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Chiloscyphus parapilistipulus Thouvenot, sp. nov. (Fig. 1���2). Holotypus: NEW CALEDONIA. Prov. Sud: La Foa, Dogny plateau, on wet rock in the creek Dogny, [165��52'06"E 21��37 '02"S], 918 m, 26.IX.2016, Thouvenot NC2451 (PC [PC0763751]!; iso-: Herb. Thouvenot!). Chiloscyphus parapilistipulus Thouvenot resembles Lophocolea pilistipula Steph. but differs by its dioicous condition with terminal gynoecia on highly abbreviated ventro-lateral intercalary branches, larger size with shoots up to 5 mm wide, leaf apices lunate to shortly bifid, entire and smooth leaf margins and leaf cells without trigones. Plants olive green, medium to large, shoots up to 4.5 mm wide. Stems often attenuated with leaves becoming progressively smaller towards the shoot tips, rhizoids densely fasciculate, on the stem at the base of the underleaves. Branches ventro-lateral. Leaves succubous, spreading at a wide angle from the stem, slightly convex, alternate, not dorsally decurrent; leaves usually 1.4���2.0 mm long, 0.9���1.5 mm wide, ovaloblong, transversally to obliquely truncate, margins entire and smooth, apices usually lunate with a single acute tooth at both distal angles, to shallowly bifid, lobes short, widely triangular, minutely apiculate, some leaves with rounded apices. Leaf cells hexagonal, isodiametric to slightly elongate, 44���66 ��m long, 25���52 ��m wide, walls thin without trigone. Underleaves small, not or hardly wider than the stem, overall oval, deeply bifid, disc wider than long, 3���4 cells high, insertion line semicircular, lateral margins with a small obtuse tooth on both sides, teeth sometimes linear, lobes erect or crescent shaped, narrowly lanceolate acuminate to linear, sinus lunate. Sexual condition dioicous. Gynoecia (unfertilized), terminal on very short intercalary ventro-lateral branches without vegetative leaves or underleaves, bracts oval, 1.2 ���1.8 mm long, bifid, lobes ovate acute, a lanceolate segment usually developed on the upper part of a single lateral margin otherwise entire or with rare small teeth, bracteole deeply bifid, 1.5 mm long, lobes narrowly lanceolate, more or less convergent, margins entire, perianth 2���2.5 mm long, cyathiform, smooth, mouth tri-lobate, lobes deeply laciniate. Androecia not seen. Etymology. ��� The species epithet refers to its morphological resemblance to Lophocolea pilistipula. Distribution and ecology. ��� Chiloscyphus parapilistipulus is only known from three specimens from the Dogny region (Mt Dogny and the Dogny plateau) of New Caledonia at altitudes between 900 to 1050 m where it grows on damp rocks in wet forest. Notes. ��� The two specimens collected by L. Le Rat in Mt Dogny are sterile. A fertile plant with similar vegetative characters to the Le Rat material was collected on the Dogny plateau in 2016 by the first author. This facilitated the generic assignment and the description of a new species. It belongs to the genus Chiloscyphus Corda because of the morphology of the gynoecia and vegetative characters such as the free underleaves and the alternate leaves. Chiloscyphus is characterized by terminal gynoecia on short intercalary ventro-lateral branches that lack vegetative leaves or underleaves. Androecia are absent so this plant appears to be dioicous and exhibits a gynoecia implantation that is different from the Lophocolea - type (HENTSCHEL et al., 2006). Chiloscyphus parapilistipulus resembles Lophocolea pilistipula but differs in the much larger size of its shoots, leaves and cells, the absence of trigones, the plane outer cell walls so that leaf margins are smooth. The latter has shoots that are 1.5 mm wide, leaves that are 0.8���1.2 mm long and 0.5���0.8 mm wide near the base and leaf cells that are 16���30 ��m wide. The new species differs from all the Lophocoleaceae known from New Caledonia (THOUVENOT et al., 2011) and from Chiloscyphus species reported from neighbouring countries with bryophyte floras that have floristic relationships with New Caledonia. Paratypus. ��� NEW CALEDONIA. Prov. Sud: ���In jugo Dogny ���, 1050 m, VII.1909, Le Rat s.n. (G [G00051491, G00051492], PC [PC0102406, PC0150609], REN)., Published as part of Thouvenot, Louis & Price, Michelle J., 2020, Chiloscyphus parapilistipulus (Lophocoleaceae), a new species of liverwort from New Caledonia, with the typification of Lophocolea pilistipula, pp. 285-289 in Candollea 75 (2) on pages 286-287, DOI: 10.15553/c2020v752a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5684628, {"references":["HENTSCHEL, J., R. WILSON, M. BURGHARDT, H. - J. ZUNDORF, H. SCHNEIDER & J. HEINRICHS (2006). Reinstatement of Lophocoleaceae (Jungermanniopsida) based on chloroplast gene rbcL data: exploring the importance of female involucres for the systematics of Jungermanniales. Plant Syst. Evol. 258: 211 - 226.","THOUVENOT, L., S. R. GRADSTEIN, A. HAGBORG, L. SODERSTROM & J. BARDAT (2011). Checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of New Caledonia. Cryptogam., Bryol. 32: 287 - 390."]}

Lophocolea pilistipula Steph., Sp. Hepat. 6: 288. 1922. ��� Chiloscyphus pilistipulus (Steph.) J.J. Engel & R.M. Schust in Nova Hedwigia 39: 421. 1985. Lectotypus (designated here): NEW CALEDONIA. Prov. Sud: ��le des Pins, for��t de Watchia, �� la baie de Oupe, V.1909, Le Rat s.n. (G [G00112487]!; isolecto-: REN!). Notes. ��� The succinct original description of Lophocolea pilistipula corresponds to the vegetative and sexual characters observed in the fertile plants from the ��le des Pins [G00112487] and the illustration in Icones Hepaticarum represents the gynoecial parts of this specimen (STEPHANI, 1876���1917: tab. 5768). The fertile specimen from ��le des Pins in G, seen by Stephani, is therefore designated as lectotype of Lophocolea pilistipula. A duplicate is housed in the General E. G. Paris herbarium (REN). From a taxonomic point of view, we are adopting here the generic name Lophocolea as used in the World checklist of hornworts and liverworts (S��DERSTR��M et al., 2016). The name Chiloscyphus pilistipulus was created by ENGEL & SCHUSTER (1985) according to their broad concept of the genus Chiloscyphus which includes Lophocolea as a subgenus. Recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they represent two distinct genera (S��DERSTR��M et al., 2013; PATZAK et al., 2016)., Published as part of Thouvenot, Louis & Price, Michelle J., 2020, Chiloscyphus parapilistipulus (Lophocoleaceae), a new species of liverwort from New Caledonia, with the typification of Lophocolea pilistipula, pp. 285-289 in Candollea 75 (2) on page 286, DOI: 10.15553/c2020v752a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5684628, {"references":["SODERSTROM, L., A. HAGBORG, M. VON KONRAT, S. BARTOLOMEW- BEGAN, D. BELL, L. BRISCOE, E. BROWN, D. C. CARGIL, D. P. COSTA, B. J. CRANDALL-STOTLER, E. D. COOPER, G. DAUP H I N, J. J. E NG E L, C. FE L DB E R G, D. G L E N NY, S. R. GRADSTEIN, X. HE, J. HEINRICHS, J. HENTSCHEL, A. L. ILKIU-BORGES, T. KATAGIRI, N. A. KOSTANTINOVA, J. LARRAIN, D. LONG, M. NEBEL, T. PoCS, F. PUCHE, E. REINER-DREHWALD, M. A. M. RENNER, S. SASS-GYARMATI, A. SCHAFER-VERWIMP, J. SEGARRA-MORAGUES, R. E. STOTLER, P. SUKKHARAK, B. M. THIERS, J. URIBE, J. VANA, J. C. VILLARREAL, M. WIGGINTON, L. ZHANG & R. - L. ZHU (2016). World checklist of hornworts and liverworts. PhytoKeys 59.","ENGEL, J. J. & R. M. SCHUSTER (1985). An overview and evaluation of the genera of Geocalycaceae subfamily Lophocoleoideae (Hepaticae). Nova Hedwigia 39: 385 - 463.","SODERSTROM, L., B. J. CRANDALL-STOTLER, R. E. STOTLER, J. VANA, A. HAGBORG & M. VON KONRAT (2013). Notes on early land plants today. 36. Generic treatment of Lophocoleaceae (Marchantiophyta). Phytotaxa 97: 36 - 43.","PATZAK, S. D. F., M. A. M. RENNER, A. SCHAFER-VERWIMP, K. FELDBERG, M. M. HESLEWOOD, D. F. PERALTA, A. M. DE SOUZA, H. SCHNEIDER & J. HEINRICHS (2016). A phylogeny of Lophocoleaceae-Plagiochilaceae-Brevianthaceae and a revised classification of Plagiochilaceae. Organisms Diversity Evol. 16: 481 - 495."]}

Traduction française du Code de Shenzhen, paru sous le titre : International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). 2018. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Scientific Books. Les règles régissant la dénomination scientifique des algues, des champignons et des plantes sont passées en revue au cours de la Section de Nomenclature d'un Congrès International de Botanique (International Botanical Congress, IBC). Cette traduction de l'International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants représente les décisions prises durant le XIXe IBC, qui s’est déroulé à Shenzhen, en Chine en juillet 2017. Le Code de Shenzhen annule le Code de Melbourne (McNeill & al. dans Regnum Veg. 154. 2012), publié à la suite du XVIIIe IBC de Melbourne, Australie. Cette version est uniquement française. Une version bilingue pour les règles et le glossaire est disponible à l'adresse https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2558315

Traduction française du Code de Shenzhen, paru sous le titre : International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). 2018. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Scientific Books. Les règles régissant la dénomination scientifique des algues, des champignons et des plantes sont passées en revue au cours de la Section de Nomenclature d'un Congrès International de Botanique (International Botanical Congress, IBC). Cette traduction de l'International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants représente les décisions prises durant le XIXe IBC, qui s’est déroulé à Shenzhen, en Chine en juillet 2017. Le Code de Shenzhen annule le Code de Melbourne (McNeill & al. dans Regnum Veg. 154. 2012), publié à la suite du XVIIIe IBC de Melbourne, Australie. Cette version est bilingue pour les règles et le glossaire. Une version uniquement française est disponible à l'adresse https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2558299

