Search

We report the results from spectroscopic observations of the multiple images of the strongly lensed Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), iPTF16geu, obtained with ground-based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). From a single epoch of slitless spectroscopy with HST, we resolve spectra of individual lensed supernova images for the first time. This allows us to perform an independent measurement of the time-delay between the two brightest images, Δt = 1.4 ± 5.0 d, which is consistent with the time-delay measured from the light curves. We also present measurements of narrow emission and absorption lines characterizing the interstellar medium in the SN Ia host galaxy at z = 0.4087, as well as in the foreground lensing galaxy at z = 0.2163. We detect strong Na id absorption in the host galaxy, indicating that iPTF16geu belongs to a subclass of SNe Ia displaying 'anomalously' large Na id column densities compared to dust extinction derived from light curves. For the lens galaxy, we refine the measurement of the velocity dispersion, σ = 129 ± 4 km s-1, which significantly constrains the lens model. We use ground-based spectroscopy, boosted by a factor ∼70 from lensing magnification, to study the properties of a high-z SN Ia with unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio. The spectral properties of the supernova, such as pseudo-Equivalent widths of several absorption features and velocities of the Si ii-line, indicate that iPTF16geu is a normal SN Ia. We do not detect any significant deviations of the SN spectral energy distribution from microlensing of the SN photosphere by stars and compact objects in the lensing galaxy.

We present ionized gas kinematics for 681 galaxies at z &tild; 1.4-3.8 from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey, measured using models that account for random galaxy-slit misalignments together with structural parameters derived from CANDELS Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging. Kinematics and sizes are used to derive dynamical masses. Baryonic masses are estimated from stellar masses and inferred gas masses from dust-corrected star formation rates (SFRs) and the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. We measure resolved rotation for 105 galaxies. For the remaining 576 galaxies we use models based on HST imaging structural parameters together with integrated velocity dispersions and baryonic masses to statistically constrain the median ratio of intrinsic ordered to disordered motion,. We find that increases with increasing stellar mass and decreasing specific SFR (sSFR). These trends may reflect marginal disk stability, where systems with higher gas fractions have thicker disks. For galaxies with detected rotation we assess trends between their kinematics and mass, sSFR, and baryon surface density (Σbar,e). Intrinsic dispersion correlates most with Σbar,e, and velocity correlates most with mass. By comparing dynamical and baryonic masses, we find that galaxies at z &tild; 1.4-3.8 are baryon dominated within their effective radii (RE), with Mdyn/Mbaryon increasing over time. The inferred baryon fractions within RE, fbar, decrease over time, even at fixed mass, size, or surface density. At fixed redshift, fbar does not appear to vary with stellar mass but increases with decreasing RE and increasing Σbar,e. For galaxies at z ≥ 2, the median inferred baryon fractions generally exceed 100%. We discuss possible explanations and future avenues to resolve this tension.

We present measurements of [S III]λλ9069,9531 for a sample of z ∼ 1.5 star-forming galaxies, the first representative sample with measurements of these lines at z ≿ 0.1. We employ the line ratio S32 ≡ [S III]λλ9069,9531/[S II]λλ6716,6731 as a novel probe of evolving interstellar medium (ISM) conditions. Since this ratio includes the low-ionization line [S II], it is crucial that the effects of diffuse ionized gas (DIG) on emission-line ratios be accounted for in z ∼ 0 galaxy spectra, or else that comparisons be made to samples of local H II regions in which DIG emission is not present. We find that S32 decreases with increasing stellar mass at both z ∼ 1.5 and z ∼ 0, but with a shallow slope suggesting S32 has a weak dependence on metallicity, in contrast with [O III]/[O II] that displays a strong metallicity dependence. As a result, S32 only mildly evolves with redshift at fixed stellar mass. The z ∼ 1.5 sample is systematically offset toward lower S32 and higher [S II]/Hα at fixed [O III]/Hβ relative to z = 0 H II regions. We find that such trends can be explained by a scenario in which the ionizing spectrum is harder at fixed O/H with increasing redshift, but are inconsistent with an increase in ionization parameter at fixed O/H. This analysis demonstrates the advantages of expanding beyond the strongest rest-optical lines for evolutionary studies, and the particular utility of [S III] for characterizing evolving ISM conditions and stellar compositions. These measurements provide a basis for estimating [S III] line strengths for high-redshift galaxies, a line that the James Webb Space Telescope will measure out to z ∼ 5.5.

Using data from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey, we present a census of active galactic nucleus (AGN)-driven ionized outflows in a sample of 159 AGNs at 1.4 ≤ z ≤ 3.8. The sample spans AGN bolometric luminosities of 1044-47 erg s-1 and includes both quiescent and star-forming galaxies extending across 3 orders of magnitude in stellar mass. We identify and characterize outflows from the Hβ, [O iii], H, and [N ii] emission line spectra. We detect outflows in 17% of the AGNs, seven times more often than in a mass-matched sample of inactive galaxies in MOSDEF. The outflows are fast and galaxy-wide, with velocities of ∼400-3500 km s-1 and spatial extents of 0.3-11.0 kpc. The incidence of outflows among AGNs is independent of the stellar mass of the host galaxy, with outflows detected in both star-forming and quiescent galaxies. This suggests that outflows exist across different phases in galaxy evolution. We investigate relations between outflow kinematic, spatial, and energetic properties and both AGN and host galaxy properties. Our results show that AGN-driven outflows are widespread in galaxies along the star-forming main sequence. The mass-loading factors of the outflows are typically 0.1-1 and increase with AGN luminosity, capable of exceeding unity at at LAGN≳ 1046 erg s-1. In these more luminous sources, the ionized outflow alone is likely sufficient to regulate star formation and, when combined with outflowing neutral and molecular gas, may be able to quench star formation in their host galaxies.

