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El mercado de trabajo en España está sometido a constantes y profundos cambios, algunos derivados de factores externos y comunes a la generalidad de los países (digitalización, transición climática, flujos de población y mano de obra, etc.), otros internos, que derivan de las características sociales y culturales inmanentes en las prácticas sociales y en las normas que las regulan. Todos ellos han confluido en la emergencia de nuevas formas de trabajo, el empleo atípico, que viene a cuestionar la adecuación de los mecanismos de protección social para garantizar la suficiencia de recursos a estas personas trabajadoras en los periodos en que no realizan actividad. Ante estas circunstancias, la presente contribución tiene por objeto analizar, partiendo de las características del mercado de trabajo en España y de estas nuevas formas de empleo, el sistema de protección por desempleo vigente en España a efectos de detectar los principales inconvenientes o disfunciones para proveer protección social a este colectivo de personas trabajadoras. El análisis evidencia la existencia de un cúmulo de prestaciones estatales, contributivas y asistenciales, incapaces de abordar esta problemática, tanto por la exclusión endémica de colectivos que deberían obtener una atención prioritaria (jóvenes, discapacitados, mujeres, desempleados de larga duración, etc.) como por su resistencia a adaptarse a la realidad que presenta el mercado de trabajo español; y ello en un momento en que los Estados, y los ordenamientos jurídicos, deberían estar preparados para afrontar de forma ágil y equitativa las transformaciones sociales, económicas y laborales que nos afectan., The Spanish labour market is under constant and profound changes, some of them stem from external factors that are common in most countries (digitisation, climate change, population and labour flows). Other internal, originate from unique cultural and social characteristics inherent in the social practices and in the rules governing them. All these culminated to the emergence of new forms of work, atypical employment, will challenge the adequacy of social protection mechanisms to ensure sufficient resources for these workers during periods of inactivity. In these circumstances, the purpose of this paper is to analyse, on the basis of the Spanish labour market characteristics and these new forms of employment, the unemployment protection system current in Spain for the purpose to find the major drawbacks and current problems to provide social protection to this group of workers. The study shows that there are a variety of state, contributory and welfare benefits that are unable to address this problem, both because of the ever-present exclusion of groups that should take priority attention (youth, persons with disabilities, women, the long-term unemployed, etc.) and because of their resistance to adapt to the reality of the Spanish labour market; and this at a time when States and legal systems should be ready to deal nimbly and equally with the social, economic and employment changes affecting us.

Carisoprodol was authorised in 1959 without a full pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) characterisation. We designed a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial to characterize the PKs of carisoprodol and its main active metabolite, meprobamate, after single (350 mg), multiple (350 mg/8 h, 14 days), and double (700 mg) doses of carisoprodol. Thirteen healthy volunteers were enrolled. After a single (350 mg) dose, the main carisoprodol parameters were (mean ± SD) Cmax: 2580 ± 1214 ng/mL, AUC0–∞: 8072 ± 6303 h·ng/mL, and half-life (T1/2): 2 ± 0.8 h. For meprobamate, the parameters were Cmax: 2181 ± 605 ng/mL and 34,529 ± 7747 h·ng/mL y 9 ± 1.9 h. Different profiles were found for extensive and poor 2C19 metabolizers. After 14 days of treatment (350 mg/8 h) the results for carisoprodol were (mean ± SD) Cmax: 2504 ± 730 ng/mL, AUC0–∞: 7451 ± 3615 h·ng/mL, and T1/2: 2 ± 0.7 h. For meprobamate (a steady state was reached), the parameters were Cmax: 5758 ± 1255 ng/mL and 79,699 ± 17,978 h·ng/mL y 8.7 ± 1.4 h. The study allowed for the full characterization of the pharmacokinetic profile of carisoprodol and meprobamate. Accumulation of meprobamate but not of carisoprodol was evident after 14 days of treatment., Depto. de Farmacología y Toxicología, Depto. de Medicina, Fac. de Medicina, TRUE, pub