Encalypta crispata Hedw. in Sp. Musc. Frond. 61: tab. 10. 1801. ��� Ptychomitrium crispatum (Hedw.) A. Jaeger, Gen. Sp. Musc. 1: 381. 1874. ��� Glyphomitrium crispatum (Hedw.) Brid. in Muscol. Recent Suppl. 4: 30. 1818. ��� Orthotrichum crispatum (Hedw.) Hook. & Grev. in Edinburgh J. Sci. 1: 115. 1824. ��� Brachypodium crispatum (Hedw.) Brid. in Bryol. Univer. 1: 147, 717. 1826. ��� Grimmia crispata (Hedw.) Spreng. in Syst. Veg. 4(1): 155. 1827. ��� Brachysteleum crispatum (Hedw.) Hornsch. in Fl. Bras. 1(2): 20. 1840. ��� Notarisia crispata (Hedw.) Mont. in Hist. Nat. ��les Canaries 3(3): 41. 1849. Type: ���Caput bonae spei. Thunberg.��� Holotypus: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, s.d., Thunberg s.n. (G [G00048628]!; isotype: UPS [B-039370 image seen]). Plants small to medium-sized, stems 1 ���2 cm long, occasionally branched above, caespitose, dark green, brownish below. Leaves crispate-incurved dry, with the costa visible and yellow-green on the dorsal side, wide-spreading to slightly reflexed wet, leaves rounded below to weakly keeled above (seen in cross-section); linear-lanceolate (often narrowly so) from a short-oblong to elliptical, weakly sheathing base, (2.0 ���)3.0 ��� 5.0 mm long; apex acute to subcucullate; leaf margins entire. Lamina bistratose, cells smooth throughout, basal cells rectangular to rhomboidal, yellowish, thin-walled, mid- to upper laminal cells rounded-quadrate, somewhat irregular, 5 ��� 8 ��m diameter, incrassate. Costa percurrent, narrow, in section prominent dorsally (half-moon shaped on dorsal side); epidermal cells rectangular to rounded, dorsal epidermal cells smooth, ventral epidermal cells smooth to mammillose, in mid-leaf with central row of 6���7 small, incrassate guide cells between ventral and dorsal bands of stereids, ventral stereid band with 2 or 3 cell layers, dorsal stereid band with 3���6 cell layers. Perichaetial leaves undifferentiated. Seta, single, 4 ��� 8 mm long, yellowish. Capsule short-cylindrical-ovoid, 1.5���2.0 mm long, yellow-brown, mouth red. Peristome with 16 narrowly triangular, filiform teeth, perforated, reddish-yellow, densely papillose on inner and outer sides. Operculum rostrate, to 1 mm long. Calyptra mitrate, plicate. Notes. ��� Ptychomitrium crispatum is a predominately saxicolous species that grows in cushions or dense tufts on various different rock types in grasslands or shrublands, up to an altitude of c. 2000 m (see species description and information in MAGILL & VAN ROOY, 1998: 474). It is characterized by its linear-lanceolate, acuminate leaves that are spreading to reflexed when wet and crispate-incurved when dry (reminiscent of the forms seen in Tortella (M��ll. Hal.) Limpr. or Holomitrium Brid.). One feature of this species that can easily be seen in dry specimens is the prominent costa that is yellowgreen and paler than the surrounding lamina. This species, one of the most widespread members of the genus in South Africa (MAGILL & VAN ROOY, 1998), can be separated from the close Ptychomitrium subcrispatum Th��r. & P. de la Varde by its bistratose lamina and margins (in P. subcrispatum the leaf margins are bistratose and the lamina is unistratose, or occasionally bistratose in patches). MAGILL & VAN ROOY (1998) mention similarities between P. crispatum and P. cucullatifolium (M��ll. Hal.) A. Jaeger, and certain difficulties encountered when naming intermediate specimens, but maintained the latter taxon at the rank of species, indicating that lowland plants from the southern Drakensbserg under this name possess the typical cucullate leaves and incrassate leaf cells. The rediscovery of the type of P. crispatum in G will facilitate future taxonomic investigations of the South African species of Ptychomitrium. Ptychomitrium crispatum is known from Africa (Lesotho, Madagascar, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe: CROSBY et al., 1983; SIM, 1926; MAGILL & VAN ROOY, 1998; O'SHEA, 2006). Material in G from the Canary Islands, originating from the E. Bourgeau Plantae Canarienses exsiccatae (no. 1141, G00048713, G00048714), that was filed under P. crispatum was identified by the present author as being P. nigescens (Kunze) Wijk & Margad. CAO et al. (2003) report P. crispatum from Index Muscorum geographical units ���Am6��� and ���Am5��� (see WIJK et al., 1959), likely based on information given in the earlier work of MAGILL & VAN ROOY (1998) who mention that P. crispatum is known from southern South America and the Juan Fernandez Islands. The previous reports of P. crispatum from South America and Antarctica appear to be erroneous, possibly based on the accepted name P. fernandesianum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger having been considered as a potential synonym of P. crispatum, although this synonymy has not been stated directly in the literature. Ptychomitrium crispatum is not listed in the checklists for Chile (HE, 1998; MULLER, 2009) or Argentina (MATTERI, 2003), nor is it present in ROBINSON���S (1975) treatment of the mosses of the Juan Fernandez Islands (where only P. fernandesianum is listed). Ptychomitrium crispatum may thus be a true African endemic (O���SHEA, 1999, 2006). Selected specimens examined. ��� SOUTH AFRICA. Cape Prov.: Hermanus Distr. Mossel River, 29.IX.1953, Garside 6630 (BOL [BOL171333]); Cape Town, ���Exsiccate no. 141, Prom. B. Sp.���, 1875 ���77, Rehmann s.n. (G [G00048651]). Eastern Cape Prov.: Addo Elephant Park area, Zuurberg, 19.III.2005, Hedderson 15930 (BOL [BOL171334]). Western Cape Prov.: Robertson Area, Klaas Voogds West, Bergendal Farm, W side of Heuningberg, 16.VII.2004, Hedderson 15525 (BOL [BOL171335]); Tafelberg, s.d., Breutel s.n. (G [G00048650]). KwaZulu Natal Prov.: Port Shepstone Distr., Oribi Gorge, 5.I.2004, T.A.J. Hedderson 15473 (BOL [BOL171337]). Limpopo Prov.: Louis Trichaerdt area, S Side of Soutpans Berg, 8.X.2004, Hedderson 15676 (BOL [BOL171336]). TANZANIA. [Arusha Region]: Longido Hill in Maasai Distr., above Londigo village, 1900���2000 m, 16.VI.1989, Pocs & Nsolomo 89192/G (G [G00048249])., Published as part of Price, Michelle J., 2018, Two hundred years in the dark: A type for the moss Encalypta crispata, pp. 249-255 in Candollea 73 (2) on pages 252-254, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v732a9, http://zenodo.org/record/5724615, {"references":["JAEGER, A. (1874). Genera et species muscorum. Vol 1 (4). Sankt Gallen.","MAGILL, R. E. & J. VAN ROOY (1998). Erpodiaceae - Hookeriaceae. In: LEISTNER, O. A. (ed.), Fl. S. Africa 1 (3): 445 - 662. MATTERI, C. M. (2003). Los musgos de Argentina. Trop. Bryol. 24: 33 - 100.","CROSBY, M. R., U. SCHULTZE-MOTEL & W. SCHULTZE-MOTEL (1983). Katalog der Laubmoose von Madagaskar und den umliegenden Inseln. Willdenowia 13: 187 - 255.","SIM, T. R. (1926). The Bryophyta of South Africa. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 15.","O'SHEA, B. J. (2006). Checklist of the mosses of sub-Saharan Africa (version 5, 12 / 06). Trop. Bryol. Res. Rep. 6.","CAO, T., S. GUO & J. YU (2003). Preliminary studies on distribution pattern of the genus Ptychomitrium (Musci) in the world. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 93: 247 - 258.","HE, S. (1998). A checklist of the mosses of Chile. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 85: 103 - 189.","MULLER, F. (2009). An updated checklist of the mosses of Chile. Arch. Bryol. 58."]}

The Conservatory and Botanical Garden of the City of Geneva (CJBG) obtained from the Board of Directors of the Botanic Gardens Conservation International, the privilege of hosting the 6th Global Botanic Gardens Congress, in connection with the commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the foundation of the Botanical Garden of Geneva, by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, on the 19 November 1817. The event was held in Geneva from the 25th to 30th June, 2017, at the International Conference Center of Geneva (CICG) and the CJBG. Around 500 participants from more than 60 countries participated in the 10 plenary sessions, 200 lectures and 15 excursions. Having renounced the production of the proceedings of the Congress, we thought that it would be useful to publish the abstracts of conferences, symposiums, round-tables, workshops and posters that were presented at the congress electronically. Abstracts of the presentations or discussions in the plenary sessions are not included, but they were filmed, except for the discussion led by Paul Smith on Tuesday morning where technical dificulties were encountered. The links to the site hosting these videos are embedded in this electronic document. The links to the videos of opening and closing ceremonies of the congress are also included.

