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Shorea leprosula Miq. and Shorea selanica (Lam.) Blume are fast growing plant and they can be used as a rehabilitation plant. Plant adaptability can be seen from the growth in diameter. Furthermore, rehabilitation plants have the potential to store carbon stocks which can support Indonesia's Forestry And Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 program. This study aims to analyze diameter growth and estimate carbon stocks stored in 8-year-old S. leprosula and S. selanica species in unproductive forest area KHDTK Haurbentes, Bogor. Furthermore, the data collection of diameter was conducted by census while carbon stock estimation used allometric equations. The diameter distribution of S. leprosula and S. selanica was normally distributed. The normal diameter distribution is defined as the highest number of frequencies around the mean value. The results of the normality test of S. leprosula and S. selanica have normal diameter distribution data which indicate that these species have good adaptability in unproductive forest areas. Moreover, the incremental growth of S. leprosula diameter is 1.38 cm while the diameter increment of S. selanica is 1.19 cm. The carbon stock of S. leprosula is 4.72 tons/ha while S. selanica is 8.32 tons/ha. S. leprosula and S. selanica have good adaptability. Thus, they can be used as plants to rehabilitate unproductive forests and store potential carbon stocks.

Shorea leprosula is one of the tree species within Dipterocarpaceae family which is a major source for timber production. The species has been planted massively in Gunung Dahu Research Forest (GDRF) in Leuwiliang- Bogor. Gunung Dahu Research Forest is a man-made dipterocarp forest which has varying slope class, topoghraphy and canopy cover. Furthermore, Natural regeneration is an important ecological factor in assessing the ability of forest regeneration, including in a plantation forest. Therefore, it is necessary to know the effect of slope and canopy cover on the regeneration of S. leprosula in order to characterize what factors support and constraint the naturally regenerating forest of Gunung Dahu Research Forest. Regeneration capacity of the species was observed in purposive plots which have been recorded for their flowering events. Seedlings were grouped into seedlings, and saplings. It was measured by census method in every slopes. Meanwhile, Variable observed included, number of available seedling at each slope category slope with its canopy cover, height and diameter of seedlings, and litter thickness. Regeneration capacity of the species was observed in purposive plots which had been recorded for their flowering events. Seedlings and saplings were taken using the census method. The results show that flat slope with shady canopy cover has the highest capacity of seedlings and the best growth. The uneven distribution of height and diameter indicates the need for silviculture action; such as, maintenance.

Rangkuti AB, Hartini KS, Susilowati A, Rambey R, Harahap MM, Arinah H, Irmayanti L, Pamoengkas P, Indriani F, Peniwidiyanti, Ruhidi A. 2023. Structure, composition and diversity of tree species in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 78-85. Martelu Purba Nature Reserve is one of the conservation areas in North Sumatra that functions to protect biodiversity. However, there is limited information related to the vegetation community contained in the nature reserve. This study aimed to assess the diversity, structure and composition of tree species in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve as well as to reveal the conservation status of the species in reserve. The research used the line transect method with a total of 112 observation plots representing various vegetation and environmental conditions. The results showed that there were 39 tree species belonging to 25 families, with 31, 25, 24, and 26 species at the tree, pole, sapling, and seedling stages, respectively. Shorea platyclados and Syzygium cerasiforme were species with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) at the tree and pole stages with 173.04% and 31.01%, respectively, while Gamblea malayana was the most important at the sapling and seedling stages with IVI of 66.43%, and 30.00%, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was categorized as low (1.58), the Margalef species richness index (DMg) was high at all growth stages, and the Evenness index (E) was high, indicating that all species were evenly distributed across the research plots. The distribution of tree diameter classes ranged from 20 - 40 cm for trees with the smallest diameter to 81-110 cm for trees with the largest diameter. Based on their conservation status, there were two species with conservation concerns, namely Coffea arabica (Endangered) and Lithocarpus maingayi (Vulnerable). The application of good silvicultural methods needs to be carried out in the context of conservation efforts. One example is through vegetative propagation of species with long flowering periods.