Population synthesis models predict that high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) populations produced in low-metallicity environments should be more X-ray luminous, a trend supported by studies of nearby galaxies. This trend may be responsible for the observed increase of the X-ray luminosity (L X) per star formation rate (SFR) with redshift due to the decrease of metallicity (Z) at fixed stellar mass as a function of redshift. To test this hypothesis, we use a sample of 79 z ∼ 2 star-forming galaxies with oxygen abundance measurements from the MOSDEF survey, which obtained rest-frame optical spectra for ∼1500 galaxies in the CANDELS fields at 1.37 < z < 3.80. Using Chandra data from the Chandra AEGIS-X Deep, Chandra Deep Field North, and Chandra Deep Field South surveys, we stack the X-ray data at the galaxy locations in bins of redshift and Z because the galaxies are too faint to be individually detected. In agreement with previous studies, the average L X/SFR of our z ∼ 2 galaxy sample is enhanced by ≈0.4-0.8 dex relative to local HMXB L X-SFR scaling relations. Splitting our sample by Z, we find that L X/SFR and Z are anticorrelated with 97% confidence. This observed Z dependence for HMXB-dominated galaxies is consistent with both the local L X-SFR-Z relation and a subset of population synthesis models. Although the statistical significance of the observed trends is weak owing to the low X-ray statistics, these results constitute the first direct evidence connecting the redshift evolution of L X/SFR and the Z dependence of HMXBs.

We present results on the emission-line properties of 1.3≤z≤2.7 galaxies drawn from the complete the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey. Specifically, we use observations of the emission-line diagnostic diagram of [O iii]λ 5007/Hβ versus [S ii]λλ6717,6731/Hα, i.e., the "[S ii] BPT diagram," to gain insight into the physical properties of high-redshift star-forming regions. High-redshift MOSDEF galaxies are offset toward lower [S ii]λλ6717,6731/Hα at fixed [O iii]λ5007/Hβ, relative to local galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Furthermore, at fixed [O iii]λ5007/Hβ, local SDSS galaxies follow a trend of decreasing [S ii]λλ6717,6731/Hα as the surface density of star formation (ΣSFR) increases. We explain this trend in terms of the decreasing fractional contribution from diffuse ionized gas (f DIG) as ΣSFR increases in galaxies, which causes galaxy-integrated line ratios to shift toward the locus of pure H ii-region emission. The z∼0 relationship between f DIG and ΣSFR implies that high-redshift galaxies have lower f DIG values than typical local systems, given their significantly higher typical ΣSFR. When an appropriate low-redshift benchmark with zero or minimal f DIG is used, high-redshift MOSDEF galaxies appear offset toward higher [S ii]λλ6717,6731/Hα and/or [O iii]λ 5007/Hβ. The joint shifts of high-redshift galaxies in the [S ii] and [N ii] BPT diagrams are best explained in terms of the harder spectra ionizing their star-forming regions at fixed nebular oxygen abundance (expected for chemically young galaxies), as opposed to large variations in N/O ratios or higher ionization parameters. The evolving mixture of H ii regions and diffuse ionized gas is an essential ingredient of our description of the interstellar medium over cosmic time.

We study the properties of 30 spectroscopically identified pairs of galaxies observed during the peak epoch of star formation in the universe. These systems are drawn from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) Survey at 1.4 ≤ z ≤ 3.8, and are interpreted as early-stage galaxy mergers. Galaxy pairs in our sample are identified as two objects whose spectra were collected on the same Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopic slit. Accordingly, all pairs in the sample have projected separations R proj ≤ 60 kpc. The velocity separation for pairs was required to be Δv ≤ 500 km s -1 , which is a standard threshold for defining interacting galaxy pairs at low redshift. Stellar mass ratios in our sample range from 1.1 to 550, with 12 ratios closer than or equal to 3:1, the common definition of a "major merger." Studies of merging pairs in the local universe indicate an enhancement in star formation activity and deficit in gas-phase oxygen abundance relative to isolated galaxies of the same mass. We compare the MOSDEF pairs sample to a control sample of isolated galaxies at the same redshift, finding no measurable SFR enhancement or metallicity deficit at fixed stellar mass for the pairs sample. The lack of significant difference between the average properties of pairs and control samples appears in contrast to results from low-redshift studies, although the small sample size and lower signal-to-noise of the high-redshift data limit definitive conclusions on redshift evolution. These results are consistent with some theoretical works, suggesting a reduced differential effect of precoalescence mergers on galaxy properties at high redshift - specifically that precoalescence mergers do not drive strong starbursts.

