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The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the serum and salivary inflammatory markers induced by Diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs and to assess the possible confounding effect of gingivitis. A panel of 13 cytokines was measured in the serum and saliva of dogs diagnosed with DM and compared with healthy dogs without gingivitis (control group 1; CG1) and dogs with gingivitis but otherwise healthy (control group 2; CG2). The results of the present study showed statistically significantly higher levels of IL-8, KC-like and MCP1 in the serum of dogs with DM compared to CG1 dogs. In the case of saliva, the DM group presented statistically higher GM-CSF, IL6, IL15, and MCP1 levels compared to CG1, and lower KC-like chemokine compared to CG2. Finally, gingivitis produced changes in saliva, with salivary levels of GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IP-10, KC-like, IL-10, IL-18, MCP1, TNFα being statistically significantly higher in the saliva of CG2 dogs compared to CG1. The results of the present study indicate that dogs with DM have altered cytokine levels in serum and saliva compared to healthy dogs. In addition, this study highlights the importance of taking oral health into account when determining cytokines in dogs, as gingivitis can significantly alter their concentrations.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the well-known monument of Eurysaces in the context of the Roman funerary landscape. By focusing on its structure and original context, our research demonstrates that the monument, far from being a unicum, instead conformed to contemporary commemorative practices and was in many ways typical. Analysis of comparable monuments and funerary areas, as well as characterization of the concrete used, indicates that the monument of Eurysaces was originally an aedicula tomb with a superstructure, now missing. This reconstruction allows for a more convincing and traditional positioning of the relief images known as "Eurysaces and his wife" at the crowning level of this structure. While our research focuses on the monument of Eurysaces, an important and unexpected result has been the likely identification of several full-length portrait reliefs whose distinctive features suggest that they belong to a previously unrecognized corpus in Rome: aedicular statues. This designation explains the characteristics differentiating them from freestanding statues and helps fill the lacuna of evidence for Rome's once robust group of funerary structures and ornamentation. The identification of these aedicular statues, in turn, reiterates the fact that aedicula tombs were once popular in the city's funerary landscape, as they were across the Roman empire.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a frequent disease that considerably reduces the quality of life of horses, while also affecting their physical performance, even when the disease is subclinical. In this study, we hypothesized that two analytes, calprotectin (CALP) and aldolase, could be measured in saliva with commercially available assays and be potential biomarkers of EGUS in horses. We investigated the changes in the salivary CALP and aldolase in 131 horses divided into 5 different groups: controls (healthy horses), with equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), with equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD), with combined ESGD and EGGD, and horses with other intestinal pathologies but clinical signs similar to EGUS. The two assays were precise and accurate, and, in both cases, they showed differences between horses with EGUS and healthy horses, but they did not show significant differences between horses with EGUS and horses with other diseases. Our data showed that CALP has a high ability to differentiate between healthy horses and horses with EGUS. Therefore, it could have potential use as a biomarker since a value of CALP in the range of healthy individuals could indicate that the animal is not likely to have EGUS at gastroscopy. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent disease that affects horses worldwide. Within EGUS, two different forms have been described: equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD). The associated clinical signs cause detrimental activity performance, reducing the quality of life of animals. Saliva can contain biomarkers for EGUS that could be potentially used as a complementary tool for diagnosis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the measurements of calprotectin (CALP) and aldolase in the saliva of horses as potential biomarkers of EGUS. For this purpose, automated assays for the quantification of these two proteins were analytically validated and applied for detecting EGUS in a total of 131 horses divided into 5 groups: healthy horses, ESGD, EGGD, combined ESGD and EGGD, and horses with other intestinal pathologies. The assays showed good precision and accuracy in analytical validation, and they were able to discriminate between horses with EGUS and healthy horses, especially in the case of CALP, although they did not show significant differences between horses with EGUS and horses with other diseases. In conclusion, salivary CALP and aldolase can be determined in the saliva of horses and further studies are warranted to elucidate the potential of these analytes as biomarkers in EGUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in dogs, leading to deleterious effects on a dog's life quality. This study aims to evaluate changes in the redox status in canine hypothyroidism. For this purpose, a comprehensive panel of antioxidants and oxidants biomarkers were measured in serum and saliva of 23 dogs with hypothyroidism, 21 dogs with non-thyroidal illness, and 16 healthy dogs. Among the antioxidants, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiol, paraoxonase type 1 (PON-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in serum and CUPRAC, ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and TEAC in saliva. The oxidant biomarkers included were total oxidant status (TOS), peroxide-activity (POX-Act), reactive oxygen-derived compounds (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in serum and AOPP and TBARS in saliva. Results: Results showed a significantly higher TEAC, PON-1, GPx, TOS, POX-Act, and d-ROMs, and a significantly lower AOPP in serum of dogs with hypothyroidism. Meanwhile, significantly lower FRAS and AOPP were observed in saliva of dogs with hypothyroidism. Once salivary concentrations were corrected based on their total protein concentrations, the only analyte showing significant changes was TBARS which was significantly higher in dogs with hypothyroidism. Conclusions: Our results show that dogs with hypothyroidism present alterations in the redox status in both serum and saliva. This study should be considered a preliminary study and further research addressing these changes should be made using larger populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) vaccination is a widespread measure that effectively reduces infection prevalence in swine farms. However, this tool has failed to eradicate the infection, probably because of the persistence of PCV2 in the environment of the farms. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of PCV2 in different areas of swine farms to identify critical points which may act as possible viral reservoirs. Four farrow-to-wean long-term vaccinated farms were studied, sampling different surfaces from animal and non-animal areas and analyzing them by qPCR to detect and quantify the PCV2 load. The results show the near absence of PCV2 in animal areas; in contrast, the virus is frequently detected in offices, farm staff clothing and the farm perimeter. As PCV2 vaccination does not provide sterilizing immunity, the detected viral load is probably the result of low shedding from subclinically infected animals on the farm; thus, PCV2 would tend to accumulate in areas not cleaned and disinfected regularly. Nevertheless, an external source of PCV2 cannot be totally ruled out. This study shows the existence of potential critical points for PCV2 persistence in vaccinated farms, indicating the need of considering them for future eradication plans. Vaccination against Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) even over several years has proven as an insufficient measure to eradicate the infection from farms, possibly due to not producing sterilizing immunity. Viral persistence in the farm environment has been proposed as a possible cause of reinfection, and for that reason, the main objective of this study was to identify potential critical points where PCV2 could persist in farrow-to-wean farms which had been vaccinating piglets for years. Surface samples were collected from different farm facilities with and without animals and analyzed by qPCR to detect and quantify the viral load. Most of the samples taken in animal housing facilities tested negative (96.6%); however, PCV2 was more frequently detected in samples from the offices (37.5%), the farm staff (25%) and the perimeter (21%). These results indicate that PCV2 contamination is frequent in facilities despite the long-term use of vaccination programs. Therefore, PCV2 control programs should include more exhaustive cleaning and disinfection protocols in non-animal facilities, as well as the implementation of specific biosecurity measures in these areas to minimize the risk of PCV2 introduction from external sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a common and worldwide-distributed clinical situation with highly unspecific clinical signs, which is diagnosed by gastroscopic examination. Saliva is a biological fluid that has been gaining importance over the years as a diagnostic sample. Because previous studies have shown that some biomarkers change their concentration in saliva in horses with EGUS, the possible usefulness of a profile of biomarkers measured in this fluid for EGUS diagnosis has been studied in this report. A total of 23 salivary biomarkers were measured in horses with EGUS, and values were compared with those obtained in healthy animals and horses with diseases with similar symptoms to EGUS but with a negative diagnosis at gastroscopic examination. A total of 17 biomarkers were increased in saliva from horses diagnosed with EGUS compared to healthy animals, and three of those analytes showed a modest but significant statistical power for discriminating EGUS from other diseases. In this report, the