Hartoyo APP, Khairunnisa S, Pamoengkas P, Solikhin A, Supriyanto, Siregar IZ, Prasetyo LB, Istomo. 2022. Estimating carbon stocks of three traditional agroforestry systems and their relationships with tree diversity and stand density. Biodiversitas 23: 6137-6146. One of the important sectors as a strategy for climate resilience and low carbon development in Indonesia is Forestry and Other Land Uses (FOLU) including the agroforestry sector. Carbon stock and tree diversity in an ecosystem are dynamic over time and still need to be investigated. This study was aimed: i) to estimate aboveground carbon stocks in the traditional agroforestry of Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP), in Kampung Birang and Kampung Merabu, East Kalimantan, as well as ii) to analyze the correlation between carbon stock with tree diversity and stand density in traditional agroforestry of Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP), in Kampung Birang and Kampung Merabu, East Kalimantan. The total plots were 75 plots (a plot size of 50x50 m), and carbon stock estimation was focused on pole and tree levels. The average carbon stock in the traditional zone of MHSNP, Kampung Birang, and Kampung Merabu respectively was 51.02 Mg C/ha, 96.25 Mg C/ha, and 82.17 Mg C/ha. The carbon stock in traditional agroforestry of all study sites was very significantly affected by the basal area (m2/ha) (p-val

Shorea leprosula Miq is a Dipterocarps forest plantation that has the prospect of being developed because it is a fast-growing species with high economic value. Given its commercial importance, this study was conducted to analyze the effect of slope class and slope direction on growth. Data were collected using the census method on S.leprosula stands with a spacing of 2m x 2m and 4m x 8m. The direction of the slope is determined based on the configuration of the slope according to the cardinal directions, while the slope of the land is determined based on the classification of the slope class of the land. The results showed that the slope class, slope direction, and the interaction between factors had a significant effect on the growth of S.leprosula. The interaction between the slope class and the direction of the slope produces the highest average annual increment of diameter in the flat slope class with the direction of the slope facing north, which is 1.79 m / year while the highest annual increment of the total average height is in the very steep slope class with to the slope facing to the north at 0.82 m / year.

The use of local species for revegetation activities is expected to accelerate the natural regeneration to increase the biodiversity in restoration efforts of disturbed areas. This study used several parameters to observe the growth of 20-years old stand S. pinanga and S. platyclados, including diameter, total tree height, Mean Annual Increment (MAI), % of fruiting trees, Leaf Area Index (LAI), altitude, and slope. The study results were analyzed using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Duncan test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that S. platyclados significantly had a higher diameter (32.7 cm), height (19.1 m), and mean volume (0.43 m3) compared to S. pinanga. The growth of S. platyclados, which locally known as meranti bukit is strongly supported by conditions in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, which has an altitude of about 800 m.asl. On the other hand, S. pinanga, as lowland species, showed lower growth compared to S. platyclados.

One effort to support the success of reclamation and rehabilitation of ex-silica sand mines is to improve the quality of seedling planted with mycorrhizal inoculation. Each plant has a mycorrhizal dependency which varies depending on the plant species and the level of soil fertility. This study aimed to analyze the mycorrhizal dependency of Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba), Red Sengon (Albizia chinensis), and Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) grown on soil growing media from post silica sand mining and amended with compost and lime. The study used completely randomized design with a split plot design consist of two factors, first factor was mycorrhizal inoculation in the form of MycoSilvi inoculum, consisting of two levels and the second factor was soil ameliorant in the form of lime and compost consisting of six levels, each treatment was repeated five times. The results showed that the treatment of lime and MycoSilvi addition showed the highest percentage of mycorrhizal dependency on Kadam, Red Sengon and Kaliandra seedlings, which were 76, 62, and 59% respectively. The addition of lime and compost decreased the degree of relative mycorrhizal dependency of three plants species tested, in line with increasing available P in soil growth medium. Keywords: mycorrhizal dependency, MycoSilvi, post mined soil, soil ameliorant