Grimmia Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond.: 75. 1801. Note. ��� A description of the genus Grimmia can be found in Maier (2010: 14)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 205, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Maier, E. (2010). The genus Grimmia Hedw. (Musci, Grimmiaceae) - A morphological-anatomical study. Boissiera 63."]}

5. Grimmia kidderi James in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 6: 54. 1875 (Fig. 7). Lectotypus (designated by Mu��oz, 1999: 143): frAnCe . French Southern and Antarctic Territories: Kerguelen Island, 1874, Kidder s.n. (FH!; isolecto-: FH!). Gametophyte. Dioicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf up to 4 mm long, slightly sheathing up to shoulder at midleaf, costa stout, excurrent to scarcely denticulate hair-point; male: perigonia not seen. Growth form: cushion dense, adherent to substrate with grayish, in wet state hyaline, rhizoids, interwoven with young shoots, originating from older stem parts, leaflets scale-like, concave, muticous or with a hyaline end cell, in dry state firmly appressed to stem, apices spreading, producing bristly aspect, plants erect, sparsely branched, stems up to 10 mm high, central strand small. Leaves from lower part of stem 0.3-0.5 mm long, concave, muticous, becoming progressively longer, up to 1.7 mm long, loosely arranged to stem, erect when dry, moving weakly when moistened, erect or erecto-patent when wet, from ovate leaf base narrowly lanceolate, tapering to obtuse apex, muticous or with hairpoint of different length, bluntly denticulate; leaf form in situ, from insertion up to apical part concave or above broadest part of leaf widely keeled, in apical part keeled, margins plane throughout; basal paracostal cells elongate-rectangular, thickwalled, more or less nodulose, towards margin rectangular, becoming short-rectangular to quadrate in transitional part, walls smooth, thickened, especially the transverse walls, cells in laminal part isodiametric, lumina rounded; seen in transverse section, leaf base unistratose, in lower laminal part uni- to bistratose, apical part bistratose, occasionally with tristratose marginal cell rows. Costa, seen on dorsal side, of even width throughout, not reaching apex, seen in transverse section, costa rounded, on ventral side widely channelled, in upper part of leaf channelled or narrowly channelled, at insertion and leaf base 4 guide cells, in laminal part 2, with hydroids. Sporophyte. Seta slightly curved, 1.2 mm long, vaginula 0.6 mm long, with ochrea. Capsule hidden in the leaves, ovoid, smooth, after spore release enlarged at orifice, exothecial cells elongated, walls thick, in surface view strongly thickened, stomata rare in capsule base, annulus disintegrating in fragments. Calyptra not seen. Operculum conical, beak long, oblique, smooth at margin, all cells rounded, thick-walled. Peristome teeth reflexed in dry state, entire, on inner and upper outer side densely ornamented with sharp papillae, the lowest outer plates finely and sparingly papillose, trabeculae close together, small, scarcely protruding. Spores 10-13 ��m, finely granulose. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Perichaetial leaves markedly longer than vegetative leaves; leaves narrowly lanceolate, concave nearly throughout, margins plane. Sporophyte. Capsule immersed. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia kidderi is a southern-temperate species recorded from Argentina, Chile, the Kerguelen Islands, Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and South Africa. In South Africa and Lesotho G. kidderi is rare and currently known only from two localities on the high summits of the northern and middle Cederberg from 1,150-1,870m, as well as from a single locality on the Great Escarpment of the Eastern Cape Province (Fig. 1 E). This species is found in fynbos with outcropping sandstone, and on sandstone cliffs and seasonally wet rock slabs. Whilst apparently genuinely rare in the west, it may be under-collected in the eastern part of its range. Notes. ��� The four specimens seen were sterile. The description of the sporophyte herein is based on Skottsberg 371 (H-BR) from the Patagonian region of Argentina (Maier, 2010: 180). The stratosity of the lamina in this species is variable. Some collections of G. kidderi from the study area have bulging cells with hyaline outer walls on the dorsal surface of the leaves. This phenomenon is not restricted to this species and seems to be due to harsh conditions under which the plants are growing. Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Western Cape: Cederberg. Zuurvlakte, 1150 m, 32��36���32���S 19��12���12���E���, 27.II.2000, Hedderson 13081 (BOL); Citrusdal Region, Cederberg State Forest, E side of Langberg, and slopes of Shadow Peak, 1550-1870 m, 32��23���20���S 19��10���25���E, 17.II.2001, Hedderson 13724 (BOL); ibid. loc., Hedderson 13744 (BOL)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 212-213, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Munoz, J. (1999). A revision of Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae) in the Americas. 1: Latin America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 118 - 191.","Maier, E. (2010). The genus Grimmia Hedw. (Musci, Grimmiaceae) - A morphological-anatomical study. Boissiera 63."]}

6. Grimmia laevigata (Brid.) Brid. , Bryol. Univ. 1: 183. 1826 (Fig. 8). [Campylopus laevigatus Brid., Muscol. Recent. Suppl. 4: 76. 1819. Lectotypus (designated by Cao & Vitt, 1986: 181): itAly : sine loc., s.d., Anon. s.n. (B!). 5 Grimmia senilis Shaw in Cape Monthly Mag. 17: 380. 1878. Typus: South AfriCA . Prov. Cape: Dry karroo dyke on bare rock, Longhope Cookhouse, 900 m, IV.1921, Sim 9956 (holo-: PRE!), synonymized by Magill (1981: 277). Gametophyte. Dioicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf up to 2 mm long, sheathing up to broadest part of leaf, narrowed at leaf base, ovate to broad-ovate, lower half hyaline or only some rows of hyaline cells at margin, vanishing at mid-leaf, costa obscure in apical part, excurrent in long, denticulate hair-point; perigonia as multifoliose buds at tips of branches; male: innermost perigonial leaf up to 1 mm long, sheathing, broad-ovate, suddenly narrowed to acute apex with hyline cell, hyaline in lower part, costa vanishing below apex, paraphyses short, numerous. Growth form: cushion lax, young shoots mostly present, originating from decomposing plants, with scale-like leaflets appressed to stem, costa vanishing below acute apex, with sharply pointed hyaline cell or short hair-point; plants erect, scarcely branched, slightly radiculose at base, stems up to 20 mm high, central strand welldeveloped. Leaves in lower part of stem scale-like, becoming gradually longer to tip of stem, 1.2-1.8 mm long, rarely up to 3 mm long, imbricate, appressed to stem when dry, older leaves bending backwards when moistened, younger leaves moving slightly, erect or spreading when wet; from short (~1/5 of leaf length), rounded, half-sheathing, slightly decurrent leaf base, lingulate or broad-lanceolate, tapering to obtuse or rounded, even acute apex, hair-point roughly denticulate, occasionally nearly smooth; leaf form in situ, widely concave or concave throughout, margin plane; some rows of basal paracostal cells rectangular, walls smooth or faintly nodulose, towards margin in sheathing part cells isodiametric or transversely rectangular or oval, transverse walls thicker than longitudinal walls, in laminal part cells homogeneous, rounded, walls thick; leaf base, seen in transverse section, unistratose, in transitional part bistratose in places, in laminal part bi- to tristratose, at margin from insertion up to apical part one or more cell rows unistratose, in apical part at least one side unistratose, at apex bistratose. Costa, seen on dorsal side, at leaf base large, from above widest part of leaf up to apex indistinct, excurrent, in laminal part dorsal cells not different from lamina cells, seen in transverse section, on dorsal side at insertion and lower part of leaf flat, weakly convex, at upper part slightly rounded, on ventral side at leaf base widely channelled, in upper part narrowly so, at insertion and leaf base from 7 to 11 ventral cells, most of them guide cells, a small median band of substereids, interrupted by 3 groups or one large central group of hydroids, substereids and hydroids vanishing in apical part, in transitional part number of guide-cells reduced to 4, in laminal part with 2 guide cells, sunken into narrow channel, adaxial cell walls strongly thickened. Sporophyte. Seta up to 3 mm long, straight, vaginula 1 mm long, cylindrical. Capsule emergent, obloid, smooth, exothecial cells elongated, of variable shape, slightly curvilinear, stomata in short neck, annulus of three rows of cells, detaching spirally in groups. Calyptra mitrate, in upper part brownish, lobed, covering upper part of capsule. Operculum conical, beak straight, blunt, margin uneven or crenulate, one or two marginal rows of rounded cells, in conical part irregular, walls thickened, curvilinear, faintly nodulose. Peristome teeth erect when dry, broad at base, slit half way down to two or three branches or perforate, lower dorsal side smooth, upper dorsal and ventral sides sparingly to densely covered with rounded papillae, trabeculae broad, distant, protruding, in upper third thin. Mature IX. Spores 12-16 ��m, smooth. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaves scale-like on young shoots and from lower part of stem with short hairpoint or at least with a sharp hyaline end cell (Figs. 8 B-D); base of stem leaves short, rounded, half-sheathing, at margin from insertion up to apical part one or more unistratose cell rows. Costa with hydroids, in upper part of leaf with 2 guide cells sunken into a narrow channel, their adaxial cell walls strongly thickened (Fig. 8 H), a specific character of G. laevigata. Sporophyte. Peristome teeth slit or perforated. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia laevigata is widespread across temperate areas of the globe, with extensions into the tropics, and it occurs on all continents except Antarctica. This species is very common in arid and semi-arid zones, and especially in regions with a Mediterranean-type climate. In Africa it is common across the desert and semi-desert areas, and also occurs on higher summits in tropical regions, but it is apparently absent from west- and central-tropical Africa. In South Africa and Lesotho, G. laevigata, along with G. pulvinata, is one of the most widespread species in the study area where it has been recorded from all the major biomes (Fig. 1 F). It is especially common on shale substrates throughout the various types of karoo vegetation, occurring from 80 m to 2,250 m. Notes. ��� A total of 133 specimens were seen. Of these 16 had sporophytes, 5 of which had capsules that were in good condition. The leaf form and length are very variable, the hairpoint is short or elongate, sharply and densely denticulate, rarely nearly smooth. The normally bi-stratose lamina may show partially tristratose patches. In rare cases the costa may be overlaid ventrally by supplementary cells on one side or both sides of the leaf axis, thus covering the guide cells. A specimen of G. laevigata that is cited in Dixon & Gepp (1923) is housed in PRE as ���G. campestris Burchell [ex Hook.], no. 135, coll. Rehmann, Cape Town, s.d.���. Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Northern Cape: Namaqualand, Richtersveld Mountains, Khubus, narrow valley running east of town below Vandersterrberg, 28��25���09���S 17��02���38���E, up to c. 800 m, 23.IV.2000, Hedderson 13219 (BOL, G). Prov. Western Cape: Koue Bokkeveld Mountains, Twee Riviere, Suikerbossie Farm, c. 900 m, 32��40���30���S 19��16���02���E, 7.IV.2001, Hedderson 13782 (BOL); c. 6 km von Clanwilliam dam, c. 200 m, 7.IX.1990, L��benau SA 62 (G, STU)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 213-215, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Cao, T. & D. H. Vitt (1986). A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Grimmia and Schistidium (Bryopsida, Grimmiaceae) in China. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 61: 123 - 247.","Magill, R. E. (1981). Bryophyta. I (1). In: Leistner, O. A. (ed.), Fl. Southern Africa.","Dixon, H. N. & A. Gepp (1923). Rehmann's South African Mosses. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 6: 193 - 238."]}