We present results from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey on broad flux from the nebular emission lines Hα, [N ii], [O iii], Hβ, and [S ii]. The sample consists of 127 star-forming galaxies at 1.37

We use extensive spectroscopy from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey to investigate the relationships between rest-frame optical emission line equivalent widths (W) and a number of galaxy and interstellar medium (ISM) characteristics for a sample of 1134 star-forming galaxies at redshifts 1.4 ≲ z ≲ 3.8. We examine how the equivalent widths of , , λλ4960, 5008, + Hβ, , and , depend on stellar mass, UV slope, age, star formation rate (SFR) and specific SFR (sSFR), ionization parameter and excitation conditions (O32 and /Hβ), gas-phase metallicity, and ionizing photon production efficiency (ξ ion). The trend of increasing W with decreasing stellar mass is strongest for (and +Hβ). More generally, the equivalent widths of all the lines increase with redshift at a fixed stellar mass or fixed gas-phase metallicity, suggesting that high equivalent width galaxies are common at high redshift. This redshift evolution in equivalent widths can be explained by the increase in SFR and decrease in metallicity with redshift at a fixed stellar mass. Consequently, the dependence of W on sSFR is largely invariant with redshift, particularly when examined for galaxies of a given metallicity. Our results show that high equivalent width galaxies, specifically those with high , have low stellar masses, blue UV slopes, young ages, high sSFRs, ISM line ratios indicative of high ionization parameters, high ξ ion, and low metallicities. As these characteristics are often attributed to galaxies with high ionizing escape fractions, galaxies with high W are likely candidates for the population that dominates cosmic reionization.

Using the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) rest-frame optical spectroscopic survey, we investigate the star formation histories (SFHs) of different galaxy types, ranging from actively star-forming to quiescent at 1.4 ≤ z ≤ 2.6. SFHs are constrained utilizing stellar continuum spectroscopy, specifically through a combination of Balmer absorption lines, the 4000 Å break, and the equivalent width of the Hα emission line. To attain a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) to conduct these measurements we stack spectra of galaxies with similar spectral types, as determined from their rest-frame U - V and V - J colors. We bin the MOSDEF sample into five spectral types, subdividing the quiescent and star-forming bins to better explore galaxies transitioning between the two. We constrain the average SFHs for each type, finding that quiescent and transitional galaxies in the MOSDEF sample are dominated by an SFH with an average star formation timescale of τ ∼ 0.1-0.2 Gyr. These findings contrast with measurements from the low-redshift Universe where, on average, galaxies form their stars over a more extended time period (τ > 1 Gyr). Furthermore, our spectral index measurements correlate with mass surface density for all spectral types. Finally, we compare the average properties of the galaxies in our transitional bins to investigate possible paths to quiescence, and speculate on the viability of a dusty post-starburst phase.

We present an analysis using the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey on the nature of "MIR-excess" galaxies, which have star formation rates (SFRs) inferred from mid-infrared (MIR) data that are substantially elevated relative to those estimated from dust-corrected UV data. We use a sample of ∼200 galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at 1.40 < z < 2.61 with 24 μm detections (rest-frame 8 μm) from MIPS/Spitzer. We find that the identification of MIR-excess galaxies strongly depends on the methodologies used to estimate IR luminosity (L1R) and to correct the UV light for dust attenuation. We find that extrapolations of the SFR from the observed 24 μm flux, using luminosity-dependent templates based on local galaxies, substantially overestimate in z ∼ 2 galaxies. By including Herschel observations and using a stellar-mass-dependent, luminosity-independent L1R, we obtain more reliable estimates of the SFR and a lower fraction of MIR-excess galaxies. Once stellar-mass selection biases are taken into account, we identify ∼24% of our galaxies as MIR excess. However, is not elevated in MIR-excess galaxies compared to MIR-normal galaxies, indicating that the intrinsic fraction of MIR excess may be lower. Using X-ray-, IR-, and optically selected AGNs in MOSDEF, we do not find a higher prevalence for AGNs in MIR-excess galaxies relative to MIR-normal galaxies. A stacking analysis of X-ray-undetected galaxies does not reveal a harder spectrum in MIR-excess galaxies relative to MIR-normal galaxies. Our analysis indicates that AGN activity does not contribute substantially to the MIR excess and instead implies that it is likely due to the enhanced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission.

We investigate the nature of the relation among stellar mass, star formation rate, and gas-phase metallicity (the M∗-SFR-Z relation) at high redshifts using a sample of 260 star-forming galaxies at z∼2.3 from the MOSDEF survey. We present an analysis of the high-redshift M∗-SFR-Z relation based on several emission-line ratios for the first time. We show that a M∗-SFR-Z relation clearly exists at z∼2.3. The strength of this relation is similar to predictions from cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. By performing a direct comparison of stacks of z∼0 and z∼2.3 galaxies, we find that z∼2.3 galaxies have ∼0.1 dex lower metallicity at fixed M∗ and SFR. In the context of chemical evolution models, this evolution of the M∗-SFR-Z relation suggests an increase with redshift of the mass-loading factor at fixed M∗, as well as a decrease in the metallicity of infalling gas that is likely due to a lower importance of gas recycling relative to accretion from the intergalactic medium at high redshifts. Performing this analysis simultaneously with multiple metallicity-sensitive line ratios allows us to rule out the evolution in physical conditions (e.g., N/O ratio, ionization parameter, and hardness of the ionizing spectrum) at fixed metallicity as the source of the observed trends with redshift and with SFR at fixed M∗ at z∼2.3. While this study highlights the promise of performing high-order tests of chemical evolution models at high redshifts, detailed quantitative comparisons ultimately await a full understanding of the evolution of metallicity calibrations with redshift.