Forest fires and land conversion to oil palm plantations are one of the major threats that caused dangerous impacts on the existence of peatlands in Indonesia. Rehabilitation by plant type enrichment method is an effort that can be developed to restore the ecological and hydrological functions of degraded peatlands. This study aimed to analyze biophysical conditions (soil characteristics), analyze the growth response of plant species against the combination of planting types; analyze the choice of planting combinations that are in accordance with the physical conditions of the field and the needs of local communities. This study was designed by varying the diversity of tree species or combination of planting. The research plot consists of three size area (5m x 5m, 10m x 10m, and 20m x 20m). The species that used in this study consists of Shorea balangeran, Durio zibethinus, Archidendron pauciflorum, Parkia speciosa, Coffea liberica and Areca pinanga. The results showed that the research plot has soil characteristic from mesotropic fertility categories (moderate fertility) to eutophic (fertile), while the pH between 3.2 – 3.5 (very acidic). The growth of plant species at the age of five months has growth rate differentiation both height and diameter in each combination of planting. The height growth of Shorea balangeran species the highest which average of 35.16 cm while the diameter growth of Areca pinanga is 8.13 mm. The best combination of planting is a combination of six species wich consists Shorea balangeran, Durio zibethinus, Archidendron pauciflorum, Parkia speciosa, Coffea liberica and Areca pinanga. Keywords: enrichment planting, growth, rehabilitation, peatlands

Failure in degraded forest rehabilitation was caused by using chosen species without pay attantion on site characterictics. Species selection by looking at site limiting factor, will increase success in degraded forest rehabilitation. This research aims to study the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on growth of Shorea leprosula Miq , Shorea palembanica Miq , dan Shorea mecisopteryx. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with mean annual increment (MAI) of height and diameter as dependent variable and soil properties as independent variable . The results showed that growth increment of S.palembanica was the most species that influnced by soil perperties with R 2 a djusted value for MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t repectively, 0.946 and 0.674 whereas others two Shorea have R 2 a djusted value < 0.5. The research also showed that available P content was the limiting factor of the three species . T here wa s a difference of each species in respond to the available P content. MAI- height on S . mecisopteryx and MAI- diam e ter and MAI- h e i gh t on S . pelambanica will increase in line with decreasing available P content w hile S . leprosula require d P available increasing in order to increas e of MAI-diameter . This indicates that each species have specific response on certain soil properties content .

Forest management activity wich applied selective cutting with line planting (TPTJ) caused disturbed on forest, especially due to the process of making the planting lines. Natural forest gives respond to disturbance by recovery of its vegetation. This research aimed to measure the potential seedlings by vegetation recovery process in logged over area and determine both of the diversity and evenness of communities. The result showed that the composition of the seedlings at the begining of a recovery in the cropping were not only pioneer, but also kinds of Dipterocarpaceae and non-Dipterocarpaceae. The entire lines is dominated by the pioneers types, such as: Macaranga gigantea, Ganua glaberrima, Aporosa apriniana and Polyalthia rumphii. The family with the most number of types found namely: Phyllanthaceae, Myrtaceae and Dipterocarpaceae. The value of diversity index all of community belongs to moderate ( 2 < H’ < 3) and value equity (e’) belongs to high. The entire community of between the lines have low IS value wich its IS < 50% that means tampering with the seedling in each line has a significant different due to the forest examined was divided into several blocks of high fells.Keywords : climax, diversity, equity, pioneer, selective cutting with line planting

Eucalyptus sp. is species which the developed in forest plantation of Indonesia as wood fiber plantation. Wood fiber for pulp and paper is important, so we need to know management of site to obtain the optimal growth of Eucalyptus pellita at PT. Perawang Sukses Perkasa Industri (PSPI). The aim of the research was to observe fertilization management and maintenance management at PT. PSPI. This research used Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method to take data of plant growth. The cluster had 4 plot. The sample was E. pellita 1-4 years. Fertilization management at PT PSPI were basic fertilizer (CIRP/Cristmast Island Rock Phosphate and NPK) and supplementary fertilizer (NPK-1, NPK2, NPK-3). Maintenance Management at PT. PSPI were ring weeding, sport spray of herbicide and slash. Maintenancing and fertilizing were given to the plot according to the environmental conditions and the age factor. The best growth increment was in plot P2. P2 had 4.14 diameter increment and 5.72 height increment.Keywords: Eucalyptus pellita, Forest Health Monitoring, Industrial forest, site management, maintenance management, fertilization management

One of the rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the Forest Research and Development Center in Bogor was to establish a mixed meranti(Dipterocarp) forest in the Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor - West Java. The rehabilitation activities adopted several planting techniques, including total and line planting, used several types of red meranti (Shorea spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the success of rehabilitation effort by analyzing the growth performance of Shorea leprosula and Shorea selanicastands in which applying total and line planting techniques. Diameter and height, as well as environmental factors such as soil texture, average litter thickness, slope, the average thickness of topsoil, and canopy density, were plant growth parameters that were observed. Growth data analysis was performed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that planting techniques affected the diameter growth. The highest growth rate was found in S. selanicaspecies with line planting techniques with the average diameter and height increment was 1.13 cm/year and 0.78 cm/year. Line planting techniques also scored the highest value of basal area and stand volumes, 0.06 m2 and 0.64 m3per year for S. leprosulaand 0.06 m2and 0.66 m3per year for S. selanica.

