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1. Plant traits poorly predict winner and loser shrub species in a warming tundra biome

Author

García Criado, M., Myers-Smith, I.H., Bjorkman, A.D., Normand, S., Blach-Overgaard, A., Thomas, H.J.D., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Happonen, K., Alatalo, J.M., Anadon-Rosell, A., Aubin, I., te Beest, M., Betway-May, K.R., Blok, D., Buras, A., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Christie, K., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Frei, E.R., Grogan, P., Hermanutz, L., Hollister, R.D., Hudson, J., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kleyer, M., Lamarque, L.J., Lembrechts, J.J., Lévesque, E., Luoto, M., Macek, P., May, J.L., Prevéy, J.S., Schaepman-Strub, G., Sheremetiev, S.N., Siegwart Collier, L., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Trant, A., Venn, S.E., Virkkala, A.-M., García Criado, M., Myers-Smith, I.H., Bjorkman, A.D., Normand, S., Blach-Overgaard, A., Thomas, H.J.D., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Happonen, K., Alatalo, J.M., Anadon-Rosell, A., Aubin, I., te Beest, M., Betway-May, K.R., Blok, D., Buras, A., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Christie, K., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Frei, E.R., Grogan, P., Hermanutz, L., Hollister, R.D., Hudson, J., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kleyer, M., Lamarque, L.J., Lembrechts, J.J., Lévesque, E., Luoto, M., Macek, P., May, J.L., Prevéy, J.S., Schaepman-Strub, G., Sheremetiev, S.N., Siegwart Collier, L., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Trant, A., Venn, S.E., and Virkkala, A.-M.

Abstract

Climate change is leading to species redistributions. In the tundra biome, shrubs are generally expanding, but not all tundra shrub species will benefit from warming. Winner and loser species, and the characteristics that may determine success or failure, have not yet been fully identified. Here, we investigate whether past abundance changes, current range sizes and projected range shifts derived from species distribution models are related to plant trait values and intraspecific trait variation. We combined 17,921 trait records with observed past and modelled future distributions from 62 tundra shrub species across three continents. We found that species with greater variation in seed mass and specific leaf area had larger projected range shifts, and projected winner species had greater seed mass values. However, trait values and variation were not consistently related to current and projected ranges, nor to past abundance change. Overall, our findings indicate that abundance change and range shifts will not lead to directional modifications in shrub trait composition, since winner and loser species share relatively similar trait spaces.

Published
2023

2. Developing common protocols to measure tundra herbivory across spatial scales

Author

Barrio, I.C., primary, Ehrich, D., additional, Soininen, E.M., additional, Ravolainen, V.T., additional, Bueno, C.G., additional, Gilg, O., additional, Koltz, A.M., additional, Speed, J.D.M., additional, Hik, D.S., additional, Mörsdorf, M., additional, Alatalo, J.M., additional, Angerbjörn, A., additional, Bêty, J., additional, Bollache, L., additional, Boulanger-Lapointe, N., additional, Brown, G.S., additional, Eischeid, I., additional, Giroux, M.A., additional, Hájek, T., additional, Hansen, B.B., additional, Hofhuis, S.P., additional, Lamarre, J.-F., additional, Lang, J., additional, Latty, C., additional, Lecomte, N., additional, Macek, P., additional, McKinnon, L., additional, Myers-Smith, I.H., additional, Pedersen, Å.Ø., additional, Prevéy, J.S., additional, Roth, J.D., additional, Saalfeld, S.T., additional, Schmidt, N.M., additional, Smith, P., additional, Sokolov, A., additional, Sokolova, N., additional, Stolz, C., additional, van Bemmelen, R., additional, Varpe, Ø., additional, Woodard, P.F., additional, and Jónsdóttir, I.S., additional

Published
2022
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3. Developing common protocols to measure tundra herbivory across spatial scales