This paper presents a novel nanoformulation for sustained-release delivery of dexamethasone (DEX) to the ocular posterior segment using a Laponite (LAP) carrier—DEX/LAP 1:10 w w−1 formulation; 10 mg ml−1. In vivo ocular feasibility and pharmacokinetics after intravitreal (IV) and suprachoroidal (SC) administration in rabbit eyes are compared against IV administration of a DEX solution (1 mg ml−1). Thirty rabbit eyes were injected with the DEX/LAP formulation (15 suprachoroid/15 intravitreous). Ophthalmological signs were monitored at day 1 and at weeks 1–4–12–24 post-administration. Three eyes per sample time point were used to quantify DEX concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ocular tissues' pharmacokinetic parameters (lens, vitreous humour, choroid-retina unit and sclera) were studied. DEX/LAP was well tolerated under both administration methods. Peak intraocular DEX levels from the DEX/LAP were detected in the vitreous humour after both deliveries soon after administration. The vitreous area under the curve was significantly greater after both DEX/LAP deliveries (IV: 205 968.47; SC: 11 442.22 ng g−1 d−1) than after IV administration of the DEX solution (317.17 ng g−1 d−1). Intravitreal DEX/LAP delivery extended higher vitreous DEX levels up to week 24 (466.32 ± 311.15 ng g−1). With SC delivery, DEX levels were detectable in the choroid-retina unit (12.04 ± 20.85 ng g−1) and sclera (25.46 ± 44.09 ng g−1) up to week 24. This study demonstrated the intraocular feasibility of both SC and IV administration of the DEX/LAP formulation. The LAP increased the intraocular retention time of DEX when compared with conventional solutions. DEX/LAP could be considered a biocompatible and useful sustained-release formulation for treating posterior-pole eye diseases.

El presente proyecto propone un diseño para un inductor que formará parte de una cocina de inducción doméstica formada por múltiples bobinas. La topología de inversor usada como ejemplo de diseño es el convertidor semipuente resonante serie. También se presenta una estructura para estas bobinas que garantiza el constante contacto entre la superficie superior de éstas y el cristal de la cocina, con el objetivo de maximizar la transferencia de energía. También se ha considerado la conexión de esta bobina y de su sensor de temperatura a la PCB. El inductor se diseña para alcanzar una potencia objetivo dentro de un rango de frecuencias especifico mediante una combinación de simulaciones y pruebas experimentales. A tal efecto, se ha construido una planta experimental y se ha comprobado su funcionamiento.

[Purpose]: To develop a simple, specific, and rapid method to determine corticosteroid concentrations in vitreous humor. [Methods]: An analytical method based on high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with a simple extraction procedure was developed. New Zealand albino rabbits (n = 54) received a single (0.1 mL) intravitreal injection of dexamethasone (DXM, 0.1 mg), methylprednisolone (MP, 2 mg), or triamcinolone acetonide (TA, 10 mg). Eyes were enucleated and mean vitreous steroid levels were quantified at 12 h and 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days. [Results]: Corticosteroids were extracted from the vitreous with acetonitrile, and TA was extracted with ethyl acetate, yielding high protein precipitation and clean solution samples. Vitreous samples were analyzed by isocratic HPLC-MS with mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 2 mM ammonium formate buffer in water, pH 3.5. The linear range was 50–100,000 ng/g with a lower quantification limit of 45 ng/g for DXM and MP, and 50 ng/g for TA. Vitreous levels of DXM and MP were not detectable 14 days post-administration. Vitreous levels of TA were positive and stable throughout the study in both injected and control eyes. [Conclusions]: The HPLC-MS analytical method is an alternative to HPLC-MS/MS methods, sensitive enough for identifying and quantifying steroids in vitreous humor at a therapeutic dosage scale.

Laponite clay is able to retain dexamethasone by simple physisorption, presumably accomplished by hydrogen bonding formation and/or complexation with sodium counterions, as shown by solid state NMR. The physisorption can be somehow modulated by changing the solvent in the adsorption process. This simple system is able to deliver dexamethasone in a controlled manner to solutions used as models for vitreous humor. The proven biocompatibility of laponite as well as its transparency in the gel state, together with the simplicity of the preparation method, makes this system suitable for future in vivo tests of ophthalmic treatment.