Failure in degraded forest rehabilitation was caused by using chosen species without pay attantion on site characterictics. Species selection by looking at site limiting factor, will increase success in degraded forest rehabilitation. This research aims to study the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on growth of Shorea leprosula Miq, Shorea palembanica Miq, dan Shorea mecisopteryx. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with mean annual increment (MAI) of height and diameter as dependent variable and soil properties as independent variable. The results showed that growth increment of S.palembanica was the most species that influnced by soil perperties with R2 adjusted value for MAI-diameter and MAI-height repectively, 0.946 and 0.674 whereas others two Shorea have R2 adjusted value < 0.5. The research also showed that available P content was the limiting factor of the three species. There was a difference of each species in respond to the available P content. MAI-height on S. mecisopteryx and MAI-diameter and MAI-height on S. pelambanica will increase in line with decreasing available P content while S. leprosula required P available increasing in order to increase of MAI-diameter. This indicates that each species have specific response on certain soil properties content.

Massive utilization of forest resources became one factor which caused degradation on natural forest. Forestdegradation which occurred continuously could cause a change in forest composition. This could happen becauseseedling from invasive species dominated the area of natural forest. This research aimed to determine the compositionand structure of recovering forest stands managed by TPTJ system in area of IUPHHK-HA PT. Suka Jaya Makmur,West Kalimantan. The results showed that non-commercial Dipterocarp species group had the biggest value of densityand proportion among all stages of Dipterocarp stand. Curve diameter distribution showed a balanced logged forest.The diversity in all plot-area was high. Kelampai and Meranti were dominated in canopy level. Aternatif; Kelampai andMeranti were dominant at canopy level Jambu monyet and Kelampai were the species that dominated in seedling level.Alteratif; Jambu monyet and Kelampai were the species that were dominant at seedling level Tree and seedling had adifferent composition, it was shown by the ID value at >50%. This was shown by cluster analysis which divided into fourgroups. Commercial species proportion was generally larger than other non-commercial species.Key words: forest utilization, line planting, selective cutting, vegetation recovery

Land evaluation of a tract of land, for its suitability to be planted with a particular plantation species is an important step for species choice in plantation forest. A weight factor matching (WFM) approach of this study, was used to identify suitable land for jati ( Tectona grandis L.f) in PT. Melapi Timber, East Kalimantan. Land suitability is affected by climate, soil and topograph. According to WFM, the results indicated that important variables which limit T. grandis in the research area were pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), potassium (P) and soil depth condition. The study results show that 4 of 5 land units are marginally suitable (S3) for T. grandis cultivation in PT. Melapi Timber. Key words: Land evaluation, suitability, Tectona grandis L.f., weight factor matching (WFM)

Processing of palm oil generates enormous quantities of wastewater commonly called palm oil mill effluent (POME). The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of POME as organic fertilizer on Melaleuca cajuputi seedling. The research was conducted at PT. Bukit Asam from November 2016 until March 2017. POME used was from PT. Bumi Sawindo Permai at Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera. POME from Fat pit, cooling pond, anaerob pond and maturity pond were applied to seedlings at nursery with different concentrations of POME Fat pit (625, 417, and 208 mL), Cooling pond (695, 463, dan 232 mL), Anaerob pond (738, 492, dan 246 mL), and Maturity pond (968, 645, dan 323 mL). The result showed that POME from Anaerob pond 246 mL increased the growth of M. cajuputi with plant high 47.35 cm and stem diameter 5.57 mm and total dry weight of CM (Calopogonium mucunoides) was 26.83 g.Key words: ex-coal mine soil, Melaleuca cajuputi, POME