4. Grimmia fuscolutea Hook. , Musci. Exot. 1: 63. 1818 (Fig. 6). Lectotypus (designated by Mu��oz & Pando, 2000: 31): South AmeriCA : sine loc., s.d., Humboldt 50 [H 2673] (BM [BM000670173]!; isolecto-: BM000535435!). 5 Grimmia sanii Greven in Bryologist 99: 429. 1996. Typus: South AfriCA . Prov. Natal: Crows��� Nest. Mount aux Sources, 3048 m, VII.1947, Schelpe 2115 (holo-: PRE!; iso-: BOL! [3 packets filed under G. pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm.]), synonymized by Mu��oz (1999: 138). Gametophyte. Monoicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf up to 3.8 mm long, sheathing in lower part, shape and cell pattern as in stem leaves, lower third hyaline, costa excurrent to elongated, denticulate, slightly decurrent hair-point; male: perigonia below perichaetium in leaf axil as bud on short stalk, innermost perigonial leaf 0.8 mm long, slightly sheathing, ovate, apex rounded or obtuse, hyaline up to 2/3 of leaf length, costa percurrent, paraphyses short, few. Growth form: cushion compact, adherent to substrate with rhizoids, from where the young shoots originate, leaflets patent, muticous, apex acute, plants erect, branched in upper part, rhizoids in leaf axils, stems up to 15 mm high, central strand well-developed. Leaves up to 1.5 mm long, crowded, imbricate, appressed to stem and somewhat contorted when dry, slowly spreading when moistened, erecto-patent and stiff when wet, from ovate base lanceolate or broad-lanceolate, slightly asymmetric, tapering to acuminate apex, hair-point of different length, smoothly denticulate; leaf form in situ, concave at leaf base, with a more or less expressed plica near the costa on one side, and another one in the middle of the lamina on the other side, keeled in lower laminal part, narrowly keeled in upper laminal part, margin recurved or revolute on larger side from leaf base up to laminal part, on other side more or less recurved, in upper part both sides plane; all basal cells elongated, walls smooth or nodulose, thin- or thick-walled, at margin two or three rows of hyaline cells, vanishing above leaf base, in transitional part and lower half of lamina cells rectangular, walls strongly or weakly sinuose, arranged as strict, perpendicular rows parallel to costa, upper cells short-rectangular, walls sinuose; seen in transverse section, leaf base unistratose, laminal part unistratose, bistratose in places, apical part partly bistratose, in laminal part one or two marginal cell rows bistratose, dorsal and ventral exterior cell walls scarcely or distinctly bulging or occasionally with joint thickenings. Costa, seen on dorsal side, at insertion and leaf base weak, enlarged in laminal part, excurrent to hairpoint, in muticous leaves vanishing below apex, seen in transverse section, costa on dorsal side at insertion and in leaf base rounded, in laminal part prominent, mammillose, on ventral side channelled, narrowly so in upper part, at insertion and leaf base 4 ventral cells, 2 median ones are guide cells, the 2 outer ones belong partly to basal paracostal cells, above broadest part of leaf reduced to 2 narrow elliptical guide cells, obliquely arranged to leaf axis, at insertion and leaf base a median group of hydroids or stereids, transformed to substereids in upper laminal part, vanishing in apical part. Sporophyte. Seta arcuate, up to 2.5 mm long, vaginula 0.8 mm long, cylindrical, ochrea small. Capsule emergent, horizontal or pendent, ovoid, of various size, with apophysial part, plicate, in mature state nearly smooth, constricted below orifice, exothecial cells irregularly elongated, pentagonal, walls curvilinear, thin or thick (depending on focussing), stomata large, numerous at apophysis, annulus of 3-4 cell rows, detaching as spirals. Calyptra mitrate, lobed, covering operculum. Operculum conical, beak obtuse of variable length, margin smooth, some marginal rows of rounded or short-rectangular cells, in conical part cells rounded-rectangular, thinwalled. Peristome teeth spreading when dry, lanceolate, broad at base, perforated longitudinally or slit into two branches, at dehiscence joined at base, separating subsequently, lower dorsal side covered with prickly papillae, upper dorsal and ventral sides densely covered with pointed papillae, trabeculae thin, in upper part distant, scarcely protruding. Spores 10-12 ��m, granulose. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaves basally plicate on one side near the costa (Fig. 6 C), basal cells elongated (Fig. 6 D). In transverse section, costa with small, elliptical guide cells oriented obliquely to leaf axis in laminal part. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Disjunctively distributed, Grimmia fuscolutea is known in the northern hemisphere from the European Alps, and from scattered localities in the Himalaya (India, Nepal) and from Japan. In the southern hemisphere this species occurs along the South American Andes as far north as Mexico and in Africa from South Africa and Reunion Island. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 1 D), G. fuscolutea occurs in mid- to high-altitude sites (730-3,370 m) from the northern Cederberg, south through the Cape Fold Mountains, and eastward along the Great Escarpment (where it is known from only three localities), to the Drakensberg. It grows on hard, quartzitic sandstones, basalt or dolerite in fynbos and grassland habitats. Notes. ��� A total of 32 specimens were seen, 17 with sporophytes but only one with a capsule in a suitable state for examination. Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Natal: Underberg, Distr. Sani Pass, 8.XI.1973, Hilliard & Burtt 7115 (BOL). Orange Free State Prov. Witzieshoek, base of Sentinel, 2740 m, Schelpe 7682 (BOL)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 210-211, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Munoz, J. & F. Pando (2000). A world synopsis of the genus Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83.","Munoz, J. (1999). A revision of Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae) in the Americas. 1: Latin America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 118 - 191."]}

1. Grimmia consobrina M��ll. Hal. , Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: 785. 1849 (Fig. 3). Lectotypus (designated by Mu��oz, 1999: 176): Chile : sine loc., s.d., P��ppig s.n. (NY [NY00322587]!; isolecto-: BM [BM000670949, BM000670950]!). Gametophyte. Dioicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf tubulose, to 3 mm long; male: plants in separate cushions with stem leaves mostly muticous, perigonia in multi-foliose buds, terminal and in leaf axils, several on a stem, innermost perigonial leaf concave. Growth form: dense cushions, adhering to substrate, plants radiculose at base, ascending, weakly branched, stems 0.5 to 1.5 mm high, capsule-bearing plants reaching up to 2.5 mm in height, central strand weak. Leaves becoming longer from stem base to tip, 1.5-3.0 mm long, of irregular length in capsule-bearing plants, imbricate, loosely arranged and slightly turned around stem, apices spreading when dry, older leaves quickly bending backwards when moistened, younger ones slowly so, patent to patulous when wet, in comal tuft patulous, from elongate-ovate, at insertion slightly narrowed, decurrent, auriculate leaf base tapering to acuminate apex, symmetric or falcate, muticous or with very short to elongate, bluntly denticulate hair-point, development of brood-bodies occurs on dorsal side of lamina in transitional part, destroying lamina cells only; leaf form in situ, at insertion and leaf base concave, lower laminal part keeled, upper part narrowly so, margin on one side recurved from insertion up to mid-leaf; basal paracostal cells elongate-rectangular, walls smooth or nodulose, towards margin several rows of shortrectangular or nearly quadrate, hyaline cells with smooth or nodulose walls reaching up to transitional part, at margin 2 rows of short- to elongate-rectangular hyaline cells with smooth walls, vanishing in transitional part or shortly above it, cells in transitional part and lower half of lamina rectangular with nodulose walls, in upper half nearly isodiametric, lumina irregular, oval or rounded; in transverse section leaf unistratose throughout, rarely bistratose in laminal part, at margin from above insertion up to below apical part one row of cells bistratose, in apex 2 or more rows bistratose. Costa, seen from dorsal side, strikingly small and thin from insertion up to broadest part of leaf compared to its stoutness in the laminal part, excurrent to hair-point, in transverse section costa weak on dorsal side at insertion, from leaf base up to apex rounded, channelled on ventral side to upper laminal part, narrowly so in apical part, at insertion 4 guide cells, the 2 outer belonging partly to paracostal cells, from leaf base up to apex 2 guide cells, a band of stereids, in upper laminal part a group of hydroids or substereids, in smaller plants stereids throughout. Sporophyte. Seta arcuate wet, straight when dry, to 3.5 mm long. Capsule obloid, ribbed, pendent or horizontal, apophysis well-developed, stomata numerous in 2 rows in the apophysis, annulus of 3-4 rows of cells, detaching as spirals. Calyptra conical, mitrate, lobed, covering operculum. Operculum conical, rostrate, beak straight or slightly oblique. Peristome teeth erect when dry, lanceolate, in upper part slit in two small branches, lower half more or less perforate, densely covered with fine papillae, apices rarely with rounded papillae, the outer lowest plates nearly smooth or with few fine papillae, trabeculae broad throughout, distant, strongly protruding, prostome more or less developed. Spores 11-16 ��m, finely granulose. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaves becoming longer towards the apex of the stem (Fig. 3B); costa at insertion and in leaf base strikingly thin and small compared to its stout appearance in the laminal part (Fig. 3F, G); hydroids or substereids present in upper part of costa. Sporophyte. Capsule with well-developed apophysis; peristome teeth with trabeculae broad, distant, protruding. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia consobrina is essentially a south-temperate species known from southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and southern South America, but extending northwards along the Andes into Central America and the mountains of Mexico and California. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 1 B) this species is common in the mountains of the Western Cape, where it occurs predominantly on nutrient-poor quartzitic sandstones in fynbos at altitudes from 450-2,000 m. It is especially common in the Cedarberg-Koue Bokkeveld-Groot Winterhoek area, extending eastward through the Cape Fold Mountains to the Swartberg, where it becomes more rare. Also known from two disjunct localities in the Drakensberg of Lesotho and adjacent South Africa, where it occurs on basalt rocks in alpine grasslands. Notes. ��� A total of 64 specimens were examined, of which 16 had sporophytes, two of which had capsules in a suitable state. The nature of the costa in G. consobrina, which is strikingly thin at the insertion compared to its prominence in the laminal part, is unique among Grimmia species. The auriculate leaf base is best seen in well-developed leaves that are carefully removed, one by one, as the alar cells are very fragile. The more or less rectangular cell rows at the margins of the leaf base appear as a hyaline zone that narrows towards the broadest part of the leaf. Plants with leaves that are predominantly muticous have been named G. imberbis M��ll. Hal. (a synonym of G. consobrina, see Maier, 2010). In the study area, G. consobrina has frequently been misidentified as G. trichophylla, a species that is absent from South Africa and Lesotho. Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Western Cape: Cederberg, Zuurvlakte, c. 1150 m, 32��36���32���S 19��12���12���E���, 27.II.2000, Hedderson 13088 (BOL); Citrusdal Region, Cederberg State Forest Welbedacht Kloof, 900- 1300 m, 32��24���30���S 19��10���24���E, 17.II.2001, Hedderson 13678 (BOL); ibid. loc., E side of Langberg and slopes of Shadow Peak, 1550-1870 m, 32��23���20���S 19��10���25���E, 17.II.2001, Hedderson 13726 (BOL); Koue Bokkeveld Mountains, Twee Riviere, Suikerbossie Farm, c. 900 m, 32��40���30���S 19��16���02���E, 7.IV.2001, Hedderson 13754 (BOL)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 205-207, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Munoz, J. (1999). A revision of Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae) in the Americas. 1: Latin America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 118 - 191.","Maier, E. (2010). The genus Grimmia Hedw. (Musci, Grimmiaceae) - A morphological-anatomical study. Boissiera 63."]}

