale, dopo quasi vent’anni però di declino o di arresto dei flussi in entrata, tra il 1914 e il 1918 si poté assistere infatti a una concreta forma di doppio patriottismo o di duplice lealtà politico-istituzionale da parte dei gruppi etnici immigratori all’interno dei quali si generarono scelte come la decisione presa da molti dei loro componenti di arruolarsi sotto le bandiere delle “antiche patrie” per raggiungere i campi di battaglia europei.