Author

Barrio, I.C., Ehrich, D., Soininen, E.M., Ravolainen, V.T., Bueno, C.G., Gilg, O., Koltz, A.M., Speed, J.D.M., Hik, D.S., Mörsdorf, M., Alatalo, J.M., Angerbjörn, A., Bêty, J., Bollache, L., Boulanger-lapointe, N., Brown, G.S., Eischeid, I., Giroux, M.A., Hájek, T., Hansen, B.B., Hofhuis, S.P., Lamarre, J.F., Lang, J., Latty, C., Lecomte, N., Macek, P., Mckinnon, L., Myers-smith, I.H., Pedersen, Å.O., Prevéy, J.S., Roth, J.D., Saalfeld, S.T., Schmidt, N.M., Smith, P., Sokolov, A., Sokolova, N., Stolz, C., van Bemmelen, R., Varpe, Ø., Woodard, P.F., Jónsdóttir, I.S., Barrio, I.C., Ehrich, D., Soininen, E.M., Ravolainen, V.T., Bueno, C.G., Gilg, O., Koltz, A.M., Speed, J.D.M., Hik, D.S., Mörsdorf, M., Alatalo, J.M., Angerbjörn, A., Bêty, J., Bollache, L., Boulanger-lapointe, N., Brown, G.S., Eischeid, I., Giroux, M.A., Hájek, T., Hansen, B.B., Hofhuis, S.P., Lamarre, J.F., Lang, J., Latty, C., Lecomte, N., Macek, P., Mckinnon, L., Myers-smith, I.H., Pedersen, Å.O., Prevéy, J.S., Roth, J.D., Saalfeld, S.T., Schmidt, N.M., Smith, P., Sokolov, A., Sokolova, N., Stolz, C., van Bemmelen, R., Varpe, Ø., Woodard, P.F., and Jónsdóttir, I.S.

Abstract

Understanding and predicting large-scale ecological responses to global environmental change requires comparative studies across geographic scales with coordinated efforts and standardized methodologies. We designed, applied, and assessed standardized protocols to measure tundra herbivory at three spatial scales: plot, site (habitat), and study area (landscape). The plot- and site-level protocols were tested in the field during summers 2014–2015 at 11 sites, nine of them consisting of warming experimental plots included in the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). The study area protocols were assessed during 2014–2018 at 24 study areas across the Arctic. Our protocols provide comparable and easy to implement methods for assessing the intensity of invertebrate herbivory within ITEX plots and for characterizing vertebrate herbivore communities at larger spatial scales. We discuss methodological constraints and make recommendations for how these protocols can be used and how sampling effort can be optimized to obtain comparable estimates of herbivory, both at ITEX sites and at large landscape scales. The application of these protocols across the tundra biome will allow characterizing and comparing herbivore communities across tundra sites and at ecologically relevant spatial scales, providing an important step towards a better understanding of tundra ecosystem responses to large-scale environmental change.

Published
2022

4. Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size-related traits across the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H.J.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Bjorkman, A.D., Elmendorf, S.C., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W.K., Kattge, J., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Alatalo, J.M., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, E.J., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S.S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S.B., Semenchuk, P.R., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Speed, J.D.M., Tape, K.D., Beest, M. te, Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U.A., Venn, S., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Zamin, T., Atkin, O.K., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Dainese, M., Vries, F.T. de, Díaz, S., Green, W., Jackson, R.B., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü, Ozinga, W.A., Penuelas, J., Reich, P.B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., Bodegom, P.M. van, Systems Ecology, Spatial Ecology and Global Change, Environmental Sciences, External Funding, Research Centre for Ecological Change, and van Bodegom, PM

Subjects
Plant functional types, Evolution, NUTRIENT, TERM, plant functional groups, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, CARBON, vegetation change, Cluster analysis, Behavior and Systematics, ecosystem function, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Plantegeografi: 496, Community composition, Plant functional groups, community composition, ARCTIC TUNDRA, Ekologi, Plant traits, Global and Planetary Change, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, LEAF TRAITS, Botany, food and beverages, Botanik, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Plant geography: 496, plant functional types, Research Papers, Tundra biome, cluster analysis, plant traits, tundra biome, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecological Applications, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, Vegetation change, Ecosystem function, VEGETATION, LITTER DECOMPOSITION RATES, RESPONSES, Research Paper
Abstract

Aim : Plant functional groups are widely used in community ecology and earth system modelling to describe trait variation within and across plant communities. However, this approach rests on the assumption that functional groups explain a large propor ‐ tion of trait variation among species. We test whether four commonly used plant functional groups represent variation in six ecologically important plant traits. Location : Tundra biome. Time period : Data collected between 1964 and 2016. Major taxa studied : 295 tundra vascular plant species. Methods : We compiled a database of six plant traits (plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, seed mass) for tundra species. We exam ‐ ined the variation in species‐level trait expression explained by four traditional func ‐ tional groups (evergreen shrubs, deciduous shrubs, graminoids, forbs), and whether variation explained was dependent upon the traits included in analysis. We further compared the explanatory power and species composition of functional groups to al ‐ ternative classifications generated using post hoc clustering of species‐level traits. Results : Traditional functional groups explained significant differences in trait expres ‐ sion, particularly amongst traits associated with resource economics, which were con ‐ sistent across sites and at the biome scale. However, functional groups explained 19% of overall trait variation and poorly represented differences in traits associated with plant size. Post hoc classification of species did not correspond well with traditional functional groups, and explained twice as much variation in species‐level trait expression. Main conclusions : Traditional functional groups only coarsely represent variation in well‐measured traits within tundra plant communities, and better explain resource economic traits than size‐related traits. We recommend caution when using func ‐ tional group approaches to predict tundra vegetation change, or ecosystem func ‐ tions relating to plant size, such as albedo or carbon storage. We argue that alternative classifications or direct use of specific plant traits could provide new insights for ecological prediction and modelling. © 2018 The Authors Global Ecology and Biogeography Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