We combine Hα and Hβ spectroscopic measurements and UV photometry for a sample of 673 galaxies from the MOSDEF survey to constrain hydrogen-ionizing photon production efficiencies (ζion) at z = 1.4-2.6. We find 〈log(ζion/[s-1erg s-1Hz-1])〉=25.06(25.34), assuming the Calzetti (SMC) curve for the UV dust correction and a scatter of 0.28 dex in the ζiondistribution. After accounting for observational uncertainties and variations in dust attenuation, we conclude that the remaining scatter in ζionis likely dominated by galaxy-to-galaxy variations in stellar populations, including the slope and upper-mass cutoff of the initial mass function, stellar metallicity, star formation burstiness, and stellar evolution (e.g., single/binary star evolution). Moreover, ζionis elevated in galaxies with high ionization states (high [O iii]/[O ii]) and low oxygen abundances (low [N ii]/Hα and high [O iii]/Hβ) in the ionized ISM. However, ζiondoes not correlate with the offset from the z ∼ 0 star-forming locus in the BPT diagram, suggesting no change in the hardness of the ionizing radiation accompanying the offset from the z ∼ 0 sequence. We also find that galaxies with blue UV spectral slopes (〈β〉=-2.1) have ζionelevated by a factor of ∼2 relative to the average ζionof the sample (〈β〉=-1.4). If these blue galaxies are similar to those at z > 6, our results suggest that a lower Lyman-continuum escape fraction is required for galaxies to maintain reionization, compared to the canonical predictions from stellar population models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that even with robustly dust-corrected Hα, the UV dust attenuation can cause on average a ∼0.3 dex systematic uncertainty in calculations.

Using observations from the first 2 yr of the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey, we study 13 active galactic nucleus (AGN) driven outflows detected from a sample of 67 X-ray, IR, and/or optically selected AGNs at. The AGNs have bolometric luminosities of, including both quasars and moderate-luminosity AGNs. We detect blueshifted, ionized gas outflows in the Hβ, [O iii], Hα, and/or [N ii] emission lines of 19% of the AGNs, while only 1.8% of the MOSDEF galaxies have similarly detected outflows. The outflow velocities span ∼300 to 1000 km s-1. Eight of the 13 outflows are spatially extended on similar scales to the host galaxies, with spatial extents of 2.5-11.0 kpc. Outflows are detected uniformly across the star-forming main sequence, showing little trend with the host galaxy star formation rate. Line ratio diagnostics indicate that the outflowing gas is photoionized by the AGNs. We do not find evidence for positive AGN feedback, in either our small MOSDEF sample or a much larger Sloan Digital Sky Survey sample, using the BPT diagram. Given that a galaxy with an AGN is 10 times more likely to have a detected outflow, the outflowing gas is photoionized by the AGNs, and estimates of the mass and energy outflow rates indicate that stellar feedback is insufficient to drive at least some of these outflows; they are very likely to be AGN driven. The outflows have mass-loading factors of the order of unity, suggesting that they help regulate star formation in their host galaxies, though they may be insufficient to fully quench it.

We present the first spectroscopic measurement of multiple rest-frame optical emission lines at z > 4. During the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey, we observed the galaxy GOODSN-17940 with the Keck I/MOSFIRE spectrograph. The K-band spectrum of GOODSN-17940 includes significant detections of the [O ii]λλ3726,3729, [Ne iii]λ3869, and Hγ emission lines and a tentative detection of Hδ, indicating z spec = 4.4121. GOODSN-17940 is an actively star-forming z > 4 galaxy based on its K-band spectrum and broadband spectral energy distribution. A significant excess relative to the surrounding continuum is present in the Spitzer/IRAC channel 1 photometry of GOODSN-17940, due primarily to strong Hα emission with a rest-frame equivalent width of EW(Hα) = 1200. Based on the assumption of 0.5 Z o models and the Calzetti attenuation curve, GOODSN-17940 is characterized by . The Balmer decrement inferred from Hα/Hγ is used to dust correct the Hα emission, yielding . These M ∗ and star formation rate (SFR) values place GOODSN-17940 an order of magnitude in SFR above the z ∼ 4 star-forming "main sequence." Finally, we use the observed ratio of [Ne iii]/[O ii] to estimate the nebular oxygen abundance in GOODSN-17940, finding O/H ∼ 0.2 (O/H)o. Combining our new [Ne iii]/[O ii] measurement with those from stacked spectra at z ∼ 0, 2, and 3, we show that GOODSN-17940 represents an extension to z > 4 of the evolution toward higher [Ne iii]/[O ii] (i.e., lower O/H) at fixed stellar mass. It will be possible to perform the measurements presented here out to z ∼ 10 using the James Webb Space Telescope.

We present results on the variation of 7.7 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission in galaxies spanning a wide range in metallicity at z ∼ 2. For this analysis, we use rest-frame optical spectra of 476 galaxies at 1.37 ≤ z ≤ 2.61 from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey to infer metallicities and ionization states. Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm and Herschel/PACS 100 and 160 μm observations are used to derive rest-frame 7.7 μm luminosities (L7.7) and total IR luminosities (LIR), respectively. We find significant trends between the ratio of L7.7 to LIR (and to dust-corrected star formation rate [SFR]) and both metallicity and [O iii]/[O ii] (O32) emission line ratio. The latter is an empirical proxy for the ionization parameter. These trends indicate a paucity of PAH emission in low-metallicity environments with harder and more intense radiation fields. Additionally L7.7, is significantly lower in the youngest quartile of our sample (ages of ≲500 Myr) compared to older galaxies, which may be a result of the delayed production of PAHs by AGB stars. The relative strength of L7.7 to LIR is also lower by a factor of ∼2 for galaxies with masses M∗ ∼ 109.6-10.0, compared to the more massive ones. We demonstrate that commonly used conversions of (or 24 μm flux density, f 24) to underestimate the IR luminosity by more than a factor of 2 at . We adopt a mass-dependent conversion of to with = 0.09 and 0.22 for M∗ ≤ 1010 and > 1010M⊙, respectively. Based on the new scaling, the SFR-M ∗ relation has a shallower slope than previously derived. Our results also suggest a higher IR luminosity density at z ∼ 2 than previously measured, corresponding to a ∼30% increase in the SFR density.