measurement of salivary biomarkers as an aid for diagnosis of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) was studied. A comprehensive panel of 23 salivary analytes was measured in the saliva of horses affected by EGUS and compared to healthy animals and horses with other diseases clinically similar to EGUS but with a negative diagnosis at gastroscopic examination. A total of 147 horses were included in the study and divided into heathy population (n = 12), the EGUS group (n = 110), and the group of horses with other diseases (n = 25). From the 23 analytes studied, 17 showed increased values in EGUS horses when compared to healthy ones, and uric acid, triglycerides, and calcium were significantly increased in horses with EGUS compared to the group of other diseases. The receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed a modest but significant discriminatory power of those three analytes to identify EGUS from other diseases with similar symptoms. The discriminatory power enhanced when the results of the three analytes were combined. In conclusion, the results showed that selected salivary analytes could have potential use as biomarkers in horses with EGUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2), is usually associated with a wide variety of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe cases. The use of saliva as a diagnostic and monitoring fluid has gained importance since it can be used to investigate the immune response and to direct quantification of antibodies against COVID-19. Additionally, the use of proteomics in saliva has allowed to increase our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of diseases, bringing new perspectives on diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment. In this work, we compared the salivary proteome of 10 patients with COVID-19, (five patients with mild and five patients with severe COVID-19) and ten control healthy patients. Through the application of proteomics, we have identified 30 proteins whose abundance levels differed between the COVID-19 groups and the control group. Two of these proteins (TGM3 and carbonic anhydrase-CA6) were validated by the measurement of gGT and TEA respectively, in 98 additional saliva samples separated into two groups: (1) COVID-19 group, integrated by 66 patients who tested positive for COVID-19 (2) control group, composed of 32 healthy individuals who did not show any sign of disease for at least four weeks and were negative for COVID-19 in RT-PCR. In the proteomic study there were observed upregulations in CAZA1, ACTN4, and ANXA4, which are proteins related to the protective response against the virus disturbance, and the upregulation of TGM3, that is correlated to the oxidative damage in pulmonary tissue. We also showed the downregulation in cystatins and CA6 that can be involved in the sensory response to stimulus and possibly related to the presence of anosmia and dysgeusia during the COVID-19. Additionally, the presence of FGB in patients with severe COVID-19 but not in mild COVID-19 patients could indicate a higher viral aggregation and activation in these cases. In conclusion, the salivary proteome in patients with COVID-19 showed changes in proteins related to the protective response to viral infection, and the altered sensory taste perception that occur during the disease. Moreover, gGT and TEA could be potential biomarkers of respiratory complications that can occurs during COVID 19 although further larger studies should be made to corroborate this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although wildlife can act as reservoirs of some Anaplasma species, studies on the presence and distribution of Anaplasma spp. in wild cervids are mainly limited and focused on zoonotic species. In order to identify the Anaplasma species in roe deer from Spain and to detect co‐infections, 224 spleen samples were tested for Anaplasma spp. using a commercial qPCR; positive samples were further characterized using generic 16S rRNA primers and species‐specific primers targeting the msp2 and groEL genes. Anaplasma DNA was detected in the 50.9% of samples, and four Anaplasma species were identified. Anaplasma phagocytophilum (43.8%) was predominant, followed by Anaplasma bovis (13.8%), Anaplasma capra (5.8%) and Anaplasma ovis (2.2%). In addition, strains similar to Anaplasma platys were found in nine animals. Most positive roe deer (71.9%) were infected with a single Anaplasma species, whereas co‐infections with two (19.3%) or three (8.8%) Anaplasma species were also found. This study confirms the widespread occurrence of Anaplasma spp. in roe deer from Spain, being the first report of A. platys‐like strains and A. capra in this cervid; it is also the first report of A. capra in Spain. The detection of Anaplasma species pathogenic for humans and/or domestic animals in roe deer suggests that this cervid may play a role in the sylvatic cycle of these bacteria contributing to the appearance of clinical anaplasmosis cases. In addition, co‐infections are common in roe deer revealing that Anaplasma species specific PCR assays are essential for a reliable identification as well as for determining their real prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2), is usually associated with a wide variety of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe cases. The use of saliva as a diagnostic and monitoring fluid has gained importance since it can be used to investigate the immune response and to direct quantification of antibodies against COVID-19. Additionally, the use of proteomics in saliva has allowed to increase our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of diseases, bringing new perspectives on diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment. In this work, we compared the salivary proteome of 10 patients with COVID-19, (five patients with mild and five patients with severe COVID-19) and ten control healthy patients. Through the application of proteomics, we have identified 30 proteins whose abundance levels differed between the COVID-19 groups and the control group. Two of these proteins (TGM3 and carbonic anhydrase-CA6) were validated by the measurement of gGT and TEA respectively, in 98 additional saliva samples separated into two groups: (1) COVID-19 group, integrated by 66 patients who tested positive for COVID-19 (2) control group, composed of 32 healthy individuals who did not show any sign of disease for at least four weeks and were negative for COVID-19 in RT-PCR. In the proteomic study there were observed upregulations in CAZA1, ACTN4, and ANXA4, which are proteins related to the protective response against the virus disturbance, and the upregulation of TGM3, that is correlated to the oxidative damage in pulmonary tissue. We also showed the downregulation in cystatins and CA6 that can be involved in the sensory response to stimulus and possibly related to the presence of anosmia and dysgeusia during the COVID-19. Additionally, the presence of FGB in patients with severe COVID-19 but not in mild COVID-19 patients could indicate a higher viral aggregation and activation in these cases. In conclusion, the salivary proteome in patients with COVID-19 showed changes in proteins related to the protective response to viral infection, and the altered sensory taste perception that occur during the disease. Moreover, gGT and TEA could be potential biomarkers of respiratory complications that can occurs during COVID 19 although further larger studies should be made to corroborate this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent disease with a major clinical importance due to its negative effects on the welfare and performance of horses. EGUS can be distinguished into two different diseases depending on which anatomical region is affected: equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD), in which there is a lesion in the glandular stomach, and equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), in which the alteration appears in the non-glandular stomach. EGUS has nonspecific clinical signs, and its underlying mechanism has not been completely elicited. Therefore, it would be of interest to clarify the pathophysiology and identify potential biomarkers of this syndrome. This study detected differences in the salivary and serum proteome between horses with EGUS and healthy horses, and also between horses with EGGD and ESGD. The most upregulated proteins in EGGD were related to the immune activation whereas, in horses with ESGD, the proteins with the most significant changes were associated with the squamous cell regulation and growth. Compared to serum, saliva had a higher number of proteins showing significant changes and also showed a different pattern of changes, indicating that the proteins in both fluids show a different response to the disease and can provide complementary information. Changes in the salivary proteome in 12 horses with the two diseases included in equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS), equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) (n = 6) and equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) (n = 6), were evaluated using a high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis of TMT-labelled peptides and compared to 10 healthy control horses. Serum was also analysed for comparative purposes. The comparison between the horses with EGGD and controls showed significant changes in 10 salivary proteins, whereas 36 salivary proteins were differently abundant between ESGD and control groups. The most upregulated proteins in the case of EGGD were related to immune activation whereas, in horses with ESGD, the most significantly changed proteins were associated with squamous cell regulation and growth. Compared to serum, saliva showed a higher number of proteins with significant changes and a different pattern of changes. The proteins identified in our study, in addition to providing new information about the pathophysiological mechanisms in these diseases, could have the potential to be novel biomarkers for the diagnosis or monitoring of EGGD and ESGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to study the changes in salivary proteins that occur in the dog after the ejaculation process. Saliva samples from eight dogs before and after induced ejaculation were analyzed by proteomic using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 33 salivary proteins showed significant changes after the ejaculation process. The up-regulated proteins that showed changes of higher magnitude were mucin-7 (MUC-7), peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) and galectin-3 (LEGALS3) whereas proteins such as alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (A1G1) and alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) were the most down-regulated. MUC-7 and PRDX4 expression in saliva after ejaculation could be associated with the protective "environment" created by the organism to exert pr 3o-fertility activities and antioxidants benefits in spermatozoa. Also LEGALS3 increment could be associated with an improvement of wellbeing and could contribute to a positive global effect in the body. Down-regulations of A1G1 and A1GB proteins found in saliva after ejaculation could be associated with a reduction in systemic inflammation. Overall it can be concluded that, changes in proteins in saliva that are produced after ejaculation can reflect a state of increase immune defenses, improvement of antioxidant status and low inflammation. • Saliva composition changes after ejaculation in dogs. • A total of 33 proteins showed significant variations in saliva after ejaculation. • Protein changes reflected changes related with oxidative stress, inflammation and psychological status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) and PRRS are two major concerns in swine production, which association has not been consistently explored. In the current scenario of restrictions in the use of antibiotics and ZnO, vaccination is more relevant to control PWD, but PRRS virus circulation may compromise the immune protection conferred by postweaning colibacillosis vaccines. We evaluated the efficacy of two postweaning colibacillosis vaccines (parenteral and oral) in a commercial herd affected by an outbreak of PWD and with PRRS circulation in postweaning. Five groups were studied during the postweaning period: one control (Group 1) and four vaccinated: two with each postweaning colibacillosis vaccine administered alone (Groups 2 and 3) or with sow vaccination against PRRS (Groups 4 and 5). We evaluated the effects on piglet weight, average daily weight gain and in the percentage of piglets with diarrhea, its duration, lethality and mortality. PRRS viremia and anti-PRRS antibodies were evaluated by qPCR and ELISA. Regarding control group, colibacillosis vaccination generally improved most of the measured parameters; but significant improvements were only observed in Groups 4 and 5 (p < 0.05). Moreover, cases of diarrhea occurred at different ages: in Groups 2 and 3 the peak of cases occurred just after ZnO was removed from the feed compared to Group 1, while in Groups 4 and 5 no peak was observed. This suggests that postweaning colibacillosis vaccination may be compromised by the PRRS circulation. In PRRS endemic herds an effective protection against PWD through vaccination may require PRRS vaccination to obtain a better performance. • Colibacillosis vaccination can improve the productive parameters and mortality. • Colibacillosis vaccination efficacy is better when applied to PRRSV-protected piglets. • The efficacy of colibacillosis vaccination may be compromised by PRRSV circulation. • PRRSV sow vaccination increases the efficacy of postweaning colibacillosis vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an element of biosecurity intended to prevent the access or spread of diseases in farms. Nevertheless, to date no extensive reports exist about the effectiveness of different available PPE on farms. Thus, our aim was to estimate the degree of protection of PPE from viral contamination during farm visits. Two farms, infected with Aleutian mink disease virus and porcine circovirus–2 respectively, were visited by six visitors wearing different combinations of PPE: coveralls with hood and bootcovers, both with a certified barrier to infective agents (certified PPE group) and non-certified bootcover and coverall without hood (non-certified PPE group). Seventy-two swab samples from PPE and both hair and street clothes under PPE were taken after the visit and analysed by qPCR. Our results reveal viral exposure during visits, and the external protections of body and shoes were contaminated in all cases (24/24). In addition, protection from viral contamination varied noticeably according to the biosecurity elements used. A higher number of positives were detected in the non-certified PPE group than in the certified PPE group, both in elements under external protections (14/18 vs 3/18) and also in hair (4/6 vs 0/6). In fact, non-certified bootcovers broke during visits, resulting in viral contamination of the internal elements under them; these are consequently not suitable for using with wrinkled surfaces usually found in farm facilities. Thus, certified coveralls should be used in order to prevent contaminations, and workers and personnel of farms should be trained in their proper use. qPCR is a useful tool in the risk management of biosecurity programmes, and our results may serve as a model to evaluate different biosecurity measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of a three-year Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis monitoring programme using pooled faecal culture in small and mediumsized dairy herds to classify them as infected or non-infected and apply proper hygiene and biosecurity measures. Over a three-year period, 35 dairy herds were analysed annually by faecal culture of ten pooled samples. In addition, proper hygiene and biosecurity protocols were implemented in the farms after the first testing round. Considering a herd as infected with at least one culture positive in any of the three years, the accumulated percentage of infected herds was 25.7%, 40% and 45.7%, for each year respectively. Assuming that all infected herds had been detected at the end of the study, the percentage of infected herds detected each year was 56.25% and 87.5% for the first and second year, respectively. Using frequentist and Bayesian approaches, the estimated individual prevalence revealed a downward trend from 3.30-3.65% in the first year to 1.66-1.86% in the third year. The results of this study indicate that pooled faecal culture allowed for proper classification of the herds and can be a useful tool for monitoring dairy herds against paratuberculosis. In addition, statistical analysis of pooled faecal culture results can be used to evaluate the evolution of individual prevalence in the population and therefore the function of the implemented control programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of heterologous immunoassays containing antibodies raised against a different biological species for quantification of serum proteins is studied and discussed, taking as example the case of the use of a commercially available heterologous assay containing antibodies against human C-reactive protein (hCRP) for quantification of CRP in serum of dogs. This assay was adapted and validated for measurements of canine CRP (cCRP) and compared with three different homologous assays containing species-specific canine antibodies, which are currently commercially available for cCRP determination. Serum samples from healthy and diseased dogs (n = 44) were used. Analytical evaluation included precision, accuracy, limit of detection and lower limit of quantification for all assays. In the case of the heterologous assay also cross-reactivity of the antibody of the heterologous assay with cCRP was evaluated by a Western-Blot analysis giving a positive result. The heterologous assay showed similar results than the homologous assays in all the tests of the analytical evaluation that indicated that the assay was precise and accurate. Method comparison showed a high correlation between all assays (r≥0.9). The Bland-Altman test revealed that the heterologous assay showed a proportional error when compared with the homologous automated assays and a random error when compared with the point-of-care assay. All four CRP assays were able to detect higher CRP values in dogs with inflammatory conditions compared with healthy dogs. It is concluded that heterologous immunoassays could be used for quantification of serum proteins in different species, provided that the antibody has cross-reactivity with the protein to be measured and the assay give satisfactory results in the analytical validation tests. In addition, use of species-specific calibrators and an appropriate batch validation are recommended in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of modelling, simulation and implementation of neural networks, taking into account that two aims have emerged in this area: the improvement of our understanding of the behaviour of the nervous system and the need to find inspiration from it to build systems with the advantages provided by nature to perform certain relevant tasks. The development and evolution of different topics related to neural networks is described (simulators, implementations, and real-world applications) showing that the field has acquired maturity and consolidation, proven by its competitiveness in solving real-world problems. The paper also shows how, over time, artificial neural networks have contributed to fundamental concepts at the birth and development of other disciplines such as Computational Neuroscience, Neuro-engineering, Computational Intelligence and Machine Learning. A better understanding of the human brain is considered one of the challenges of this century, and to achieve it, as this paper goes on to describe, several important national and multinational projects and initiatives are marking the way to follow in neural-network research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents study to compare the outcomes of term gestations with oligohydramnios in the absence of other underlying disorders and term gestations with normal amniotic fluid. It mentions retrospective analysis of obstetric outcomes in term pregnancies. It reveals induction of labor was associated with a higher risk of cesarean delivery and small size of the fetus for gestational age (SGA).