11. Grimmia pygmaea M��ll. Hal. , Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: 787. 1849 (Fig. 13). ��� Grimmia trichophylla var. australis Hampe in Syn. Musc. Frond. 1: 788. 1849. [nom. inval.]. Lectotypus (designated by Mu��oz & Pando, 2000: 67): AuStrAliA : ���Gr. trichoph.-australis Hamp. N. Holl.���, s.d., Anon. s.n. (H-SOL!). 5 Grimmia drakensbergensis Sim in Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa 15: 209. 1926. Typus: South AfriCA . Prov. Natal: Top of Giants Castle. 2440 m, 1912, Sim 9962 [leg. Symons s.n.] (holo-: PRE), synonymized by Maier (2010: 300). Gametophyte. Monoicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf up to 2 mm long, sheathing, costa stout, percurrent, hair-point scarcely denticulate; male: perigonia in leaf axils or on short branches originating there, several on a stem, usually far from the perichaetium, innermost perigonial leaf 0.8 mm long, hyaline except the apical part, costa percurrent. Growth form: cushions adhering to the substrate by rhizoids or desintegrating, occasionally young shoots originating from the stem base, apices of the leaflets appressed to stem, plants erect, stems from 15 mm up to 70 mm high, branched by innovations, leaves arranged in tiers, stem with well-developed central strand. Leaves 1.5-2.5 mm long, densely set, in dry state appressed to stem, slightly turned, scarcely moving when moistened, erecto-patent when wet, from elongate-ovate leaf base lanceolate, tapering to acute apex, hair-point weakly denticulate; leaf form in situ, at base concave, lower laminal part keeled, upper part narrowly so, margins weakly recurved on both sides from above leaf base to upper part of lamina, apical part of lamina plane; basal cells elongate-rectangular, walls thickened, weakly to strongly nodulose, variable from leaf to leaf on the same plant, near margin two or three rows of shorter cells with smooth walls appearing hyaline and differentiated from the elongated nodulose basal cells, in transitional part lamina cells narrow, elongate-rectangular with mostly strongly sinuose walls becoming shorter towards the margin, in apical part cells isodiametric or short-rectangular, walls thickened, more or less sinuose; leaf base, seen in transverse section, unistratose, lamina mostly unistratose throughout, in rare cases with bistratose patches, margins unistratose in leaf base and lower half of lamina, in upper part of lamina one to three marginal rows bi- or even tristratose. Costa, seen on dorsal side, of nearly uniform width, slightly thinner in leaf base, percurrent, costa, seen in transverse section, dorsally rounded, from above insertion to below apical part the costa being prominent, in laminal part exterior walls of dorsal cells markedly thickened, on ventral side in basal part widely channelled, in laminal part channelled, at insertion and at leaf base with 4 guide cells, in laminal part 2 guide cells, in mid-leaf small and elliptic in shape, mostly obliquely arranged to leaf axis, in leaf base and laminal part a centrally arranged group of hydroids or only one big star-shaped hydroid, vanishing in apical part, the dorsal costal cells with a small rounded lumen, transformed to substereids or stereids in the lower part of the leaf, in the prominent part of the costa a series of stereids arranged around the hydroids. Sporophyte. Seta to 2 mm long, arcuate or curved, vaginula 0.8 mm long, cylindrical. Capsule exserted, horizontal or slightly pendulose, obloid, ribbed, exothecial cells elongated, rectangular, penta- and hexagonal, walls thin, stomata numerous on short neck, annulus of 3 to 4 rows of cells detaching in fragments, cells at orifice of capsule with smooth, or rarely slightly crenulate outer walls. Calyptra mitrate, covering the upper third of capsule. Operculum conical with short beak, at rim some rows of cells with rounded lumina, in conical part rectangular or of irregular shape. Peristome teeth erect when dry, lanceolate, divided in the upper half into two divisions, the lower dorsal plates smooth, the subsequent plates with fine papillae, upper dorsal and ventral sides densely covered with rough papillae, trabeculae small to broad throughout, distant. Spores 11-15 ��m, nearly smooth. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Cells in leaf base elongate-rectangular with nodulose walls, lamina cells in transitional part elongate-rectangular with sinuose walls. Costa rounded except from above insertion up to below apical part where the costa is prominent and the exterior walls of dorsal cells are markedly thickened. In the same part, the guide cells are small and elliptic, mostly arranged obliquely to the leaf axis, whilst in the leaf base and laminal part a centrally arranged group of hydroids or one star-shaped hydroid can be observed, vanishing in the apical part. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia pygmaea is a south-temperate species, known from New Zealand, Australia, Patagonia, and the Kerguelen Islands. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 2 E) G. pygmaea is the most common species of Grimmia at high altitudes (>2,500 m) in the Drakensberg of Lesotho and adjacent South Africa, where it grows on basalt. Within the study area the vast majority of known populations are from this region. However, it is also known from a smattering of localities in the southern part of the Cape Fold Mountains, and from two intermediate stations along the Great Escarpment. In the western part of its range it mostly occurs on quartzitic sandstone at high altitude, but occasionally descends to near sea level (e.g. on the Cape Peninsula). Notes. ��� A total of 79 specimens were seen for this study and 38 of these had sporophytes, of which 3 were in a suitable state for examination, 9 were immature and 27 were decomposed. This species has been misunderstood, and largely neglected. Specimens from the study area were almost invariably identified as G. pulvinata. Whilst the two species are superficially similar, the paracostal cell differences (elongate-rectangular and nodulose in G. pygmaea versus shorter and smooth-walled in G. pulvinata) are diagnostic. Furthermore, G. pulvinata is predominantly found at lower elevations (not known from> c. 1,900 m), whilst most collections of G. pygmaea are from higher altitudes, although in the Western Cape it can occur at much lower elevations. The costal anatomy will also readily distinguish G. pygmaea from both G. orbicularis (also superficially similar, but ecologically very different) and G. pulvinata. Selected specimens examined. ��� leSotho : Mokhoapong Pass, along Mountain Road, 147 km E of Maseru, 2710 m, 30.XI.1977, Magill 4204 (BOL); Moseru District. Thaba-Putsoa (High Pass) on the road to Semonkong. 3090 m, 29��44���S 27��57���E, 20.IV.1994, Duckett & Matcham 1246a (herb. Matcham). South AfriCA . Prov. Natal: Drakensberg area, Umgatsheni valley between Sani Pass and Vergelegen, c. 2130 m, VII.1983, Esterhuysen 35934 (BOL); E. Cape, Lady Gray Distr., Witteberg, Joubert���s Pass, 2440 m, 18.I.1979, Hilliard & Burtt 12221 (BM)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 223-225, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Munoz, J. & F. Pando (2000). A world synopsis of the genus Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83.","Maier, E. (2010). The genus Grimmia Hedw. (Musci, Grimmiaceae) - A morphological-anatomical study. Boissiera 63."]}