We present results from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey on the identification, selection biases, and host galaxy properties of 55 X-ray, IR, and optically selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at 1.4 < z < 3.8. We obtain rest-frame optical spectra of galaxies and AGNs and use the BPT diagram to identify optical AGNs. We examine the uniqueness and overlap of the AGNs identified at different wavelengths. There is a strong bias against identifying AGNs at any wavelength in low-mass galaxies, and an additional bias against identifying IR AGNs in the most massive galaxies. AGN hosts span a wide range of star formation rates (SFRs), similar to inactive galaxies once stellar mass selection effects are accounted for. However, we find (at ∼ 2-3σ significance) that IR AGNs are in less dusty galaxies with relatively higher SFR and optical AGNs in dusty galaxies with relatively lower SFR. X-ray AGN selection does not display a bias with host galaxy SFR. These results are consistent with those from larger studies at lower redshifts. Within star-forming galaxies, once selection biases are accounted for, we find AGNs in galaxies with similar physical properties as inactive galaxies, with no evidence for AGN activity in particular types of galaxies. This is consistent with AGNs being fueled stochastically in any star-forming host galaxy. We do not detect a significant correlation between SFR and AGN luminosity for individual AGN hosts, which may indicate the timescale difference between the growth of galaxies and their supermassive black holes.

We present measurements of the electron-temperature-based oxygen abundance for a highly star-forming galaxy at z = 3.08, COSMOS-1908. This is the highest redshift at which [O iii]λ4363 has been detected and the first time that this line has been measured at z > 2. We estimate an oxygen abundance of 12 + log(O/H) = 8.00-0.14+0.13. This galaxy is a low-mass (109.3 M⊙), highly star-forming (∼50M⊙ yr-1) system that hosts a young stellar population (∼160 Myr). We investigate the physical conditions of the ionized gas in COSMOS-1908 and find that this galaxy has a high ionization parameter, little nebular reddening (E(B-V)gas < 0.14), and a high electron density (ne ∼ 500 cm-3). We compare the ratios of strong oxygen, neon, and hydrogen lines to the direct-method oxygen abundance for COSMOS-1908 and additional star-forming galaxies at z=0-1.8 with [O iii]λ4363 measurements and show that galaxies at z ∼ 1-3 follow the same strong-line correlations as galaxies in the local universe. This agreement suggests that the relationship between ionization parameter and O/H is similar for z∼0 and high-redshift galaxies. These results imply that metallicity calibrations based on lines of oxygen, neon, and hydrogen do not strongly evolve with redshift and can reliably estimate abundances out to Z ∼ 3, paving the way for robust measurements of the evolution of the mass-metallicity relation to high redshift.

We present the first direct comparison between Balmer line and panchromatic spectral energy distribution (SED)-based star formation rates (SFRs) for z ∼ 2 galaxies. For this comparison, we used 17 star-forming galaxies selected from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey, with 3σ detections for Hα and at least two IR bands (Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm and Herschel/PACS 100 and 160 μm, and in some cases Herschel/SPIRE 250, 350, and 500 μm). The galaxies have total IR (8-1000 μm) luminosities of ∼ 1011.4-1012.4 L⊙ and SFRs of ∼30-250 M⊙ yr-1. We fit the UV-to-far-IR SEDs with flexible stellar population synthesis (FSPS) models - which include both stellar and dust emission - and compare the inferred SFRs with the SFR(Hα, Hβ) values corrected for dust attenuation using Balmer decrements. The two SFRs agree with a scatter of 0.17 dex. Our results imply that the Balmer decrement accurately predicts the obscuration of the nebular lines and can be used to robustly calculate SFRs for star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 with SFRs up to ∼ 200 M⊙ yr-1. We also use our data to assess SFR indicators based on modeling the UV-to-mid-IR SEDs or by adding SFR(UV) and SFR(IR), for which the latter is based on the mid-IR only or on the full IR SED. All these SFRs show a poorer agreement with SFR(Hα, Hβ) and in some cases large systematic biases are observed. Finally, we show that the SFR and dust attenuation derived from the UV-to-near-IR SED alone are unbiased when assuming a delayed exponentially declining star formation history.