Forest management can have an impact on changes in forest structure and composition of plant species. Functional species Group (FSG) may explain the unity of the trees species that are selected in a group in a forest management activities so that it can help in explaining the characteristic of biodiversity such as the quality of habitat and ecosystem processes. The purpose of this research is to know the composition of forest vegetation that the production system are managed with a Silviculture system of TPTJ as seen from the forest structure and composition of the type that belongs to FSG for the stands and natural regeneration in log over area (LOA) and KPPN (The Conservation of Germplasm Area) IUPHHK-HA PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber (Sarpatim), Central Kalimantan. Analysis of the composition of the stands type and structure used terraced path in the area of TPTJ and KPPN. The results showed that the types of climax on an entire swath of observations, generally have greater proportion than the group of pioneers, the number of the climax type is 100 while pioneer type is 59. The structure of the stands form a J reverse curve, it show that the composition of vegetation recovery on log over areas managed by using TPTJ and KPPN Silviculture system has balance characteristic of uneven age forest. The value of diversity is high (H'>3). Most of tree and stands community have different communities (ID>50%).Key words: LOA, FSG, TPTJ, stand structure, composition of species

Pamoengkas P, Siregar IZ, Dwisutono AN. 2018. Stand structure and species composition of merbau in logged-over forest in Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 163-171. Single selective cutting is the most common form of timber extraction in natural forest in the tropics. Although, vast tracts natural forests are already logged-over, the effect of logging on the structure and species composition has been sparsely documented, especially for merbau (Intsia bijuga). Merbau is an excellent timber species and intensively harvested in Papua. The objective of this study was to analyze the structure and species composition of merbau in the several logged-over forests at different ages, i.e., 1, 5, 11, 16, 21 years old after selective logging and primary forest as the reference plot. The study was conducted in February 2016 at Sarmi District, Papua. The distributions of merbau in each plot varies but when they were compared with that in the primary forest that had reached 9.81%. Thus, the decrease of merbau trees in the plots of logged forest areas was not significant. Index of Diversity of all growth stages was high. In general, the number of merbau seedling regeneration in the study plots are above the average value standardized in Selective Cutting and Replanting System (TPTI) regulation. With regard to the condition of sapling regeneration, we concluded that selective logging might not provide enough growing space for regeneration of merbau. Providing appropriate growing space is one of the key factors to achieve adequate merbau natural regeneration.

Harapan rainforest situated in South Sumatera is a restoration area of PT REKI company that highly susceptible to land conversion. The problem faced in the effort of restoration is the restorated area that is too large and has not been tested any silvicultural techniques. The condition of land cover is the basic information that could be used as a reference in the preparation of restoration strategy. The study aimed to determine the level of damage, the condition of the ecosystem, appropriate silvicultural techniques, and plant species restoration priorities. The used methods were analysis of vegetation in 4 typologies (secondary forest, old shrub, young shurb, former akasia plantations), and the analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The results showed that the correlation between density value (y) and NDVI (x) was: y = -136.35+425.46x, R 2 (0.89). The order of area with the level of damage from the lowest to the highest were: the typology of secondary forest, old shurb, young shrub, and former akasia plantation, respectively. The typology of secondary forests had the highest value of diversity, richness, and evenness (H’>3, Dmg>5, and E>0.6). Relationship between former akasia plantations typology and another tipologies was not germane (euclidean distance> 3.31), and the relationship between seedling and trees in all typologies (with the exception of former akasia plantations) was very high (r> 0.9). Silvicultural techniques that could be done include eradicating A. mangium in the former akasia plantation and planting in the all typologies with the exception of secondary forest. The plants that could be used for restoration are Macaranga sp., K.malaccensis, Nephelium sp., P.gutta, H.mengarawan, S.leprosula.

Selective cutting and line planting silvicultural system has been carried out in natural forest to increase the growth rate of red meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.). Even though high growth rate has been understood tend to decrease certain basic properties of wood; however measurement of the basic properties specifically done on the red meranti resulted from thinning and shade free gap treatment has been lacking. In the present research, measurement of the basic properties of red meranti resulted from thinning and shade free gap treatment was done. It was found that thinning and increasing shade free gap increased the diameter of tree, longitudinal shrinkage, fiber diameter, lumen diameter, sapwood extractives, and ash content. On the other hand, these treatment decreased heartwood proportion, crown coverage, specific gravity, wood density, mechanical properties, radial and tangential shrinkage, fiber length, cell wall thickness and heartwood extractives. Lignin, holocellulose, α-cellulose and hemicelluloses were not significantly influenced by the treatments. Overall, thinning and increasing shade free gap tended to reduce the quality of wood.