Key to Grimmia species from South Africa and Lesotho As plants are often collected without sporophytes, and when present the sporophytes are often in poor condition, we have utilised only gametophytic characters. (Plants should be examined in the wet state). 1. Cross section of costa at insertion with 7 or more guide cells (see Fig. 8 G, H), in lamina with 2 guide cells sunken into narrow channel, their adaxial walls strongly thickened, at insertion with a small median band of substereids, interrupted by 3 groups or 1 large central group of hydroids that vanish in the apical part.............................. 6. G. laevigata 1a. Costa cross section at insertion with fewer than 7 guide cells............................................................................... 2 2. Costa cross section at insertion with 6 guide cells (see Fig. 9 F); in lower lamina costa unevenly rounded and somewhat angulate as seen in surface view, indistinct in apical part of leaf; basal cells with transverse walls markedly thinner than longitudinal...... 7. G. longirostris 2a. Costa at insertion with 4 guide cells or with 4 guide cells of which the outer two are contiguous with the basal cells.............................................................................. 3 3. Costa at insertion with 4 guide cells, outer guide cells non-contiguous with the laminal cells......................... 4 3a. Costa at insertion with 4 guide cells, the two outer ones contiguous with the laminal cells (see Fig. 3F, G; 6G, H)....................................................................... 12 4. Basal paracostal cells (excluding marginal cells) nodulose....................................................................... 5 4a. Basal paracostal cells (including marginal cells) smooth..................................................................................... 8 5. Transverse section of leaf base not concave, leaf base with a marginal border (see Fig. 5 F) of narrowly elongaterectangular, hyaline, thin walled cells in 3-4 rows, gradually transitioning to short-rectangular to quadrate cells but with outermost row ascending to above broadest part of leaf; margin recurved on one side from insertion to mid-leaf (see Fig. 5 C, D); lamina unistratose (see Fig. 5 H), rarely with bistratose patches..... 3. G. elongata 5a. Transverse section of leaf base concave, plants otherwise... 6 6. Transverse section of leaf above broadest part broadly keeled (see Fig. 7 I), unistratose at insertion and leaf base, partially bistratose in laminal part, bistratose in apex; margin with several rows of bistratose cells; costa in transverse section (see Fig. 7 I), with or without hydroids, cells in transitional part of leaf with walls smooth or sinuose (see Fig. 7 H).................................. 5. G. kidderi 6a. Transverse section of leaf above broadest part not broadly keeled; plants lacking the above combination of characters............................................................................... 7 7. Transverse section of costa at insertion with dorsal cell walls slightly bulging (see Fig. 13 J, K), below mid-leaf with 2 narrowly elliptical median guide cells arranged obliquely to leaf axis; marginal cells partly bi-tristratose in 1-3 rows above the leaf base; laminal cells in transitional zone elongate-rectangular (see Fig. 13 G, I), walls sinuose................................................... 11. G. pygmaea 7a. Transverse section of costa at insertion with dorsal cell walls bulging (see Fig. 11 H), the guide cells rounded, arranged horizontally; margin unistratose or at most bistratose in 1 cell row on one side in apex; lamina cells in transitional zone short-rectangular or isodiametric with walls smooth or slightly sinuose (see Fig. 11 G)............................................................................ 9. G. orbicularis 8. Cells in leaf base elongate-rectangular......................... 9 8a. Cells in leaf base short-rectangular............................ 11 9. Basal cells of upper stem leaves elongate-rectangular (see Fig. 14 D), with thickened transverse walls throughout; lower stem leaves with inner elongate rectangular and evenly thickened walls (see Fig. 14 E), but with 2-3 marginal rows short-rectangular to quadrate cells and with thickened transverse walls; margin (transverse section) (see Fig. 14 C) plane or occasionally recurved on one side from insertion to transitional zone (see Fig. 14 F)................................................ 12. G. sessitana 9a. Cells of leaf base elongate-rectangular, hyaline with cell walls evenly thin, margins plane................................. 10 10. Costa in transverse section markedly stout in the lamina (see Fig. 15 H), indistinct at apex, without hydroids but with abundant stereids; leaf forming a v-shape in crosssection in upper leaf................................ 13. G. tortuosa 10a. Costa in transverse section not markedly stout in laminal part, distinct at apex; transverse section with hydroids, stereids absent but substereids usually present; leaf section otherwise in upper leaf............... 2. G. donniana 11. Leaves abruptly lanceolate from ovate base (see Fig. 10 B), thus with distinct shoulders, keeled (transverse section) from mid-leaf to apex (see Fig. 10 H, I); in transverse section margin gradually incurved from base to apex (see Fig. 10 D, I), lamina bistratose (see Fig. 10 H, I), costa prominent above leaf base....................... 8. G. montana 11a. Leaves broad-lanceolate or lanceolate from a short, ovate leaf base, keeled from leaf base to apex (transverse section) (see Fig. 12 H, I), thus lacking distinct shoulders, in transverse section margin recurved on one side to above midleaf (see Fig. 12 C), rarely on both sides and then with one side recurved only at middle of leaf; lamina unistratose from insertion to apex (see Fig. 12 H), usually with marginal 1-2 cell rows that are bi- tristratose, occasionally only on one side and rarely unistratose (Fig. 12 I), costa prominent throughout..................................... 10. G. pulvinata 12. Costa in dorsal view strikingly small and thin from insertion to broadest part of leaf (Fig. 3B), becoming stout and prominent towards the apex; transverse sections of costa in the upper stout portion with a group of hydroids (see Fig. 3F, G); leaf bases auriculate, decurrent (see Fig. 3D)................................................ 1. G. consobrina 12a. Costa in dorsal view weak at insertion and leaf base but enlarged throughout laminal part (Fig. 6 B); above the broadest part of leaf the 2 median guide cells become narrowly elliptical and obliquely oriented to leaf axis (see Fig. 6 G, H); hydroids sometimes present in leaf base (see Fig. 6 H); leaf bases neither auriculate nor decurrent........................................................ 4. G. fuscolutea, Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 203-204, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344

12. Grimmia sessitana De Not . in Atti Reale Univ. Genova 1: 704. 1869 (Fig. 14). Lectotypus (designated by Cao & Vitt, 1986: 164): itAly : ���Frane alle scaturigini del Vogna, sotto l���ospicio della Valdobbia, in Val Sesia���, s.d., Carestia 55 (RO; isolecto-: G [G00052457]!). Gametophyte. Monoicous, occasionally dioicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf sheathing, 2.6-2.8 mm long, concave; male: perigonia as buds on short stalks on branches of female plants, terminal or in leaf axils, several on one plant. Growth form: cushions dense, compact, adherent to substrate with rhizoids, stems to 20 mm high, plants erect, radiculose at base, strongly branched, central strand developed. Leaves crowded, in lower part of stem to 1.2 mm long, muticous or short hair-point present, becoming gradually longer, to 2.4 mm long, loosely arranged on stem, apices flexuose when dry, rapidly bending backwards when moistened, quickly moving to erect or erecto-patent position when wet, from nearly rectangular or ovate leaf base lanceolate, tapering to acute apex, hair-point nearly smooth; leaf form in situ, at insertion and in leaf base concave, narrowly keeled in laminal part, margin recurved on one side from insertion to broadest part of leaf or plane on both sides; basal paracostal cells in upper stem leaves, elongate-rectangular, walls thin, smooth, cells at margin elongate-rectangular, nearly of the same length as paracostal cells, transverse walls thickened, in lower stem leaves paracostal cells elongate-rectangular, towards margin some rows shortrectangular or quadrate, transverse walls thickened, smooth, all leaves with some hyaline marginal cell rows, vanishing at broadest part of leaf, above broadest part of leaf cells short rectangular to quadrate, lumina rounded, walls smooth or slightly sinuose, in apical part isodiametric, lumina rounded, walls thickened; leaf, seen in transverse section, at base unistratose, laminal part unistratose, bistratose in places or nearly completely bistratose, in surface view seen as striae. Costa, seen on dorsal side, enlarged from above broadest part of leaf to apex, excurrent, seen in transverse section, dorsally rounded, ventrally at insertion and in leaf base channelled, in laminal part narrowly or very narrowly so, at insertion and in leaf base 4 guide cells, in laminal part 2 guide cells, a median group of hydroids present, in upper part of leaf transformed to substereids. Sporophyte. Seta to 4 mm long, rarely straight mostly slightly inclined, vaginula 0.6 mm long, short cylindrical, with ochrea. Capsule exserted, erect, oblong-ovoid, constricted at capsule mouth after spore release, smooth, exothecial cells mostly hexagonal, elongate, walls thin, seen in transverse section of capsule, exterior walls slightly bulging, stomata at base of capsule, numerous or few, neck lacking, annulus of 3-4 rows of persistent cells, which may detach singly, seen in surface view quadrate to transversely rectangular, lumina large. Calyptra cucullate. Operculum conical, blunt, base uneven, formed by two rows of small, nearly isodiametric cells, in conical part cells irregular, rectangular, isodiametric, lumina rounded. Peristome teeth erect or spreading when dry, lanceolate, entire or perforate, separated down to insertion, lower dorsal side smooth, upper dorsal and ventral sides covered with rough papillae, trabeculae in lower part small, in upper part thin. Spores 8-9 ��m, smooth. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Upper stem leaves with marginal cells elongate and nearly the same length as paracostal cells, whilst in the base of lower stem leaves the marginal cells are short-rectangular to quadrate. In all leaves cells are smooth with thickened transverse walls, some cell rows are hyaline, vanishing above leaf base. Costa, enlarged from above broadest part of leaf to apex. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� In the northern hemisphere Grimmia sessitana is widely, but disjunctively, distributed in mountainous regions. It is known from eastern and western North America, Europe, and the high mountains of Asia, including from Japan. In the southern hemisphere it is known only from the study area, New Zealand, the Falkland Islands, the South Shetland Islands and the Queen Mary Coast of Antarctica. Grimmia sessitana is rare in the study area (Fig. 2 F). It is known from four high altitude (1,670-1,940 m) sites in the mountains of the Western and Northern Cape Provinces, three in the Hex River Mountains and one on the Hantamsberg. In all four localities it grows on more or less sheltered ledges of quartzitic sandstone. Notes. ��� Four specimens were seen and all were sterile. Grimmia reflexidens M��ll. Hal., a name occasionally used on labels of South African specimens, is not a synonym of G. sessitana. The arguments for the correct use of the name G. sessitana De Not. are given in Maier (2002: 224; 2010: 357). Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Cape: Ceres Dist., Roodeberg, Hex River Mts. Shelf at foot of cliffs, S side, 2130 m, 27.XII.1952, Esterhuysen 20971 (BOL); Hantamsberg plateau, near F.M. tower, 3119 BD, 25.IX.1980, Schelpe 8037 (BOL)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 225-226, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Cao, T. & D. H. Vitt (1986). A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Grimmia and Schistidium (Bryopsida, Grimmiaceae) in China. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 61: 123 - 247.","Maier, E. (2002). The genus Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae) in the Himalaya. Candollea 57: 143 - 238.","Maier, E. (2010). The genus Grimmia Hedw. (Musci, Grimmiaceae) - A morphological-anatomical study. Boissiera 63."]}