We present Ha gas kinematics for 178 star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey. We have developed models to interpret the kinematic measurements from fixed-angle multi-object spectroscopy, using structural parameters derived from Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey Hubble Space Telescope/F160W imaging. For 35 galaxies, we measure resolved rotation with a median of (V/σV,0 )RE 2.1 ( s ) = . We derive dynamical masses from the kinematics and sizes and compare them to baryonic masses, with gas masses estimated from dust-corrected Ha star formation rates (SFRs) and the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. When assuming that galaxies with and without observed rotation have the same median (V/σV,0 )RE, we find good agreement between the dynamical and baryonic masses, with a scatter of σrms = 0.34 dex and a median offset of log10 M 0.04 dex D = . This comparison implies a low dark matter fraction (8% within an effective radius) for a Chabrier initial mass function (IMF), and disfavors a Salpeter IMF. Moreover, the requirement that Mdyn/Mbaryon should be independent of inclination yields a median value of (V/σV,0 )RE = 2.1 for galaxies without observed rotation. If, instead, we treat the galaxies without detected rotation as early-type galaxies, the masses are also in reasonable agreement (δlog10 M = 0.07 dex D = - , σrms = 0.37 dex). The inclusion of gas masses is critical in this comparison; if gas masses are excluded, there is an increasing trend of Mdyn/M∗ with higher specific SFR (SSFR). Furthermore, we find indications that V s decreases with increasing Ha SSFR for our full sample, which may reflect disk settling. We also study the TullyFisher relation and find that at fixed stellar mass S0.5 0.5V2.2 + σ V2,0 2 )1/2 was higher at earlier times. At fixed baryonic mass, we observe the opposite trend. Finally, the baryonic and dynamical masses of the active galactic nuclei in our sample are also in excellent agreement, suggesting that the kinematics trace the host galaxies.

Using observations from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey, we investigate the physical conditions of star-forming regions in z ∼ 2.3 galaxies, specifically the electron density and ionization state. From measurements of the [O ii]λλ3726,3729 and [S ii]λλ6716,6731 doublets, we find a median electron density of ∼250 cm-3 at z ∼ 2.3, an increase of an order of magnitude compared to measurements of galaxies at z ∼ 0. While z ∼ 2.3 galaxies are offset toward significantly higher O32 values relative to local galaxies at fixed stellar mass, we find that the high-redshift sample follows a similar distribution to the low-metallicity tail of the local distribution in the O32 versus R23 and O3N2 diagrams. Based on these results, we propose that z ∼ 2.3 star-forming galaxies have the same ionization parameter as local galaxies at fixed metallicity. In combination with simple photoionization models, the position of local and z ∼ 2.3 galaxies in excitation diagrams suggests that there is no significant change in the hardness of the ionizing spectrum at fixed metallicity from z ∼ 0 to z ∼ 2.3. We find that z ∼ 2.3 galaxies show no offset compared to low-metallicity local galaxies in emission line ratio diagrams involving only lines of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, but show a systematic offset in diagrams involving [N ii]λ6584. We conclude that the offset of z ∼ 2.3 galaxies from the local star-forming sequence in the [N ii] BPT diagram is primarily driven by elevated N/O at fixed O/H compared to local galaxies. These results suggest that the local gas-phase and stellar metallicity sets the ionization state of star-forming regions at z ∼ 0 and z ∼ 2.

We present results on the star formation rate (SFR) versus stellar mass (M∗) relation (i.e., the "main sequence") among star-forming galaxies at 1.37 ≤ z ≤ 2.61 using the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey. Based on a sample of 261 galaxies with Hα and Hβ spectroscopy, we have estimated robust dust-corrected instantaneous SFRs over a large range in M∗ (∼109.5-1011.5 Mo). We find a correlation between log(SFR(Hα)) and log(M∗) with a slope of 0.65 ± 0.08 (0.58 ± 0.10) at 1.4 < z < 2.6 (2.1 < z < 2.6). We find that different assumptions for the dust correction, such as using the color excess of the stellar continuum to correct the nebular lines, sample selection biases against red star-forming galaxies, and not accounting for Balmer absorption, can yield steeper slopes of the log(SFR)-log(M∗) relation. Our sample is immune from these biases as it is rest-frame optically selected, Hα and Hβ are corrected for Balmer absorption, and the Hα luminosity is dust corrected using the nebular color excess computed from the Balmer decrement. The scatter of the log(SFR(Hα))-log(M∗) relation, after accounting for the measurement uncertainties, is 0.31 dex at 2.1 < z < 2.6, which is 0.05 dex larger than the scatter in log(SFR(UV))-log(M∗). Based on comparisons to a simulated SFR-M∗ relation with some intrinsic scatter, we argue that in the absence of direct measurements of galaxy-to-galaxy variations in the attenuation/extinction curves and the initial mass function, one cannot use the difference in the scatter of the SFR(Hα)- and SFR(UV)-M∗ relations to constrain the stochasticity of star formation in high-redshift galaxies.

In this paper we present the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey. The MOSDEF survey aims to obtain moderate-resolution (R = 3000-3650) rest-frame optical spectra (∼3700-7000 ) for ∼1500 galaxies at in three well-studied CANDELS fields: AEGIS, COSMOS, and GOODS-N. Targets are selected in three redshift intervals:, down to fixed (F160W) magnitudes of 24.0, 24.5, and 25.0, respectively, using the photometric and spectroscopic catalogs from the 3D-HST survey. We target both strong nebular emission lines (e.g., [O ii], Hβ, [O iii], H, [N ii], and [S ii]) and stellar continuum and absorption features (e.g., Balmer lines, Ca-ii H and K, Mgb, 4000 break). Here we present an overview of our survey, the observational strategy, the data reduction and analysis, and the sample characteristics based on spectra obtained during the first 24 nights. To date, we have completed 21 masks, obtaining spectra for 591 galaxies. For ∼80% of the targets we derive a robust redshift from either emission or absorption lines. In addition, we confirm 55 additional galaxies, which were serendipitously detected. The MOSDEF galaxy sample includes unobscured star-forming, dusty star-forming, and quiescent galaxies and spans a wide range in stellar mass () and star formation rate. The spectroscopically confirmed sample is roughly representative of an H-band limited galaxy sample at these redshifts. With its large sample size, broad diversity in galaxy properties, and wealth of available ancillary data, MOSDEF will transform our understanding of the stellar, gaseous, metal, dust, and black hole content of galaxies during the time when the universe was most active.

