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Air quality models are essential tools in the understanding of pollutant dynamics in the urban atmosphere. In this contribution we present an air quality system (ANA), which is composed of a meteorological module that uses a three-dimensional approach with terrain-following coordinates and the non-hydrostatic approach, and a detailed emissionmodel (250 x 250 m) that includes the anthropogenic and biogenic emissions over the area of study (the Madrid area of 80 x 100 km). The biogenic emissions and the land-use classes are obtained by using LANDSAT-5 satellite imagery. A photochemical module based on the CBM-IV scheme and the SMVGEAR numerical method for solving the atmospheric chemistry are used. The results are compared with data obtained from the Madrid Municipality ozone network. The simulated ozone values for afive-day period (5-9 June 1995) compare well with those observed on the ozone network stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ANA Air Quality Model (ANA stands for Atmospheric Mesoscale Numerical Pollution Model Regional and Urban Areas) has been applied overMadrid during a five day period in June, 1995. The domain is 80 x 100 km2 and the spatial resolution is 2000 m. The ANA systemis driven by a meteorological model REMEST and it includes a detailed emission model for anthropogenic and biogenic sources with 250 m spatial resolution and 60 minutes temporal resolution. Different deposition processes are used such as the Wesely (1989) and Erisman et al. (1994) resistance approaches and the simple aerodynamic resistance. The photochemical processes and the general chemistry is based on the CBM-IV mechanism for the organic compounds and solved by the SMVGEAR method (CHEMA module). The model uses 14 different landuse types which are obtained by using the REMO module which uses the information provided by the LANDSAT-5 satellite image over the domain. The emissionmodule EMIMA takes into account the point, line and area emissions over the domain. Special importance is given to the biogenic emissionswhich are obtained by using the satellite landuse classification forcaducous, perenneal and mixed terrain. The emission module considersthe EPA and CORINAIR emission factors. The results show an accurate prediction of the ozone maxima for the five days and also the generalpattern of the ozone observed data. The five day simulation is characterized by a local low pressure over the Madrid Area and high pressures over Spain and West of Europe. The ozone surface patterns show the diurnal cycle and the maxima concentrations up to 140-160 ppb for suburban areas during afternoon hours. The general performance of the model is considered quite good. The computer power requirements continue to be very high for standard workstations. Future progress on parallel platforms should improve considerably the computer time requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During retrospective and prospective studies, we attempted to determine the clinical characteristics, treatment, and visual outcome of patients with pars planitis and to evaluate the association between pars planitis and multiple sclerosis (MS). The retrospective study included 44 patients with pars planitis, who had been examined between October 1986 and January 1999. We analyzed age, sex, visual acuity (VA), median follow-up time, and medical and surgical treatments. The prospective study, which included 21 consecutive patients with pars planitis, was performed to determine the presence of MS. In the retrospective study, the mean patient age was 22.4 years (SD +/- 11.5) and the median follow-up was 34.9 months (SD +/- 27.2). Complications included macular edema (47.7%), vitreous opacities (38.6%), papillitis (38.6%), vasculitis (36.4%), and cataract (20.5%). Forty patients (90.9%) had a final bilateral VA better than 20/40. In the prospective study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Demyelinating lesions were found in 10 (47.6%) of the 21 patients and relapsing-remitting clinically definite MS was diagnosed in seven (33.3%). With the exception of age, no significantly statistical differences were observed when the visual prognosis and the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics were compared between the two groups of patients with and without associated MS; a diagnosis of MS was more frequently made in patients over 25 years of age. With appropriate treatment, patients with pars planitis have a good visual prognosis. Because the presence of demyelinating lesions seems to be high among patients with pars planitis, MRI should be considered, especially in patients over 25 years of age.

Introduction: In this paper, a collective of Psychiatry Residents from Valencia surveys the degree of achievement and satisfaction with the Spanish programme., Method: Every resident received an enquiry and a letter with instructions to fill it. Colleagues who did not answer back, were contacted and sent a new enquiry., Results: We received a total of 142 enquiries from 52 institutions (80% of the total). The results are distributed in supervision, theoretical training, research, rotatories, assistential pressure, staff-resident ratio, training out of the programme and satisfaction., Conclusions: This work show that the programme is not being carried out properly. There are still some deficiencies in many rotatories, even though they have been improved. In spite of it, the level of satisfaction with the residence is acceptable.

We carried out the translation and adaptation into Spanish of the original version of the SCID-II (Semistructured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis in Axis II according to DSM-III-R). In the questionnaire we modified the formulation of some items: the questions were changed into assertions and the answer scale was broadened into seven options. In the interview, questions and operative formulations which did not appear in the English version were created. Four trained psychiatrist interviewed in pairs a sample of 60 patients who has previously filled in the questionnaire. The reliability between interviewers oscilates between K = 0.37 for the Schizotypical Personality Disorder and K = 1 for the Avoidant Personality Disorder. The overall agreement (presence or absence of diagnosis) is K = 0.85. With the questionnaire we established 257 diagnoses whereas with the interview we diagnosed 35 cases.