3. Grimmia elongata Kaulf. in J. Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. II(15): tab. 14. 1816 (Fig. 5). Lectotypus (designated by Geissler & Maier, 1995: 500): AuStriA : ��� In Styria alpibus ���, s.d., Kaulfuss s.n. (B!; isolecto-: BM [BM000867904] image seen, G [G00052982]!). Gametophyte. Dioicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf 2.8-3.5 mm long, sheathing up to mid-leaf, from ovate, elongated base constricted above mid-leaf to narrow upper part, leaf base hyaline, some rows of hyaline cells vanishing above broadest part, costa stout, excurrent into short, weakly denticulate hairpoint; male: plants in separate cushions, perigonia as small buds on short stalks in leaf axils, several per stem, innermost perigonial leaf 0.7 mm, sheathing, ovate, strongly keeled, apex muticous, acute, hyaline up to broadest part, costa percurrent, paraphyses few. Growth form: cushion dense, disintegrating easily, young shoots originating from older stems, leaflets muticous, appressed to stem, plants somewhat radiculose at base, erect, branched, stem up to 40 mm high, thin, central strand poorly developed, occasionally lacking. Leaves 1.2-1.8 mm long, imbricate, in short-leaved form appressed to stem, in long-leaved form slightly twisted and loosely disposed on stem when dry, bending backwards when moistened, leaf base appressed to stem, laminal part patent, from narrow oval leaf base elongate-lanceolate, straight or somewhat falcate, on one side above broadest part markedly narrowed to apical part, thus forming shoulder, on nearly straight side margin recurved from leaf base up to mid-leaf, short leaves muticous, slightly cucullate, longer leaves apiculate, hair-point short, smoothly denticulate; leaf form in situ, at insertion and leaf base concave, at transitional part lamina spreading from costa, lower laminal part keeled, upper part narrowly so, margin at one side from insertion up to mid-leaf recurved; basal cells elongaterectangular, walls smooth except some cell rows between margin and paracostal cells with faintly nodulose walls, at margin 3-4 rows narrowly elongate-rectangular, hyaline, thin-walled cells, gradually vanishing, outermost row ascending up to above broadest part of leaf, cells becoming short-rectangular to quadrate, walls more or less sinuose, in upper laminal part oval to isodiametric, lumina rounded, walls thickened; seen in transverse section, leaf base unistratose, lamina in places or entirely bistratose, margin unistratose at leaf base, in laminal part some cell rows bi- or tristratose. Costa, seen on dorsal side, weak at leaf base, stout in laminal part, reaching apex, in upper part dorsal cells similar in shape to proximate lamina cells, seen in transverse section, costa on dorsal side rounded at insertion and leaf base, occasionally prominent in laminal part, in rare cases faintly mammillose, on ventral side at insertion and leaf base widely channelled, in middle part of lamina narrowly so, keeled in apical part, at insertion and leaf base 4 guide cells, in laminal part 2 guide cells, at insertion and leaf base substereids, in upper part cells rounded, homogeneous, hydroids from insertion up to mid-leaf. Sporophyte. Seta erect, inclined or arcuate, 2.0-3.5 mm long, vaginula 0.8-1.2 mm long, cylindrical, ochrea small. Capsule emergent, erect, inclined or cernuous, ovoid or obloid, smooth, exothecial cells of variable shape, isodiametrically or elongated penta- and hexagonal, walls curvilinear, slightly thickened, stomata more or less numerous at capsule base, annulus of 2-3 rows of cells detaching singly, the lumen narrow, round. Calyptra mitrate-cucullate. Operculum conical, blunt, margin smooth of two rows of rounded cells, in conical part ovate, walls thickened. Peristome teeth erect or recurved when dry, broad at base, rarely slit or perforate, inner and upper outer side covered with rough, rounded and sharp papillae, lower outer side sparingly ornamented with fine papillae, trabeculae thin, scarcely protruding in lower part, conspicuously protruding in upper part. Spores 12-16 ��m, granulose. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaves with margin recurved on one side, with several marginal rows of elongate-rectangular, thin-walled, hyaline cells, reaching from insertion to above the broadest part of leaf, vanishing gradually, outer row ending in short-rectangular to quadrate cells. Costa, in upper part, dorsal cells similar in shape to proximate lamina cells. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia elongata is disjunctively distributed in mountains of the northern hemisphere with sporadic southwards extensions through the Andes, and central, eastern, and southern Africa. In South Africa and Lesotho G. elongata (Fig. 1 C) is disjunctively distributed between a few high altitude (2,200-3,250 m) localities in the Drakensberg and a single high summit (the Matroosberg) in the SW Cape. Known from basalt as well as from hard, nutrient-poor, quartzitic sandstones. Notes. ��� All specimens seen from the study area are sterile. In this species the stratosity of the lamina and margin is variable. The leaf base is unistratose, with the lamina partly bistratose, to a varied extent. The margins may also be tristratose. Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Western Cape: Ceres - De Doorns Area, Matroosberg NR, Summit, 2200 m, 33��23���05���S 19��40���01���E, 9.XII.2003, Hedderson 15448, 15449; ibid. loc., Hedderson 15455 (BOL). leSotho : Butha-Buthe Distr., 20 km SE of New Oxbow Lodge on the road to Mokhotlong, 3250 m, 28��49���S 28��43���E, 15.IV.1994, Matcham 1094a (herb. Matcham)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 208-210, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Geissler, P. & E. Maier (1995). Lectotypifications of Central European Grimmia species (Musci, Grimmiaceae). Candollea 50: 495 - 514."]}

Traduction française du Code de Melbourne, paru sous le titre : International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). 2012. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. Le Code de Nomenclature régit la manière avec laquelle les noms scientifiques sont données aux organismes végétaux. Cette version française, approuvée par le Comité de Nomenclature, suit très rigoureusement la version anglaise du Code de Melbourne. Les traducteurs la proposent peu de temps avant la réunion du Congrès International de Botanique en Chine en juillet 2017. Leur but n'est donc pas de la diffuser largement, mais de la mettre à disposition avant cette prochaine réunion afin que quiconque ne maîtrisant pas complètement la langue anglaise puisse participer à l'élaboration du prochain Code. Cette publication n'est mise à disposition que sous format électronique.

The Melbourne Congress of 2011 authorized a Special Committeeon Registration of Algal and Plant Names (including fossils), whichwas established the following year (Wilson in Taxon 61: 878–879.2012). Its explicit mandate was “to consider what would be involved inregistering algal and plant names (including fossils), using a procedureanalogous to that for fungal names agreed upon in Melbourne andincluded in the Code as Art. 42”, but expectations at the NomenclatureSection in Melbourne went farther than that. There was the hope thatregistration systems for at least some of the main groups would soonbe set up, to be used and tested on a voluntary basis and, if found tobe generally accepted, would persuade the subsequent Congress inShenzhen, in 2017, to declare registration of new names an additionalrequirement for valid publication.

Dicranum varium and Schreberianum. Both mosses are completely congruent with each other. The base of their peristome stands out due to the strong thickening of five horizontal walls of the peristome cells arranged on top of each other; see Tab. LX. Fig. 15. bc., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

Orthotrichum affine (pumilum). Immediately below the exterior membrane, or separated by a simple cell layer, is a layer of sixteen peristome cells each. Their walls orientated towards the outside are partly strongly thickened, the thickenings occupied by nearly cilium-like cylindrical projections. The inner walls have thickening cords only in the corners where two peristome cells come together, the corners are mostly alternatively thickened or not. The thickening of the outer walls forms only one cord; only exceptionally is it formed by two separated cords, see Tab. LXII. Fig. 21, in which case two neighbouring corners of the peristome cells are thickened, which is an exception in this species. – The cells of the layer tt bordering the peristome cells on the inner side have membranes that are occupied by cylindrical-warty bumps as well as the thickened outer walls of the peristome cells (but not so dense). When the capsule deteriorates or the operculum detaches, as it is known, eight teeth of the “outer” peristome and eight cilia as the “inner” peristome, arranged alternatively, appear; the eight teeth of the outer peristome are formed by the thickenings of the outer walls of two neighbouring peristome cells, the cilia by the alternatively thickened inner corners of the peristome cells, all the remaining membrane parts (as well as the horizontal separating walls) disintergrate and disappear. [original page 580] The inner peristome of species of Orthotrichum is composed of sixteen cilia, all the inner thickened corners result from the adjoining peristome cells; in those that have a complete inner peristome of sixteen teeth (Orthotrichum striatum) the inner membranes of the peristome cells are more or less evenly thickened. It must be noted that in most of the species of this genus the stomata are distributed across the whole surface of the outer capsule wall below the operculum, and the surrounding cells have a tassel-like prolongation that partly close the stomata., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

Dicranum scoparium (Tab. LVIII. Fig. 10-13. Tab. LIX. 14). At about the same place as the annulus is visible, instead of sixteen, thirty-two large peristome cells, two of them together are built as one big cell seen in the mosses examined until now; see Fig. 11. pp; a little bit nearer to the apex of the capsule where the peristome disappears totally only sixteen of them may be seen; compare Fig. 12 and 13. The base of the peristome itself is formed from a coarse tissue composed by considerably thickened cells constituting a strong connection with the outer capsule membrane; see the transverse section Fig. 10. pp, the longitudinal section Fig. 14. x and y. Somewhat higher above, the thickening of the membranes is concentrated on the side of the peristome cells that turn towards the inner side of the capsule, Fig. 11. pp, then the thickening becomes smaller and smaller and divides into two cords at half the height of the peristome, [original page 576] Fig. 12. pp, to finally finish somewhat below the apex of the capsule, Fig. 13. pp. The structure of the capsule above the separation of the teeth is essentially comparable with that described for Barbula (Fig. 12). *) The annulus is formed by considerably small, flattened cells (Tab. LIX. Fig. 14. a)., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