Published
2021

5. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H.J.D., Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Henry, G.H.R., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W.K., Beck, P.S.A., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K.S., Collier, L.S., Cooper, E.J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Johnstone, J.F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T.C., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S.S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S.B., Shetti, R., Speed, J.D.M., Suding, K.N., Tape, K.D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A.J., Treier, U.A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S.E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P.A., Zamin, T.J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Craine, J.M., Dainese, M., Green, W.A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W.A., Peñuelas, J., Poschlod, P., Thomas, H.J.D., Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Henry, G.H.R., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W.K., Beck, P.S.A., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K.S., Collier, L.S., Cooper, E.J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Johnstone, J.F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T.C., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S.S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S.B., Shetti, R., Speed, J.D.M., Suding, K.N., Tape, K.D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A.J., Treier, U.A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S.E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P.A., Zamin, T.J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Craine, J.M., Dainese, M., Green, W.A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W.A., Peñuelas, J., and Poschlod, P.

Abstract

The majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.

Published
2020

6. Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size-related traits across the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H.J.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Bjorkman, A.D., Elmendorf, S.C., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W., Kattge, J., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Alatalo, J.M., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, E.J., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijman, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lévesque, E., Te Beest, M., de Vries, F.T., Ozinga, W.A., and van Bodegom, P.M.

Subjects
food and beverages, plant functional types, ESG Stafafdelingen Omgevingswetenschappen, plant functional groups, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, vegetation change, plant traits, ecosystem function, ESG Staff Departments Environmental Sciences, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, tundra biome, community composition, cluster analysis
Abstract

Aim: Plant functional groups are widely used in community ecology and earth system modelling to describe trait variation within and across plant communities. However, this approach rests on the assumption that functional groups explain a large proportion of trait variation among species. We test whether four commonly used plant functional groups represent variation in six ecologically important plant traits. Location: Tundra biome. Time period: Data collected between 1964 and 2016. Major taxa studied: 295 tundra vascular plant species. Methods: We compiled a database of six plant traits (plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, seed mass) for tundra species. We examined the variation in species-level trait expression explained by four traditional functional groups (evergreen shrubs, deciduous shrubs, graminoids, forbs), and whether variation explained was dependent upon the traits included in analysis. We further compared the explanatory power and species composition of functional groups to alternative classifications generated using post hoc clustering of species-level traits. Results: Traditional functional groups explained significant differences in trait expression, particularly amongst traits associated with resource economics, which were consistent across sites and at the biome scale. However, functional groups explained 19% of overall trait variation and poorly represented differences in traits associated with plant size. Post hoc classification of species did not correspond well with traditional functional groups, and explained twice as much variation in species-level trait expression. Main conclusions: Traditional functional groups only coarsely represent variation in well-measured traits within tundra plant communities, and better explain resource economic traits than size-related traits. We recommend caution when using functional group approaches to predict tundra ecosystem change, or ecosystem functions relating to plant size, such as albedo or carbon storage. We argue that alternative classifications or direct use of specific plant traits could provide new insight into ecological prediction and modelling.

