Search

OxFA-processing of inedible cellulose is considered as a perspective way for the production of biogenic formic acid (FA) which appeared to be a promising source for sustainable energy. In our work, the one-pot hydrolysis-oxidation of cellulose to FA was studied in the presence of the micellar acidic catalysts based on Mo–V–P heteropoly acids [Cn-MIM]y/H3+x-yPMo12-xVx (n = 6, 10 and 16; x = 1, 2 and 4; y = 2–6). The influence of amount of V, substitution of H+ by [Cn-MIM] and the length of alkyl group Cn of the cation was revealed. The optimization of the reaction conditions was also performed. To our knowledge, heterogeneous catalysts of such a composition were applied in cellulose hydrolysis-oxidation to FA for the first time. In the presence of C10-MIM/HPMo11V catalyst, the optimal reaction conditions were determined: 10 g/L of cellulose, 1.25–10 g/L of catalyst, 5 MPa of gas mixture (O2/N2 - 20/80 vol/vol) and 170–180 °C. Decreasing the alkyl group length of Cn-MIM+ cation or V content into framework of heteropoly anion were revealed to rise up the yield of the target product. These correlations were caused by the following factors. First, the decreasing acidity of micellar catalysts. Senond, the change in distribution of electron density in heteropoly anion due to the interaction between hydrogen atoms of alkyl group of Cn-MIM cation and oxygen atom of heteropoly anion. Third, blocking of V active sites for reagents. Influence of acidity on catalytic properties of micellar catalysts was also revealed in the course of screening samples with the different degree of protons substitution by C16-MIM+. The reaction rate was demonstrated to rise with increasing degree of protons substitution by C16-MIM + cation in C16-MIM/HyPMo11V and C16-MIM/HyPMo8V4 samples. The yield of FA up to 45 mol% can be reached over micellar HPA catalysts studied.

The origin and development of engineering pedagogy in Russia and in the foreign countries are analyzed. The principal role of professor Adolf Melezinek in the creation of the International society for the engineering pedagogy (IGIP) is discussed. Не is the founder of this society, and it is due to his efforts the prerequisites for the professional-pedagogical training of technical disciplines teachers’ were created. Thus engineering pedagogy has gained the scientific fundamentals, and that makes it an important factor for the training of competitive engineers.

Ionic liquids (ILs) form a variety of nanostructures due to their amphiphilic nature. Recently, unusual structural phenomena have been found in glassy ILs near their glass transition temperatures; however, in all studied cases, IL cations and anions were in the form of separate moieties. In this work, we investigate for the first time such structural anomalies in zwitterionic IL glasses (ZILs), where the cation and anion are bound in a single molecule. Such binding reasonably restricts mutual diffusion of cations and anions, leading to modification of nano-ordering and character of structural anomalies in these glassy nanomaterials, as has been investigated using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In particular, the occurrence of structural anomalies in ZIL glasses was revealed, and their characteristic temperatures were found to be higher compared to common ILs of a similar structure. Altogether, this work broadens the scope of structural anomalies in ionic liquid glasses and indicates new routes to tune their properties.

The share of forest resources of the Far East accounts for 43 % of the forest area and 33 % of the timber reserves of the Russian Federation. In general, the Far East federal district has the largest forest resources among regions of Russia, while the Far East forests are an important factor in the ecological sustainability of the territory. A significant part of forest complex of the Far East federal district has been developed and transformed. Forests are mainly represented by conifer tree species, the share of clear cuts in the region is relatively small, 45 % of forest fund lands are classified as exploitable, and the allowable cut by regions is developed to 56 %. The dynamics of timber harvesting has a steady downward trend (compared to 2015 in 2019 decrease in volumes is 359.3 thousand m3), care felling is 6 % of the total share of actually harvested marketable timber. The areas of untimely inventory (forest planning) of forest lands exceed 75 %, while the wooded area of the territory is 60.5 % as a whole. The main threat to the preservation of forest fund of the Far East federal district is represented by fires (they tend to grow annually in number and area), clearcutting, which are carried out in most regions in the forests, where they are impractical, and illegal logging (annual damage is estimated at hundreds of millions of rubles, and the share of persons brought to criminal responsibility in relation to the number of initiated criminal cases does not exceed 31 %). Subjects reports on the volumes of reforestation mainly due to natural reforestation, with an insignificant share of agrotechnical maintenance. Article attempts to analyze the data of official statistics (Execution..., 2020), in order to identify the characteristic contemporary trends in the development of the situation in the state of the forest fund of the Far East.

Analysis of measures for preventing the delivery and spreading of «atypical pneumonia» in Krasnoyarsk region is presented. Effect of counteracting with this infectious disease of the executive authority organs, State Surveillance service, public health and other interested institutions is emphasized. Further preventing measures against «atypical pneumonia» are determined.

Identification of anthocyanidins was carried out in five samples of anthocyanins obtained under different extraction conditions. It has been shown that anthocyanins are most fully extracted from black currant by an aqueous solution at temperatures of 70°С for 30 minutes and 100°C for 5 minutes, treatment in an ultrasonic bath for 30 minutes and in an ultrasonic homogenizer for 15 minutes. Eight anthocyanidins were identified in the samples of anthocyanins isolated by various methods. The most common were five anthocyanidins - these are cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, petunidine-3-rutinoside. They were identified in all samples of anthocyanins. The proportion of the presence of one or another anthocyanidin in the studied samples depended on the method of isolation of anthocyanins. A more complete release of anthocyanidins is facilitated by the extraction of anthocyanins from blackcurrant berries at temperatures of 70°С for 30 minutes and 100°C for 5 minutes and extraction in an ultrasonic homogenizer at 25°C for 15 minutes. Under these conditions, all eight anthocyanidins are released. Based on this, a technology of the production of anthocyanin dye from berry raw materials was proposed. Developed colorant is a red liquid with a pronounced smell of black currant and a sour taste. Anthocyanin dye has an active acidity (pH) of 3.0, contains 2.99 mg/cm3 of anthocyanins in its composition and has antiradical activity.