The Aleutian Mink Virus (AMDV) causes the Aleutian Mink Disease (AMD) or Mink Plasmacytosis, a disease responsible of high economic losses for industry worldwide. Despite there is evidence of the environmental persistence of the virus, there is not literature on the detection of this virus in environmental samples in farms and this fact would have great importance in the control programs of the disease. In order to detect contamination caused by AMDV on farms, several environmental samples were taken and examined using qPCR. 93.9% of samples taken from farms confirmed to be infected tested positive. The virus was also detected on a farm which, despite having no previous positive results, was sharing personnel with an infected farm. All samples taken from AMD-free farms tested negative, including a farm where an eradication procedure by stamping out had been performed during the preceding months. Higher contamination levels were observed in samples from those surfaces in direct contact with animals. These results are the first demonstration of environmental contamination in farms, hitherto suggested by epidemiological evidences, caused by AMDV on surfaces, furniture and equipments inside mink farms. qPCR is an useful tool for evaluating the spread of AMDV into the environment, and it may have important applications within the disease control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neonatal calf diarrhoea, a worldwide concern for cattle production, can be caused by viral, bacterial and protozoan enteropathogens: the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most important. The use of antimicrobials for treating neonatal calf diarrhoea cases is still a common practice among veterinary surgeons, although its use is only justified in bacterial infections evolving towards a systemic disease. Since the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for treating diarrhoeic calves increases the risk for the appearance of antimicrobial resistances, restrictions on the use of antimicrobials in veterinary practice were implemented. The aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of ETEC strains obtained from diarrhoeic calves. Our results are alarming since all ETEC strains were resistant to three or more families of antimicrobials; in addition, a high number of strains were resistant to most first-line antimicrobials used in veterinary practice. Only ceftiofur, cefoperazone, cefquinome and gentamicin presented efficacy against most ETEC strains. Thus, empirical treatment of calf scours caused by ETEC is usually ineffective. Our results reveal that performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests in each NCD outbreak is needed for establishing an effective treatment and avoiding the emergence of new resistance mechanisms. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the major pathogens involved in neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) causing high economic losses in dairy farms. Antibiotic treatment is common in cases of systemic illness caused by NCD, but antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) are usually not performed. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of ETEC strains obtained from calves with diarrhoea between 2018–2020. Faecal samples (n = 420) were analyzed to detect the typical ETEC virulence factors F5 and STa. Positive samples were cultured to identify and isolate ETEC strains (n = 41) and ASTs were performed. Our results are alarming since ETEC strains resistant to three or more families of antimicrobials were detected in all isolates. Only four antibiotics (ceftiofur, cefoperazone, cefquinome and gentamicin) presented efficacy against more than 90% of the ETEC strains, while the other ten antibiotics were effective against less than 40% of the strains. In addition, a high number of strains were resistant to most first-line antimicrobials used in veterinary practice. For this reason, when ETEC infection is suspected, an AST must always be performed to select the most appropriate antimicrobial in each case and to avoid the emergence of new resistance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Obesity and its associated complications, such as metabolic syndrome, are an increasing problem in both humans and horses in the developed world. Adipose tissue is a key endocrine organ that communicates with other organs by multiple endocrine substances called adipokines. There is evidence to suggest that adipokines may contribute to the regulation of biological processes, such as metabolism, immunity, and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of one of these adipokines in horses, resistin, and its relationship with insulin dysregulation (ID) and inflammation. Seventy-two horses, included in one of the four following groups, were studied: healthy controls, horses with inflammatory conditions, horses with mild, and horses with severe ID. Plasma resistin concentrations were significantly different between groups, and the highest values were recorded in the inflammatory and severe ID groups. The lack of correlation of resistin with basal insulin concentration and the significant correlation of resistin with the inflammatory marker serum amyloid A suggest that, as is the case in humans, plasma resistin concentrations in horses are predominantly related to inflammatory conditions and not to ID. Obesity and its associated complications, such as metabolic syndrome, are an increasing problem in both humans and horses in the developed world. The expression patterns of resistin differ considerably between species. In rodents, resistin is expressed by adipocytes and is related to obesity and ID. In humans, resistin is predominantly produced by inflammatory cells, and resistin concentrations do not reflect the degree of obesity, although they may predict cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of resistin and its relationship with ID and selected indicators of inflammation in horses. Seventy-two horses, included in one of the four following groups, were studied: healthy controls (C, n = 14), horses with inflammatory conditions (I, n = 21), horses with mild ID (ID1, n = 18), and horses with severe ID (ID2, n = 19). Plasma resistin concentrations were significantly different between groups and the higher values were recorded in the I and ID2 groups (C: 2.38 ± 1.69 ng/mL; I: 6.85 ± 8.38 ng/mL; ID1: 2.41 ± 2.70 ng/mL; ID2: 4.49 ± 3.08 ng/mL). Plasma resistin was not correlated with basal insulin concentrations. A significant (r = 0.336, p = 0.002) correlation was found between resistin and serum amyloid A. Our results show that, as is the case in humans, plasma resistin concentrations in horses are predominantly related to inflammatory conditions and not to ID. Horses with severe ID showed an elevation in resistin that may be secondary to the inflammatory status associated with metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work aims at a reflection on the evolution of the field of Neurocomputing along the last 20 years that have witnessed the sequence of editions of the International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (IWANN). This reflection arises inextricably of the evolution of connectionist networks themselves, describing their features and most remarkable particularities, most of which have prevailed in time. Another trend that is worth mentioning is the development of a strong interconnection with other paradigms comprised under the so-called Computational Intelligence, which can be understood as a set of nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches to address complex real-world problems, which traditional approaches are ineffective or unfeasible to deal with. Indeed, many hybrid computational intelligence schemes have been developed that efficiently combine procedures from the domains of artificial neural networks, machine learning, evolutionary computation and fuzzy logic to be applied in complex domains. Finally, a brief description of the diverse contributions that have been included in this special issue is presented. These papers stem from previous versions presented at IWANN2011. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a design for performance management of SMS systems. The design takes as input the administrator’s performance objectives, which can be adjusted at run-time. Based on these objectives, the design takes the necessary actions to achieve them and it dynamically adapts to changing networking conditions. It does so by periodically solving a linear optimization problem that computes a new configuration for the SMS system. We have evaluated the design through extensive simulations in various scenarios using traces from a production SMS system. It has proved effective in achieving the administrator’s performance objectives, and efficient in terms of computational cost. Our experiments also show that the design is adaptive, i.e., it effectively adapts the systems’s configuration to changes in the networking conditions, in order to continuously meet the performance objectives. Finally, the feasibility of our design is proved through the development of a prototype on a commercial SMS platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lymphomas are originated from lymphoid tissue where most cells correspond to B and T lymphocytes. Thomas Hodgkin described the first cases of lymphoma in the year 1832. The lymphomas are divided into two large groups: Hodgkin lymphoma and non Hodgkin Lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma shows an increase in the overall incidence at world-wide level. Etiology: It is already known that some types of viruses play a role in the lymphomas etiology, as well as different types of immune-suppression status. Histopathology: Histopathology and disease spread knowledge are vital factors for choosing therapeutic and forecasting purposes. Lymphomas can originate from virtually any place on the body. In general terms, Hodgkin Lymphoma follows a more orderly spread pattern unlike non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Once diagnosis is established, it is important to determine the extent of the disease and for this purposes, sectional imaging methods play an important role. Conclusions: The evaluation of the response to treatment is carried out with the methods of sectional imaging. Recent PETCT introduction has made the staging, evaluation of treatment response and detection of recurrence more accurate. Crucially, radiologist should learn the most relevant aspects of this neoplasia since his participation is determining in the multidisciplinary approach of patients with lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The growing problem of obesity in dogs has become an epidemic that affects their quality of life. This study shows for the first time the changes in salivary metabolites in dogs with obesity using a targeted metabolomic approach. The analysis revealed alterations in 27 metabolites classified as amino acids, glycerides, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and acylcarnitines. Some of the changes in the metabolites found in