We present results on the dust attenuation curve of z ∼ 2 galaxies using early observations from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey. Our sample consists of 224 star-forming galaxies with zspec = 1.36-2.59 and high signal-to-noise ratio measurements of Hα and Hβ obtained with Keck/MOSFIRE. We construct composite spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies in bins of Balmer decrement to measure the attenuation curve. We find a curve that is similar to the SMC extinction curve at λ ≳ 2500 Å. At shorter wavelengths, the shape is identical to that of the Calzetti et al. relation, but with a lower normalization. Hence, the new attenuation curve results in star formation rates (SFRs) that are ≈20% lower, and stellar masses that are Δ log(M∗/M⊙) ≃ 0.16 dex lower, than those obtained with the Calzetti relation. We find that the difference in the total attenuation of the ionized gas and stellar continuum correlates strongly with SFR, such that for dust-corrected SFRs ≳ 20 Mȯ yr-1, assuming a Chabrier initial mass function, the nebular emission lines suffer an increasing degree of obscuration relative to the continuum. A simple model that can account for these trends is one in which the UV through optical stellar continuum is dominated by a population of less-reddened stars, while the nebular line and bolometric luminosities become increasingly dominated by dustier stellar populations for galaxies with large SFRs, as a result of the increased dust enrichment that accompanies such galaxies. Consequently, UV- and SED-based SFRs may underestimate the total SFR at even modest levels of ≈20 Mȯ yr-1.

We present results on the excitation properties of z ∼ 2.3 galaxies using early observations from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) Survey. With its coverage of the full suite of strong rest-frame optical emission lines, MOSDEF provides an unprecedented view of the rest-frame optical spectra of a representative sample of distant star-forming galaxies. We investigate the locations of z ∼ 2.3 MOSDEF galaxies in multiple emission-line diagnostic diagrams. These include the [O iii]λ5007/Hβ vs. [N ii]/Hα and [O iii]λ5007/Hβ vs. [S ii]λλ6717, 6731/Hα "BPT" diagrams, as well as the O32 vs. R23 excitation diagram. We recover the well-known offset in the star-forming sequence of high-redshift galaxies in the [O iii]λ5007/Hβ vs. [N ii]/Hα BPT diagram relative to Sloan Digital Sky Survey star-forming galaxies. However, the shift for our rest-frame optically selected sample is less significant than for rest-frame-UV selected and emission-line selected galaxies at z ∼ 2. Furthermore, we find that the offset is mass-dependent, only appearing within the low-mass half of the z ∼ 2.3 MOSDEF sample, where galaxies are shifted toward higher [N ii]/Hα at fixed [O iii]/Hβ. Within the [O iii]λ5007/Hβ vs. [S ii]/Hα and O32 vs. R23 diagrams, we find that z ∼ 2.3 galaxies are distributed like local ones, and therefore attribute the shift in the [O iii]λ5007/Hβ vs. [N ii]/Hα BPT diagram to elevated N/O abundance ratios among lower-mass () high-redshift galaxies. The variation in N/O ratios calls into question the use at high redshift of oxygen abundance indicators based on nitrogen lines, but the apparent invariance with redshift of the excitation sequence in the O32 vs. R23 diagram paves the way for using the combination of O32 and R23 as an unbiased metallicity indicator over a wide range in redshift. This indicator will allow for an accurate characterization of the shape and normalization of the mass-metallicity relationship over more than 10 Gyr.

We present results from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey on rest-frame optical active galactic nucleus (AGN) identification and completeness at z ∼ 2.3. With our sample of 50 galaxies and 10 X-ray and IR-selected AGNs with measured Hβ, [O III], Hα, and N II emission lines, we investigate the location of AGNs in the BPT, MEx (mass-excitation), and CEx (color-excitation) diagrams. We find that th BPT diagram works well to identify AGNs at z ∼ 2.3 and that the z ∼ 0 AGN/star-forming galaxy classifications do not need to shift substantially at z ∼ 2.3 to robustly separate these populations. However, the MEx diagram fails to identify all of the AGN identified in the BPT diagram, and the CEx diagram is substantially contaminated at high redshift. We further show that AGN samples selected using the BPT diagram have selection biases in terms of both host stellar mass and stellar population, in that AGNs in low mass and/or high specific star formation rate galaxies are difficult to identify using the BPT diagram. These selection biases become increasingly severe at high redshift, such that optically selected AGN samples at high redshift will necessarily be incomplete. We also find that the gas in the narrow-line region appears to be more enriched than gas in the host galaxy for at least some MOSDEF AGNs. However, AGNs at z ∼ 2 are generally less enriched than local AGNs with the same host stellar mass.