Splachnum sphaericum (Tab. LXI. Fig. 18-20). The genus Splachnum is not only characterized by the form of the species, but also by the inner construction of the capsules that is comparatively delicate. The apophysis, in the lower part, is constituted from an unusually strong development of parenchyma, particularly in the inner part of the seta; already here some layers of cells separate and create the outer capsule membrane; see in Splachnum ampullaceum Link l. l. Hft. 4. Tab. 6. Fig. 10. dd. Hedwig Musci frondosi, Vol. II. Tab. XIV. Fig. 12. The middle part of the capsule resembles most of the other mosses, but the upper one deviates in many respects. Above the gap between the outer capsule wall and the spore sac a layer of thickened coloured cells appear that, initially, do not show a regularity in number seen the transverse section, [original page 578] Fig. 18. pp, but afterwards augmenting to thirty-two bigger cells as in Dicranum scoparium, Fig. 19. pp, and further up moves on to sixteen peristome cells. These peristome cells have all their membranes thickened as well as the horizontal separating walls; chiefly thickened, however, are the covering membranes of the cells bordering the outer side, Fig. 18, 19 and 20. rr. By the way (at least in Splachnum sphaericum) the layer of the peristome cells reaches to the outermost apex of the capsule to a degree that I have not seen in any other genus of mosses. At that place appear cells with red coloured membranes, so to speak as in the keystone of a vault. *) Instead of a ring appear relatively small epidermis cells, Fig. 20. a, with strongly thickened membranes; higher up they become gradually larger and finally at the apex of the capsule form an extremely delicate crown, Fig. 20. ap; see this also in Hedwig Musci frondosi. Vol. 2. Tab. XIV. Fig. 14. When the operculum has fallen off, the peristome of Splachnum consists of “eight relatively broad teeth, by a longitudinal fissure finally disintegrating in two teeth” **), it means that below, each tooth is formed by two couples, above by each two peristome cells bordering on one another. – In the sequence of Weissia, therefore in the sequence of mosses with sixteen or thirty-two peristome cells, *) The section, being at the base of the figure of a capsule of Splachnum ampulaceum (I. I. Tab. 6, Fig. 9) by Link is not executed exactly through the centre but somewhat to the side. **) Compare Hübener: Muscologia Germanica etc. Splachnum, Gattungscharakter. - I cannot understand the comments of the Messrs. Bruch and Schimper, Bryol. Europ. Fasc. 23-24, Splachnum p.1: Peristomii dentes sedecim e duplici cellularum serie compositi – dorso membrana cellulosa tenuissima, epidermidem sistente, obtecti etc. [original page 579] Splachnum is the only genus in which the peristome teeth consist of real cells and not only of parts of cells., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

Dicranum rufescens. Dicranum rufescens has the ten to eleven lowest horizontal walls of the peristome cells thick- ened, Tab. LX. Fig. 16. bc., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on page 37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

PHASCUM. The lower and the central part of the capsule of Phascum show a construction that is found in all mosses, with exception of the previously described Sphagnum. During the growth the cell tissue of the capsule separates into two components, an outer and an inner one, in the way that the three or four inner cell layers are torn off from the other inner layers, but remain connected at the apex of the capsule and below at its base, and also partly by confervoid filaments, thus forming the structure of the so-called “outer capsule membrane” (Tab. LVI. Fig. 2. me). *) Even if I had the opportunity to convince myself of the formation of spores in a dense tissue of mother cells, and consequently to recognize the cited statement of Meyen as erroneous, I cannot avoid mentioning here a phenom- enon that is perhaps the reason for this error: in several capsules of such cited mosses which were enclosed in a specimen box [Botanisierbüchse] for some days during warm weather, and appeared to be in a normal state exter- nally, I found in their inner part, especially in the cavities with the mother cells, densely filled with a mold, com- posed of large, branched cells. This mold has not only displaced most of the mother cells, which already contained the young spores, but had partly grown on them, so that it seemed that the mother cells with the spores had grown on the mold. – Later on I found the same phenomenon in Polytrichum commune. [original page 567] In the column-shaped part, situated on the inside, again two different groups of cells are observable: the outer four cells, the mother cells followed by the spore surrounding layer – the spore sac (Fig. 2. sc)*) – and the inner, mostly composed of tissue of big cells – the columella (Fig. 2. cc). Between the latter named groups of cells appears here, as in most of the mosses, no special gap; as we will see later on, as this is the case in some species of Polytrichum only. In the upper and lower parts of the capsule where the columella passes through the capsule point and the seta, the tissue becomes denser and the cells smaller (Fig. 2. csp and cin), and in this region the membrane of the mature capsule is brown. The structure of the point itself shows nothing exceptional, no trace of the development of an annulus or a peristome. The capsule of Phascum patens, as well as that of Phascum cuspidatum, is of the same structure. *) In my above cited inaugural dissertation in 1844 I draw attention, for the first time, to the development of spores in mosses, the particularity of the cell layers surrounding the spore mother cells and their form and contents; in the Botanische Zeitung von Mohl und Schlechtendahl 1847. 2. I published a more detailed preliminary comment on some results of the current investigations. It seems to me that the anthers of phanerogam plants show a similar structure inasmuch as the mother cells that produce the spores are surrounded by a cell layer of which the construction and content of the cells is typical; see the figures of Nägeli in: Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Pollens u.s.w. 1842. Also: Meyen: Physiologie Vol. III, und Schleiden: Grundzüge, Vol. II, at the cited places. I consider that the rather important discovery of remarkable groups of cells that appear to fulfil particular functions is progress in the knowledge of the inner construction of a plant. [original page 568] Note. In Phascum also I could observe the development of the spores; it is the same process as in Gymnostomum (pyriforme) and Funaria (hygrometrica): from only one layer of mother cells develop two other mother cells from which the spores originate. There are few other mosses, their cell tissue being so clearly transparent as in Phascum, that make easier the observation of the cell development, and the cutting of the very small capsules into sufficiently thin sections. I saw most clearly in a mother cell with a completely preserved membrane, two younger cells, likewise with distinct membranes, enclosing each of the four separated small cells: the young spores., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

HYPNUM. The lower and the median part of the capsules of Hypnum and its closer relatives resemble the moss species described since Phascum so much that nothing special must be noted. The upper part of the capsule agrees with the inner structure, the [original page 585] peristome with the outer one of Aulacomnium, Bryum and so on, and differs more or less at the most in the structure of the annulus cells. I examined the young capsules of Hypnum commutatum, cuspidatum, stramineum, syl- vaticum and so on, and I add as representative for the construction of this large group of mosses the figures of parts of a longitudinal and a transverse section of a capsule of Hypnum sylvaticum in Fig. 29 and 30 on Tab. LXIII.*)., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

TRICHOSTOMUM. Agrees entirely in structure and peristome with Barbula. Only, the peristome teeth are weaker and more frail than in Barbula and the inner, more tender half may separate easier from the outer one than in that genus *). Trichostomum tortile, which I could examine more exactly, has an immensely delicate construction of the annulus similar to that I will describe under Aulacomnion palustre. Only briefly could I examine Rhacomitrium ericoides. In this moss too the teeth are con- structed as in Barbula., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on page 35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

Aulacomnium palustre. A wall with sixteen very large peristome cells each situated above the gap between the outer capsule wall and the spore sac appears here as well. The membranes, orientated towards the outer side of the capsule, show a partly, very strongly thickened cord, which is, as it is visible in the transverse section Tab. LXII. Fig. 23, built of the thickening of the outer membrane of the peristome cells themselves and at the same time of the thickenings of the outer neighbouring cells, thus consisting (in transverse section) of three parts. The wall of the peristome cells orientated towards the inside is delicately plicate and quite regular and not strongly thickened. The thickening of the outer membrane follows, partly, the horizontal separating walls of the peristome cells thus creating a saw-like notched aspect on the inner side of the outer thickening cords. [original page 581] Towards the apex of the capsule the peristome cells and, moreover, the cells of the inner tissue become smaller and their thickenings become weaker. Extremely delicate is the formation of the annulus of Aulacomnium palustre consisting of relatively big, horizontally flattened and inwardly thin-walled cells, that are mostly empty of a granulose content, thus differing from other cells of the exterior membrane, see Tab. LXII. Fig. 22. a. After the deterioration of the capsule the outer peristome are maintained as sixteen outer strong thickening cords, the thickened spots of the plicate inner membrane as the inner peristome, whilst all other un-thickened parts of the peristome cells as well as the neighbouring cells deteriorate and mostly entirely disappear. By the destruction of the thin delicate horizontal separating walls of the peristome cells, the circle of the outer thickening cords, or the outer peristome, will be separated from the inner, plicate, partly thickened membrane –the inner peristome; this membrane remains mostly completely joined together in the lower part up to about the median height (at least it is in the corners or the plicae that it separates); above the median height and further up the thickenings become weaker and appear in places, more or less distinct, to be formed from small delicate cords, the reason why the disintegration in inner teeth and cilia takes place here. The same is the structure of the capsule and the peristome in all species of Bryum and in closely related genera which I could examine. I name as more exactly examined: Bryum turbinatum, capillare, crudum, cuspidatum, Pohlia elongata and so on.*), Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

Grimmia apocarpa Hedw. There are sixteen peristome cells, the membranes of which have two or more thickened cords on the inner side of the capsule, and they anastomose, explaining the cribrose aspect of the peristome teeth. In Grimmia apocarpa a separation of the outer capsule membrane and the spore sac was not visible, at least in the state of age that I examined the capsule; see also the figure in Schleiden’s Grundzüge, 2. Ed. Vol. I. p. 73., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519

Tetraphis pellucida. The capsule as such shows no special features, but very curious is the development of the peristome teeth. In the part above the spore sac, below the membrane (Tab. LVII. Fig. 4. and 5. ee), nearly parallel to the longitudinal section, are two layers of relatively small, elongate, fairly thick- walled cells (Fig. 4 and 5. nn); within is a delicate tissue of large cells. At the moment of the complete maturity of the spores only the membrane detaches as the operculum (Tab. LVII. Fig. 5. ee) and all the inner cell tissue divides into four equal parts, presenting the peristome teeth. Already in the not yet deteriorated capsule the separating lines are indicated mostly by a strong development of inter-cellular substances between the cells (Tab. LVII. Fig. 4. xc, yc, zc)., Published as part of Maier, Eva & Price, Michelle J., 2014, Georg Bojung " Scato " Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts, pp. 1-79 in Boissiera 67 on page 32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10.5281/zenodo.5729519