the saliva of obese dogs are associated with insulin resistance, which is usually related to obesity. These results indicate that saliva can show changes in its metabolites in canine obesity, making it a valuable source of biomarkers for this condition. Obesity is a common problem in pet dogs, affecting half of the general population in some countries. Excess body weight causes several disorders and has a negative impact on dogs' quality of life. The use of metabolomics allows the identification of metabolite traces from the metabolic pathways involved in pathological processes. This study aimed to evaluate salivary metabolite variations in dogs with obesity. The salivary samples of 19 dogs were analyzed using a targeted metabolomic approach, through which 234 metabolites were quantified. Of these, multivariate analysis identified 27 different metabolites altered in dogs with obesity compared with control dogs. These metabolites were mainly classified as amino acids, glycerides, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and acylcarnitines. Some of the changes in these metabolites reflect the insulin resistance status related to obesity in dogs. Overall, it can be concluded that the salivary metabolome of obese dogs reflects the metabolic changes occurring in obesity and could be a source of potential biomarkers for this complex condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are widespread pathogens which cause a negative health impact on swine and thus lead to important economic losses in farms. Vaccination is the main preventive measure for both infections and, since the recommended vaccination programs against both pathogens are very similar, bivalent vaccines are commercially available. However, the immune status of the sows against these infections could interfere in the efficacy of these products. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of two ready-to-use vaccines against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae in a herd positive to both infections under field conditions, considering the sow parity of the studied piglets. Both vaccines were efficient in preventing the development of PCV2 viremia, M. hyopneumoniae lung lesions and improving pig growth. Nevertheless, only one of them showed a significant improvement in the average daily weight gain and in the reduction of lung lesions when compared to the unvaccinated group. Sow parity did not interfere in the obtained outcomes. Considering the used vaccine, the anti-PCV2 antibody response was slightly different in pigs from primiparous sows than in those from sows with a higher parity number. Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are economically important pathogens in swine farms. Vaccination is the main preventive measure for both infections. In order to test two ready-to-use bivalent vaccines, 646 piglets from a herd actively infected with both pathogens were stratified according to the sow parity number and randomly assigned to three groups: A and B were vaccinated with two different vaccines, respectively, while C remained as the unvaccinated control. Vaccine efficacy was assessed based on the weight, average daily weight gain (ADWG), degree of lung lesions, presence of PCV2 viremia by qPCR and presence of PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae antibody levels by ELISA. Our data revealed that the sow parity did not influence the vaccine outcomes. Good results for most of the analyzed parameters were observed in both vaccinated groups. ADGW and final weight were higher and lung lesions were less evident in both vaccinated groups than in the control one, but only Group A showed a significant improvement. PCV2 viremia was not detected in Group A, but it did appear in Group B coinciding with its peak in Group C. Finally, both the PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae serological patterns differed depending on the employed vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study shows for the first time the variation of the salivary proteome in horses with acute abdominal disease (AAD) compared with healthy horses through a high-throughput proteomic approach. A total of 118 proteins were identified, and 17 showed significant changes between the two groups. The changes observed in proteins were closely related to an impaired primary immune defense and antimicrobial capacity in the mucosa, and one salivary protein (lactoferrin) was successfully verified. These results may increase the background and knowledge of saliva composition in horses with AAD and further understanding of the physiopathological changes occurring in the organism in this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the salivary proteome in horses with acute abdominal disease (AAD) using a tandem mass tags (TMT)-based proteomic approach. The saliva samples from eight horses with AAD were compared with six healthy horses in the proteomic study. Additionally, saliva samples from eight horses with AAD and eight controls were used to validate lactoferrin (LF) in saliva. The TMT analysis quantified 118 proteins. Of these, 17 differed significantly between horses with AAD and the healthy controls, 11 being downregulated and 6 upregulated. Our results showed the downregulation of gamma-enteric smooth muscle actin (ACTA2), latherin isoform X1, and LF. These proteins could be closely related to an impaired primary immune defense and antimicrobial capacity in the mucosa. In addition, there was an upregulation of mucin 19 (MUC19) and the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) associated with a protective effect during inflammation. The proteins identified in our study could have the potential to be novel biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring the physiopathology of the disease, especially LF, which decreased in the saliva of horses with AAD and was successfully measured using a commercially available immunoassay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air and surfaces of swine farms are the two alternative samples to obtain information about the health status of the herd. The aim of this study was to assess air and surface sampling for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in vaccinated and unvaccinated fattening farms, studying the relationship between the viral load in these samples with the viremia at herd level. Three swine fattening batches (one unvaccinated; two vaccinated) were monitored at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks old; at each stage, blood, air and different surfaces were sampled and analysed by qPCR. In all herds, PCV2 was detected in all types of samples. Whenever viremia was detected, PCV2 was also detected in air and surface samples, even in those cases with a low estimated prevalence (1.6%); moreover, in two out of the three herds, PCV2 was detected in air and surface samples earlier than in the blood of the sampled population. In addition, a good correlation between the viremia of pig population and the PCV2 load in air and surface samples was found in both cases (t = 0.672 and 0.746, respectively; p <0.05). These results show that air and surface samples could be useful tools to monitor PCV2 infection, being suitable for detecting the virus in cases of low prevalence and even before pigs develop viremia; therefore, these sampling techniques would speed up the implementation of the required measures to prevent productive and economic losses due to PCV2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High herd prevalence and individual seroprevalence of BoHV-4 was found in NW Spain. • Herd fertility and abortion were not related with BoHV-4 within-herd seroprevalence. • Exposure to BoHV-4 was age related with a high increase in 26−36 months old animals. • Seropositive 26−36 months old animals presented worse reproductive performance. • All the isolated strains of BoHV-4 in NW Spain corresponded with genotype 1. Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has controversially been related with cattle reproductive disease. In the present study we analyze the relationship between exposure to BoHV-4 and reproductive performance in dairy cattle from northwestern Spain. A total of 2022 sera from 50 farms were examined to detect anti-BoHV-4 antibodies. Herd and individual reproductive records were collected to analyze association with exposure to BoHV-4. In addition, 52 abortion cases were examined to detect BoHV-4 DNA. An individual seroprevalence of 66.6 % and a herd prevalence of 98 % were found. Exposure to BoHV-4 increased with age, particularly in individuals between 26−36 months old (OR = 2.7; CI 95 %: 1.2−5.0, compared to animals < 26 months). Seroprevalence was not associated with herd fertility and herd abortion rate, but seropositive animals between 26−36 months presented prolonged calving to fertilizing insemination intervals (HR: 1.4; CI 95 %: 1.2–2.0) as well as higher odds of an unsuccessful 1st insemination (OR: 2.5; CI 95 %: 1.2−5.0). In abortion cases, BoHV-4 DNA was found in 12 vaginal swabs from 5 farms but not in any fetal tissue. Our results reveal an endemic, high and widespread exposure to BoHV-4 among dairy cattle from NW Spain with a limited impact in the reproductive performance of herds. The significantly worse reproductive performance of seropositive animals of 26−36 months of age may be the consequence of the establishment of primo-infections when moving heifers to lactation lots. Our findings may be useful to understand the potential population impact of BoHV-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Adiponectin is a molecule with biological activity that is closely linked with obesity and obesity-related problems. Despite some literature publications, there is a lack of consensus about how adiponectin changes in canine obesity. Therefore, a meta-analysis is performed here to assess the global performance of adiponectin concentrations in terms of obesity in dogs. After considering 20 different studies, including a total sample size of 366 dogs with obesity and 349 normal weight dogs, the meta-analysis indicates that adiponectin in serum is lower in obese dogs compared with normal weight dogs and increases after weight loss programs. Adiponectin is an abundant plasma protein that is closely related to obesity and obesity-related pathologies. The molecule can be found in three different isoforms, each with different biological activities. Studies on canine obesity have suggested that adiponectin concentrations are decreased in obesity; however, no canine meta-analyses have been performed