Logging activities in natural production forests tend to have negative impacts on soil quality. This study aims to examine the effect of biopore infiltration holes and cross drains on the chemical and physical properties of the soil both on skid trails and in natural forests. The study was conducted at a natural production forest in West Kalimantan. The results showed that there was no significant change in the chemical properties of the soil in both the skid trails and natural forest, except for the higher organic C parameter in the natural forest. There was an increase in organic C from 1.16% to 2.04% (

The climate is defined as the condition of mean of air temperature, precipitation, the air pressure, the direction of the wind, air moisture and other parameters in long time. The fluctuations of high rainfall significantly affect plant productivity, such as farming, forestry and agriculture. The amount of rainfall is very important in determine the result of the cultivation of plants. Especially if it is associated with the influence of the increase of temperature. The result of this research showed that the type of land at research location were incepticol (land suitability 1) and ultisol (land suitability II, III, IV and V). The mean of annual rainfall in research location (since 2012 until 2014), were 1500 until 2000 mm/years. The mean air temperature was 26-27 oC and air moisture between 82-85.9 %. Keywords: Melapi Timber, rainfall, temperature, type of land, variability

Problem yang dihadapi di jalan sarad dalam pemanenan kayu adalah pemadatan tanah, erosi yang tinggi, menurunnya kesuburan tanah, miskinnya cendawan mikoriza dan kurangnya anakan. Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas hutan di jalan sarad, maka diperlukan upaya pemulihan antara lain dengan penanaman pengayaan intensif dan cara lain yang dapat untuk mengurangi laju erosi, meningkatkan kesuburan tanah di jalan sarad dengan menerapkan lubang resapan biopori (LRB) dan cross drain (Cd). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang pemanfaatan LRB dan Cd dalam penanaman pengayaan intensif untuk peningkatan produktifitas jalan sarad di hutan alam bekas tebangan. Lokasi penelitian diberi ijin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu hutan alam (IUPHHK-HA) pada hutan produksi Kalimantan Barat selama satu tahun. Rancangan penelitian adalah rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial 2 x 2 dengan ulangan tiga kali. Faktor pertama yaitu LRB dan faktor kedua yaitu cross drain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi perlakuan LRB dan cross drain memberi pengaruh yang nyata bagi pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman umur satu tahun Shorea leprosula dan Shorea parvifolia sedangkan untuk pertumbuhan diameternya tidak berpengaruh nyata. Perlakuan cross drain dapat meningkatkan serapan hara P, K, C organik di S. leprosula dan hanya serapan P dan C-organik di S. parvifolia .

Forest exploitation and conversion to other landuse may cause lost of biodiversity, including most important dipterocarp trees species, i.e. Shorea leprosula and Shorea laevis. The objective of this study was to determine the rarity status of the two important shorea species, i.e. S. laevis and S. leprosula, based on IUCN criteria, their habitat characteristics, and their association with other species, as one of the basis for determining their conservation strategy as a part of forest management. This study was conducted in three types of ecosystem (virgin forest, secondary forest, and fragmented forest) in Muara Teweh, Central Kalimantan. Methodology used in this research includes vegetation and tree diversity analysis. Study results showed that both S. laevis and S. leprosula were included within category of “low risk” in the 3 types of ecosystem in the forest area being studied. Habitat characteristics which determined the absence of S. laevis in the virgin forest habitat was the soil permeability which was too low, whereas other soil chemical and physical properties in the three types of ecosystems were relatively similar. Presence of S. laevis were positively associated with species of S. uliginosa, Dialium platysepalum, Dipterocarpus ibmalatus, Palaquium rostatum, Vatica rasak, Adinandra sp., and Memecyclon steenis. On the other hand, S. leprosula were positively correlated with S. kunstleri, Castanopsis sp., Shorea sp., Quercus bennettii, Castanopsis argentea, and D. hasseltii.Keywords: threatened species, Shorea spp., habitat characteristic, ecosystems type, associated species