We present results on the z ∼ 2.3 mass-metallicity relation (MZR) using early observations from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey. We use an initial sample of 87 star-forming galaxies with spectroscopic coverage of Hβ, [OIII] λ5007, Hα, and [NII] λ6584 rest-frame optical emission lines, and estimate the gas-phase oxygen abundance based on the N2 and O3N2 strong-line indicators. We find a positive correlation between stellar mass and metallicity among individual z ∼ 2.3 galaxies using both the N2 and O3N2 indicators. We also measure the emission-line ratios and corresponding oxygen abundances for composite spectra in bins of stellar mass. Among composite spectra, we find a monotonic increase in metallicity with increasing stellar mass, offset ∼0.15-0.3 dex below the local MZR. When the sample is divided at the median star-formation rate (SFR), we do not observe significant SFR dependence of the z ∼ 2.3 MZR among either individual galaxies or composite spectra. We furthermore find that z ∼ 2.3 galaxies have metallicities ∼0.1 dex lower at a given stellar mass and SFR than is observed locally. This offset suggests that high-redshift galaxies do not fall on the local "fundamental metallicity relation" among stellar mass, metallicity, and SFR, and may provide evidence of a phase of galaxy growth in which the gas reservoir is built up due to inflow rates that are higher than star-formation and outflow rates. However, robust conclusions regarding the gas-phase oxygen abundances of high-redshift galaxies await a systematic reappraisal of the application of locally calibrated metallicity indicators at high redshift.

Early JWST observations have uncovered a population of red sources that might represent a previously overlooked phase of supermassive black hole growth 1-3 . One of the most intriguing examples is an extremely red, point-like object that was found to be triply imaged by the strong lensing cluster Abell 2744 (ref.  4 ). Here we present deep JWST/NIRSpec observations of this object, Abell2744-QSO1. The spectroscopy confirms that the three images are of the same object, and that it is a highly reddened (A V  ≃ 3) broad emission line active galactic nucleus at a redshift of z spec  = 7.0451 ± 0.0005. From the width of Hβ (full width at half-maximum = 2,800 ± 250 km s -1 ), we derive a black hole mass of M BH = 4 - 1 + 2 × 1 0 7 M ⊙ . We infer a very high ratio of black-hole-to-galaxy mass of at least 3%, an order of magnitude more than that seen in local galaxies 5 and possibly as high as 100%. The lack of strong metal lines in the spectrum together with the high bolometric luminosity (L bol  = (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10 45  erg s -1 ) indicate that we are seeing the black hole in a phase of rapid growth, accreting at 30% of the Eddington limit. The rapid growth and high black-hole-to-galaxy mass ratio of Abell2744-QSO1 suggest that it may represent the missing link between black hole seeds 6 and one of the first luminous quasars 7 ., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

The identification of sources driving cosmic reionization, a major phase transition from neutral hydrogen to ionized plasma around 600-800 Myr after the Big Bang 1-3 , has been a matter of debate 4 . Some models suggest that high ionizing emissivity and escape fractions (f esc ) from quasars support their role in driving cosmic reionization 5,6 . Others propose that the high f esc values from bright galaxies generate sufficient ionizing radiation to drive this process 7 . Finally, a few studies suggest that the number density of faint galaxies, when combined with a stellar-mass-dependent model of ionizing efficiency and f esc , can effectively dominate cosmic reionization 8,9 . However, so far, comprehensive spectroscopic studies of low-mass galaxies have not been done because of their extreme faintness. Here we report an analysis of eight ultra-faint galaxies (in a very small field) during the epoch of reionization with absolute magnitudes between M UV  ≈ -17 mag and -15 mag (down to 0.005L ⋆ (refs.  10,11 )). We find that faint galaxies during the first thousand million years of the Universe produce ionizing photons with log[ξ ion  (Hz erg -1 )] = 25.80 ± 0.14, a factor of 4 higher than commonly assumed values 12 . If this field is representative of the large-scale distribution of faint galaxies, the rate of ionizing photons exceeds that needed for reionization, even for escape fractions of the order of 5%., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Crime is both a societal safety and public health issue. Examining different measures and aspects of crime-related safety and their correlations may provide insight into the unclear relationship between crime and children's physical activity. We evaluated five neighborhood crime-related safety measures to determine how they were interrelated. We then explored which crime-related safety measures were associated with children's total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and MVPA in their neighborhoods. Significant positive correlations between observed neighborhood incivilities and parents' perceptions of general crime and disorder were found (r = 0.30, p = 0.0002), as were associations between parents' perceptions of general crime and disorder and perceptions of stranger danger (r = 0.30, p = 0.0002). Parent report of prior crime victimization in their neighborhood was associated with observed neighborhood incivilities (r = 0.22, p = 0.007) and their perceptions of both stranger danger (r = 0.24, p = 0.003) and general crime and disorder (r = 0.37, p < 0.0001). After accounting for covariates, police-reported crime within the census block group in which children lived was associated with less physical activity, both total and in their neighborhood (beta = -0.09, p = 0.005, beta = -0.01, p = 0.02, respectively). Neighborhood-active children living in the lowest crime-quartile neighborhoods based on police reports had 40 min more of total MVPA on average compared to neighborhood-active children living in the highest crime-quartile neighborhoods. Findings suggest that police reports of neighborhood crime may be contributing to lower children's physical activity.

This study compares three methods of pressure relief in seated spinal cord injured patients. One method consists of tipping the wheelchair back to 35 degrees, the second, tipping the wheelchair back to 65 degrees, and the third, leaning the subject forward with chest toward thighs. We evaluated dynamic pressure changes in each position using a new pressure mapping system. The greatest pressure relief over the ischial tuberosities was seen in the forward-leaning position. Significant pressure relief was shown in the 65 degrees backward tip. Only a minimal drop in ischial pressure was observed with a backward tip of 35 degrees indicating that the 35 degrees backward-tip position probably provides little protection against ischial skin breakdown.