that feature all the required data. The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that pertain to total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin in relation to canine obesity. From 20 different studies, a total of 366 dogs with obesity and 349 normal weight dogs are included in the meta-analysis. Client-owned dogs were most represented, accounting for 54.3% of the dogs used, while experimental dogs enrolled in the studies made up the remaining 45.7%. The concentrations of total adiponectin in dogs with obesity were significantly lower compared with normal weight dogs. Additionally, adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher in dogs after a successful weight loss protocol compared to the start of the protocol and were significantly lower in dogs after gaining weight. In conclusion, although caution should be taken due to the relatively low number of studies that exist and the high heterogeneity between them, this meta-analysis indicates that adiponectin is decreased in obese dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BoHV-4 was found in vaginal and nasal exudates and milk. • Cows with post-partum metritis shed BoHV-4 by several secretions. • 8/10 heifers seroconverted after 6–10 months in the production lot. • ELISA-negative shedders were found. • Horizontal transmission may be present. Bovine gammaherpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) is increasingly related with reproductive disease in cattle, but its epidemiology is not fully understood. We monitored the serological response and shedding of BoHV-4 in a positive dairy cattle farm with metritis. First, we performed an ELISA to detect BoHV-4 antibodies in all the animals (n = 104). Afterwards, ten seronegative heifers introduced in the production lot and sera samples were monthly taken for four months and then 6–10 months after introduction to detect BoHV-4 antibodies by ELISA. Moreover, a vaginal swab was taken after calving to detect BoHV-4 by PCR. Concurrently, a weekly collection of vaginal and nasal swabs and milk was performed during the first month post-partum in multiparous cows with metritis (n = 14), heifers with metritis (n = 4), heifers without metritis but positive to BoHV-4 (ELISA or PCR) (n = 2) and multiparous cows without metritis (n = 3). Seropositivity was higher in older animals and in the production lot. Three heifers which shed BoHV-4 after parturition resulted seronegative at first but eventually seroconverted. In the same vein, most heifers seroconverted after 6–10 months in the production lot (8/10). Multiparous cows shed virus by various routes: 13/14 (93 %) in vaginal secretions, 7/14 (50 %) in nasal exudates and 7/14 (50 %) in milk. However, in the other groups, shedding was only detected in vaginal swabs from the first week post-partum. Our study describes BoHV-4 shedding in field conditions. Seronegative animals may become horizontally infected when moved to a contaminated environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Q fever is an infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that can affect both humans and animals. Given its consequences and the lack of epidemiological data published about its distribution and risk factors, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii at dairy farms in the northwest of Spain, identify which risk factors favor its occurrence, and the consequences on reproductive performance at the farm level. Bulk tank milk samples were collected from 262 farms and analyzed to identify antibodies against this bacterium. Additionally, data about potential risk factors and reproductive performance were obtained. A total of 60.1% of the farms tested positive for coxiellosis, and the main risk factors were the herd size, the purchase of livestock, and the geographical area. Additionally, conception rate and first-service conception rates were lower in positive farms, which also tended to have higher incidence of reproductive disorders after calving. Q fever is a zoonotic disease that has been associated with reproductive problems in animals. As there is little epidemiological data regarding the distribution and risk factors of this disorder in cattle, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii among dairy herds in the northwest of Spain, and to determine the on-farm risk factors associated with the disease and its effects on reproductive performance. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were collected from 262 commercial dairy herds from A Coruña, Lugo, and Pontevedra provinces. Data about location, mean age, and herd management features were obtained. A commercial indirect ELISA kit was used to determine the presence of antibodies against C. burnetii in BTM samples. The relationship between seropositivity to C. burnetii and the risk factors was checked using a Pearson's χ2 test and a classification tree analysis. In addition, a one-way ANOVA test and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to check the impact of seropositivity to C. burnetii on reproductive performance. A total of 60.1% of the farms tested positive for coxiellosis, the herd size, the external purchase of livestock, and the geographical area were identified as the main risk factors. Conception rate and first-service conception rate were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in positive farms (37.1 and 32.9%) compared to negative farms (39.8 and 36.1%). Similarly, positive farms had significant higher incidence of endometritis (13.7% vs. 11.2%, p < 0.05). Consequently, a high seropositivity and slightly negative effects of coxiellosis on reproductive performance were observed, which intensifies the need for further research, including the identification an active infection in positive herds and the characterization of the genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myxoma virus (MYXV) is the aetiological agent of myxomatosis, a systemic, mostly lethal disease that affects European rabbits. Vaccination against it, although widespread, has not been completely effective and disease outbreaks still take place on farms which carry out vaccination programmes. Since some of these cases have been attributed to airborne transmission or the spread of the virus via inanimate vectors, the aims of this study were to determine MYXV contamination levels and distribution in the environment of vaccinated farms and to ascertain whether the detected virus corresponded to field strains. For that, environmental samples from several areas, tools and employees from four (three infected and one uninfected) rabbitries were taken and analysed by qPCR. MYXV was detected in the environment of all the infected farms, whereas all the samples from the non‐infected farm were negative. Furthermore, all the positive samples contained viral DNA compatible with field strains of the virus. These results lead us to believe that the administration of currently available commercial vaccines does not prevent infected animals from shedding the field virus. Moreover, viral DNA was also found in items that are not in direct contact with the animals, which could play a role in the transmission of the infection throughout the farm and to other farms. Therefore, this study proves that current vaccination schemes on their own are not sufficient to prevent this disease and should be accompanied by adequate biosecurity measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of volcanic ash in the air and their subsequent deposition could cause undesirable effects to air navigation and airport management. Fine and abrasive particles erode metal, clog fuel system and form layers of glass in the turbine of the aircrafts. This makes volcanic ash clouds a serious threat to the air traffic. The economy of Canary Islands depends heavily on tourism, hence the economic effects of a total or partial closure of some of their 8 airports would be severe. We model possible scenarios of small-magnitude eruptions in Canary Islands using FALL3D software, a time-dependent Eulerian model for the transport and deposition of tephra.The main objective of this work is making a probabilistic estimation of the most affected airports, fly paths and their economic impact. For this purpose, realized Monte-Carlo simulations, varying vent position, meteorological conditions and vulcanological parameters, to take into account a complete set of different eruptive scenarios. This approach allow us to obtain a robust statistical evaluation about the possible disruption of air traffic in Canary Islands caused by a future small-magnitude eruption in the archipelago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a common nutrition-related disorder leading to reduced life expectancy in both humans and dogs. With the aim of identifying new prevention and control options, the study objectives were (1) to investigate dog-owner perceptions about obesity in terms of themselves and their dogs, and (2) to identify factors associated with obesity and possible social, environmental and economic drivers for its development in dog owners and their pets. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was performed across multiple countries. The questionnaire focused on human and canine obesity, associated factors and potential drivers, and was distributed online and in the form of hard copies among dog owners in 11 European countries. In total, 3,185 responses from ten countries were included in multivariable analyses. Between 19.1% and 48.8% of the dog owners reported to be overweight/obese. Owner-reported overweight/obesity in dogs ranged from 6.0% to 31.3% based on body condition score charts, and 31.8% to 69.4% based on body fat index charts. Common factors associated with obesity in owners and their dogs were age, gender and owners’ attitudes to diet and physical activity. Dog owners who did not consider obesity to be a disease were more likely to have obese dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There is an increasing interest in measuring biomarkers from saliva, as samples can be obtained noninvasively. This is particularly true in pigs where blood sampling is technically complicated and stressful. In pigs, studies regarding how the absorbent material used for collection affects analytical results are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the material used for saliva collection can affect the results of analyses for the different types of biomarkers that can be measured in the saliva of pigs. In this report, polypropylene sponges gave higher sample saliva volumes and, in some salivary analytes, provided different values compared with cotton rolls. Therefore, it can be concluded that the type of material used can influence the results of saliva analysis. The use of saliva as a biological sample from pigs is of high practical interest because blood collection from pigs is difficult and stressful. In this study, the influence of two different materials, a cotton roll and a polypropylene sponge, in porcine saliva collection was evaluated. For this purpose, the effect of the material used for sampling was evaluated in a panel of 13 analytes, including those related to stress (cortisol and oxytocin), inflammation and immunity (adenosine deaminase, haptoglobin and myeloperoxidase), redox homeostasis (the cupric reducing ability of saliva, the ferric reducing activity of saliva, and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), and sepsis (procalcitonin), as well as other routine analytes related to metabolism and different tissues and organs, such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, urea, and total protein concentration. The polypropylene sponge provided a higher sample volume than the cotton roll. Although the results of some salivary analytes were equivalent for both materials, other analytes, such as creatine kinase, haptoglobin and total proteins, showed significant differences depending on the material used for saliva collection. Therefore, the type of material used for salivary collection in pigs should be considered when interpreting the results of analyses of the salivary analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the frequency and to identify risk factors associated with anomalies of cord and perinatal outcomes. Materials and methods: A retrospective case-control was performed from July2003 to December2015, involving all women with singleton pregnancies attended at Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain. We compared patients with true umbilical cord knot (TUCK), velamentous cord insertion (VCI), cord around the neck (CAN)against patients with a normal umbilical cord(NUC).The register includes all births fetuses over 24weeks gestation or with a weight greater than 500g.Patients with twin pregnancy, known fetal or chromosomal anomalies and those with other pathologies different from funicular were excluded from the study. We evaluated the following clinical characteristics: maternal age, gestational age, parity, neonatal sex, pre-existing or gestational hypertension, mode of onset (spontaneous, labor induction and elective cesarean) and ending mode (spontaneous, cesarean and instrumental). In the case of instrumental or cesarean delivery we registered the reason in a new variable called the non-reassuring fetal heart rate(NRFHR).The neonatal variables included were fetal sex, birth weight, meconium, Apgar score, umbilical cord pH and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU).To compare numerical variables we used the Student´s t -test, and to compare qualitative variables we used the Chi squaretest. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Result: The final study sample included of 31,877deliveries, which resulted in the birth of 272(0.9%) with TUCK, 29(0.1%) with (VCI),5212(16.4%) with (CAN) and 26,118(81.9%)with NUC.The cord anomalies were significantly more frequently multiparous (15.2%vs18.2;p<0.05), and there was a higher proportion of male infants (18.9%vs15.9%;p≤0.0 )compared with the control group. Emergency cesarean were more common in the cords anomalies (19.7%vs11.6%,p<0.05). All other pregnancy and delivery characteristics were similar for women in the study and control groups. Conclusion: The cord anomalies are relatively common and it is associated with increased incidence of emergency cesarean for non-reassuring fetal heart rate. During birth, however, it´s clinical significance seems to be minor. At present, little-if anything-can be done to prevent fetal death ascribable to cord anomalies because diagnosis using ultrasonography is challenging; however, the risk of death is still small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The female lower reproductive tract microbiota is a complex ecosystem comprising various microorganisms that play a pivotal role in maintaining women's reproductive well-being. During pregnancy, the vaginal microbiota undergoes dynamic changes that are important for a successful gestation. This review summarizes the implications of the cervical mucus plug microenvironment and its profound impact on reproductive health. Further, the symbiotic relationship between the vaginal microbiome and the cervical mucus plug is highlighted, with a special emphasis on how this natural barrier serves as a guardian against ascending infections. Understanding this complex host–microbes interplay could pave the way for innovative approaches to improve women's reproductive health and fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 35 male roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Lugo province (north‐western Spain) were examined for pedicle myiasis between 2020 and 2022. All these animals had died by different causes and were examined or preserved just after their death to avoid post‐mortem infestations. After external and internal head inspection, five animals were diagnosed with severe myiasis at the basis of the antlers (14.29%; 95% confidence interval = 5.38–31.04). All the affected bucks presented a cutaneous wound (1.5–15 cm in diameter) around the pedicles with extensive tissue destruction, exposition of frontal and parietal bones, and massive infestation by dipteran larvae (2–12 mm long). Four of five roe deer showed whitish egg clusters adhered to the basis of the antlers. Moreover, in one animal, six larvae had penetrated the cranial cavity, and in two of them larvae were also found in the nasopharyngeal cavity. All the cases were recorded in summer (May–August). Morphological identification and subsequent molecular confirmation revealed that all animals were infested by different larval stages of Lucilia caesar (Diptera: Calliphoridae). This study represents the first report of pedicle myiasis in Spain. Since this disease is reported sporadically, the detection of five cases in a short period of time suggests an increase in the incidence of this myiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: S100A8/A9 (also known as calprotectin) and S100A12 (also known as calgranulin C) are considered biomarkers of potential interest and are proteins members of the calgranulin family which is related to different inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate if S100A8/A9 and A12 could change in the saliva of pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli and compare the changes of S100A8/A9 and A12 with other analytes in order to explore the possible causes or mechanisms involved in these changes. For this purpose, a panel integrated by other analytes related to inflammation, immune system, stress, tissue damage, sepsis, and redox status was also evaluated. S100A8/A9 and S100A12 increased in pigs with diarrhea produced by E. coli and were correlated with other salivary analytes. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the possible practical applications of these calgranulins as biomarkers to evaluate the health and welfare of pigs. The family of calgranulins includes S100A8 (calgranulin A), S100A9 (calgranulin B), which can appear as a heterodimer known as S100A8/A9 or calprotectin, and S100A12 (calgranulin C). These proteins are related to different inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis and are considered biomarkers of potential interest. This study aims to evaluate if S100A8/A9 and A12 could change in pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli and to compare the changes of S100A8/A9 and A12 with other analytes in order to explore the possible causes or mechanisms involved. For this purpose, a panel integrated by analytes related to inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor 4 (ITIH4), and total protein); immune system (adenosine deaminase, ADA); stress (alpha-amylase); tissue damage (lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)); sepsis (aldolase) and redox status (ferric-reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)) was evaluated. S100A8/A9 and A12 and the other analytes measured in this study showed increases in the saliva of pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli. S100A8/A9 and/or A12 showed a significant correlation of different magnitude with some of the other analytes evaluated. Further studies should be conducted to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications as biomarkers of the measurements of S100A8/A9 and A12 in the saliva of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacteria that infects pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, or endocarditis. This increases the mortality in pig farms deriving in severe economic losses. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has various advantages compared to blood, especially in pigs. In this study, it was hypothesized that saliva could reflect changes in different biomarkers related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in pigs with S. suis infection and that changes in these biomarkers could be related to the severity of the disease. Results: A total of 56 growing pigs from a farm were selected as infected pigs (n = 28) and healthy pigs (n = 28). Results showed increases in biomarkers related to stress (alpha-amylase and oxytocin), inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), total protein, S100A8-A9 and S100A12), redox status (advanced oxidation protein producs (AOPP)) and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, troponin I, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). An increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA), procalcitonin, and aldolase in infected animals were also observed, as previously described. The grade of severity of the disease indicated a significant positive correlation with total protein concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, aldolase, and AOPP. Conclusions: This report revealed that S. suis infection caused variations in analytes related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in the saliva of pigs and these can be considered potential biomarkers for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: S100 proteins are a group of calcium-binding proteins which have a similar molecular mass and share similarities in their amino acid sequence. They