Pamoengkas P (2010) Potentialities of line planting technique in rehabilitation of logged over area referred to species diversity, growth and soil quality. Biodiversitas 11: 34-39. Human interventions in the utilization of tropical forest resources are experiencing unanticipated consequences. The selective logging practices generally cause considerable damage to vegetation and the soil surface. It is supposed that soil condition and vegetation growth rate is deteriorated and reduced. Therefore, scientist strongly argue that the only wayto achieve sustainability of Indonesian natural forest will require that the production natural forest is managed through methods that are acceptable from the perspective of environment as well as timber production. This means that there will be a strong need and incentive for methods and innovative technology. For more than two decades, tropical rainforest in Indonesia have been managed intensively under the Indonesian selective cutting (TPI) and later on by the Indonesian selective cutting and replanting (TPTI) and then, selective cutting and line planting (TPTJ) system. TPTJ, as one example of selective cutting, recently become a proper alternative should be takeninto consideration in the management of production natural forest in Indonesia by planting dipterocarp species in line. In this system, planting line (width 3 m) and intermediate line (width 17 m) are made alternately. The initial width of line is 3 m and to be expanded until 10 m within 5 years to introduce more light. The objective of this research was to assess growth and soil quality of TPTJ system. The object of research was TPTJ plot of various ages from 1 year to 7 years. For achieving the objective, 14 sample plots measuring 200 m x 200 m each, were laid out at research plots. The result showed that growth respond of Shorea leprosula toward the width of planting line was better comparing to Shorea parvifolia, but generally from this growth assessment it seems that individual tree has a successfully performance. In terms of soil quality, it was seen that planting line establishment of 3 m and more, does not cause soil properties decrease in the whole plots.Key words: selective logging, production forest, selective cutting and line planting, dipterocarp species, growth, soil quality.

Attempt to rehabilitate degraded natural forests in Indonesia is recently carried out by applying selective cutting and line planting (TPTJ) silvicultural system. One of the most important aspects of TPTJ silvicultural system is the procurement methods of large number of planting stocks. Shorea johorensis Foxw was investigated in this regards as one of promising Shorea species for rehabilitating degraded forests due to its fast growing character. The species is usually propagated by three different propagation techniques, namely up-rooted seedlings, seeds and cuttings. Genetic consequences due to different propagation methods in this species are poorly known and need to be studied in order to determine genetic variation and differentiation. Material from five origins (populations), namely: (i) up-rooted seedlings, (ii) seeds, (iii) cuttings, (iv) young plantation and (v) natural forest were randomly taken in the field and subsequently assessed by RAPD using threepreviously tested random primers of OPO-11, OPO-13 and OPO-16. Results showed that natural tree populations showed the highest levels of genetic variation with mean values na = 1.2593, ne = 1.2070, PLP = 25.93% and He = 0.1109. Cutting populations showed the lowest levels of genetic variation with mean values na = 1.1111, ne = 1.0773, PLP = 11.11% and He = 0.0445. Meanwhile, according to the propagation techniques, up-rooted seedling population revealed the highest levels of genetic variation with mean values na = 1.2222, ne =1.1613, PLP = 22.22% and He = 0.0886. Particular methods of plant propagation in this company, especially cutting method, reduced significant genetic variation of S. johorensis.Key words: Shorea johorensis Foxw, RAPD, genetic variation, silvicultural system

Maintenance of forest plants intensively under the selective cutting and line planting system (TPTJ) will accelerate the growth of plant species. Widening the line planting improves the penetrating light, thus increasing growth rate of the plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stem diameter and distance of competitor tree to forest plant, as well as stem diameter and canopy diameter as a basis for the liberation of competitor trees on the TPTJ system. Regression analysis showed that the competitor trees diameter and distance can be used as one technique of vertical liberation with equation correlation for both variables is X = 3.567  0797dbh+ 0.121dbh2  0.004dbh3. The approach of liberation using correlation between stem diameter and canopy diameter can not be used as a vertical liberation technique with equation correlation between the two variables is Cda = 2.535  0.031dbh + 0.050dbh2  0.002dbh3. The study revealed that saplings with diameter (dbh) 59 cm located at 12.5 m of subplots must be slashed down. For sapling with diameter (dbh) ≥10 cm dbh located at 35 m of the center of planting line must be girdled.