are expressed in many tissues, and to date 25 different types of S100 proteins have been identified. They have a wide range of biological functions at both intracellular and extracellular levels. This review aims to provide updated information about S100 proteins and their use as biomarkers in veterinary science, with special emphasis on the family of calgranulins, which comprise a group of S100 proteins including S100A8 (calgranulin A), S100A9 (calgranulin B), and S100A12 (calgranulin C). The proteins SA100A8 and S100A9 can be linked, forming a heterodimer which is known as calprotectin. This review will help to improve basic knowledge of the S100 proteins as well their potential use as biomarkers in the veterinary field. S100 proteins are a group of calcium-binding proteins which received this name because of their solubility in a 100% saturated solution of ammonium sulphate. They have a similar molecular mass of 10–12 KDa and share 25–65% similarity in their amino acid sequence. They are expressed in many tissues, and to date 25 different types of S100 proteins have been identified. This review aims to provide updated information about S100 proteins and their use as biomarkers in veterinary science, with special emphasis on the family of calgranulins that includes S100A8 (calgranulin A; myeloid-related protein 8, MRP8), S100A9 (calgranulin B; MRP14), and S100A12 (calgranulin C). The proteins SA100A8 and S100A9 can be linked, forming a heterodimer which is known as calprotectin. Calgranulins are related to the activation of inflammation and the immune system and increase in gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation and sepsis, immunomediated diseases, and obesity and endocrine disorders in different animal species. This review reflects the current knowledge about calgranulins in veterinary science, which should increase in the future to clarify their role in different diseases and potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, as well as the practical use of their measurement in non-invasive samples such as saliva or feces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Calprotectin (CALP, S100A8/A9) is a calcium and zinc-binding protein involved in inflammation that has a wide range of proinflammatory functions, such as cytokine production and regulation of leukocyte adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. The objective of this study was to validate a commercially available assay for the measurement of CALP in the saliva of pigs and study the variations of this analyte due to sepsis, non-septic inflammation, and stress. The assay showed adequate precision and accuracy for the measurements of CALP in the saliva of pigs. In addition, this protein showed significant increases in the saliva of pigs with sepsis as well as after a stressful situation in our experimental conditions, being the increase in the stress of lower magnitude than in sepsis. Based on these results, CALP can be measured in the saliva of pigs and could be a potential biomarker of health and welfare in this species. Calprotectin (CALP, S100A8/A9), also named myeloid-related protein 8/14, is a dimer complex of S100A8 and S100A9 that belongs to the S-100 protein family. It is involved in inflammation and has a wide range of proinflammatory functions, such as cytokine production and regulation of leukocyte adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. In humans, CALP traditionally can be measured in faeces, serum, and saliva as a biomarker of inflammation and sepsis. The objective of this study was to validate an automated assay for CALP measurements in the saliva of pigs, having the advantage of the use of a non-invasive sample that is easy to collect. The assay was precise and accurate. CALP in saliva measured by this assay showed significant changes depending on the hour of the day. It also showed significant increases in the saliva of pigs after the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and showed a rise, although with increases of lower magnitude, after a stressful stimulus. Further studies should be made to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications of the measurements of CALP in the saliva of pigs as a biomarker to evaluate the animals' health and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to provide up-to-date information about the prevalence of infectious and parasitic agents in Spanish roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), samples from 93 animals hunted from January 2013 to April 2015 were collected and analysed by parasitological, serological and molecular techniques. Sampled animals came from four roe deer populations corresponding to Oceanic, Continental, Mediterranean and Mountainous ecosystems of Spain. Data regarding sex, age and year were also considered. A high percentage of roe deer (95.7%) resulted positive for at least one agent.Sarcocystisspp. was the most frequently diagnosed genus (88.8%), followed by gastrointestinal nematodes (62.9%) and Schmallenberg virus (53.5%).Varestrongylus capreoli(38%),Anaplasma phagocitophylum(34.2%),Eimeriaspp. (29.2%),Toxoplasma gondii(25%) andCephenemyia stimulator(23.8%) displayed medium prevalences and, finally low percentages were registered forMonieziaspp. (6.7%),Dictyocaulus noerneri(2.4%) andMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(1.5%). No infections byNeospora caninum, Bovine herpesvirus, pestivirus orCoxiella burnetiiwere found. Climate was significantly associated with the prevalence ofT. gondii,C. stimulatorandA. phagocitophylum, with higher prevalences in animals from Oceanic and Mediterranean areas. Our results suggest that infections affecting Spanish roe deer, especially those of parasitic aetiology, represent one of the causes of the descent in the abundance of this ungulate in the last years. Moreover, the high prevalence of zoonotic agents such asT. gondiiandA. phagocitophylumcould also have a great relevance in the environmental and/or Public Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meningitis due to Streptococcus suis causes high mortality and morbidity on pig farms and has increasing zoonotic potential worldwide. Saliva proteome analysis would potentially be useful in elucidating pathophysiological changes and mining for new biomarkers to diagnose and monitor S. suis infection. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the salivary and serum proteome profile of piglets with meningitis. The LC-MS/MS TMT proteomic approach was used to analyze saliva and serum samples from 20 male piglets: 10 with meningitis and 10 healthy. In saliva, 11 proteins had higher and 10 had lower relative abundance in piglets with meningitis. The proteins with the highest relative abundance were metavinculin (VCL) and desmocollin-2 (DSC2). Adenosine deaminase (ADA) was selected for validation using a spectrophotometric assay and demonstrated excellent performance in the differentiation between healthy and pigs with meningitis due to S. suis. In serum, the most protruding changes occurred for one SERPIN and haptoglobin (HP). In saliva and serum, the highest number of proteins with altered abundance were linked, via the enrichment analysis, with platelet and neutrophil pathways. Overall, meningitis caused by S. suis resulted in specific proteome changes in saliva and serum, reflecting different pathophysiological mechanisms, and marking new potential biomarkers for this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, data communication networks have grown to immense size and have been diversified by the mobile revolution. Existing management solutions are based on a centralized deterministic paradigm, which is appropriate for networks of moderate size operating in relatively stable conditions. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that these management solutions are not able to cope with the large dynamic networks that are emerging. In this article, we argue that the adoption of a decentralized and probabilistic paradigm for network management will be crucial to meet the challenges of future networks, such as efficient resource usage, scalability, robustness, and adaptability. We discuss the potential of decentralized probabilistic management and its impact on management operations, and illustrate the paradigm by three example solutions for real-time monitoring and anomaly detection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Metastrongyloid and trichuroid cardiorespiratory nematodes of dogs and cats are considered emergent in several European countries, and an increase in the number and extent of endemic foci has been described. Since data on their prevalence are limited in this continent, faecal samples from new arrivals (365 dogs and 65 cats) at two animal shelters in North‐western Spain were analysed using both floatation and Baermann techniques. In order to confirm the microscopic identification of Metastrongylidae first stage larvae, molecular characterization based on the sequence of the ITS‐2 was performed. The possible influence of some variables such as the species, sex and age of the animals and the co‐infection with other gastrointestinal parasites on the prevalence of cardiorespiratory nematodes was analysed. The most prevalent metastrongylid was Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (15.4%) followed by Angiostrongylus vasorum (4.1%) and Crenosoma vulpis (1.1%). Regarding trichuroids, Eucoleus aerophilus and/or Eucoleus boehmi eggs were detected in 28 dogs (7.7%) and four cats (6.2%). Almost all animals positive to cardiorespiratory nematodes (86.8%) were co‐infected with gastrointestinal parasites. The prevalence of Metastrongylidae and respiratory trichuroids was significantly higher in dogs co‐infected with Taenia spp. and Toxocara canis or Giardia duodenalis and Sarcocystis spp., respectively. In cats, a significant higher prevalence of Metastrongylidae nematodes was found in animals co‐infected with Toxocara cati. Our results reveal that cardiorespiratory nematodes are common in companion animals from north‐western Spain, showing higher prevalences than those previously reported from this country. This investigation represents the first report of C. vulpis, E. aerophilus and E. boehmi in dogs from Spain. The identification of a number of zoonotic parasites is of public health concern. Our results indicate that these nematodes should be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs and cats from north‐western Spain showing respiratory or cardiac clinical signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]