Published
2019

7. Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed

Author

Komatsu, K.J., Avolio, M.L., Lemoine, N.P., Isbell, F., Grman, E., Houseman, G.R., Koerner, S.E., Johnson, D.S., Wilcox, K.R., Alatalo, J.M., Anderson, J.P., Aerts, R., Baer, S.G., Baldwin, A.H., Bates, J., Beierkuhnlein, C., Belote, R.T., Blair, J., Bloor, J.M.G., Bohlen, P.J., Bork, E.W., Boughton, E.H., Bowman, W.D., Britton, A.J., Cahill jr., J.F., Chaneton, E., Chiariello, N.R., Cheng, J., Collins, S.L., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Du, G., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Firn, J., Foster, B., Gough, L., Gross, K., Hallett, L.M., Han, X., Harmens, H., Hovenden, M.J., Jagerbrand, A., Jentsch, A., Kern, C., Klanderud, K., Knapp, A.K., Kreyling, J., Li, W., Luo, Y., McCulley, R.L., McLaren, J.R., Megonigal, J.P., Morgan, J.W., Onipchenko, V., Pennings, S.C., Prevéy, J.S., Price, J.N., Reich, P.B., Robinson, C.H., Russell, F.L., Sala, O.E., Seabloom, E.W., Smith, M.D., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Souza, L., Suding, K., Suttle, K.B., Svejcar, T., Tilman, D., Tognetti, P., Turkington, R., White, S., Xu, Z., Yahdjian, L., Yu, Q., Zhang, P., Zhang, Y., Komatsu, K.J., Avolio, M.L., Lemoine, N.P., Isbell, F., Grman, E., Houseman, G.R., Koerner, S.E., Johnson, D.S., Wilcox, K.R., Alatalo, J.M., Anderson, J.P., Aerts, R., Baer, S.G., Baldwin, A.H., Bates, J., Beierkuhnlein, C., Belote, R.T., Blair, J., Bloor, J.M.G., Bohlen, P.J., Bork, E.W., Boughton, E.H., Bowman, W.D., Britton, A.J., Cahill jr., J.F., Chaneton, E., Chiariello, N.R., Cheng, J., Collins, S.L., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Du, G., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Firn, J., Foster, B., Gough, L., Gross, K., Hallett, L.M., Han, X., Harmens, H., Hovenden, M.J., Jagerbrand, A., Jentsch, A., Kern, C., Klanderud, K., Knapp, A.K., Kreyling, J., Li, W., Luo, Y., McCulley, R.L., McLaren, J.R., Megonigal, J.P., Morgan, J.W., Onipchenko, V., Pennings, S.C., Prevéy, J.S., Price, J.N., Reich, P.B., Robinson, C.H., Russell, F.L., Sala, O.E., Seabloom, E.W., Smith, M.D., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Souza, L., Suding, K., Suttle, K.B., Svejcar, T., Tilman, D., Tognetti, P., Turkington, R., White, S., Xu, Z., Yahdjian, L., Yu, Q., Zhang, P., and Zhang, Y.

Abstract

Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term (<10 y). In contrast, long-term (≥10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously.

Published
2019

8. Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size‐related traits across the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H.J.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Bjorkman, A.D., Elmendorf, S.C., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W.K., Kattge, J., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Alatalo, J.M., Anadon‐Rosell, A., Angers‐Blondin, S., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, E.J., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Hülber, K., Iturrate‐Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S.S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S.B., Semenchuk, P.R., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Speed, J.D.M., Tape, K.D., te Beest, M., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U.A., Venn, S., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Zamin, T., Atkin, O.K., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Dainese, M., de Vries, F.T., Díaz, S., Green, W., Jackson, R.B., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Ozinga, W.A., Peñuelas, J., Reich, P.B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., van Bodegom, P.M., Thomas, H.J.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Bjorkman, A.D., Elmendorf, S.C., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W.K., Kattge, J., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Alatalo, J.M., Anadon‐Rosell, A., Angers‐Blondin, S., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Siegwart Collier, L., Cooper, E.J., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Hülber, K., Iturrate‐Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Kaarlejärvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S.S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S.B., Semenchuk, P.R., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Speed, J.D.M., Tape, K.D., te Beest, M., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U.A., Venn, S., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Zamin, T., Atkin, O.K., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Dainese, M., de Vries, F.T., Díaz, S., Green, W., Jackson, R.B., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Ozinga, W.A., Peñuelas, J., Reich, P.B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., and van Bodegom, P.M.

Abstract

AimPlant functional groups are widely used in community ecology and earth system modelling to describe trait variation within and across plant communities. However, this approach rests on the assumption that functional groups explain a large proportion of trait variation among species. We test whether four commonly used plant functional groups represent variation in six ecologically important plant traits.LocationTundra biome.Time periodData collected between 1964 and 2016.Major taxa studied295 tundra vascular plant species.MethodsWe compiled a database of six plant traits (plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, seed mass) for tundra species. We examined the variation in species‐level trait expression explained by four traditional functional groups (evergreen shrubs, deciduous shrubs, graminoids, forbs), and whether variation explained was dependent upon the traits included in analysis. We further compared the explanatory power and species composition of functional groups to alternative classifications generated using post hoc clustering of species‐level traits.ResultsTraditional functional groups explained significant differences in trait expression, particularly amongst traits associated with resource economics, which were consistent across sites and at the biome scale. However, functional groups explained 19% of overall trait variation and poorly represented differences in traits associated with plant size. Post hoc classification of species did not correspond well with traditional functional groups, and explained twice as much variation in species‐level trait expression.Main conclusionsTraditional functional groups only coarsely represent variation in well‐measured traits within tundra plant communities, and better explain resource economic traits than size‐related traits. We recommend caution when using functional group approaches to predict tundra vegetation change, or ecosystem functions relating to plant size, su

Published
2018

9. Tundra Trait Team: A database of plant traits spanning the tundra biome

Author

Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Normand, S., Thomas, H.J.D., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H., Anadon‐Rosell, A., Angers‐Blondin, S., Bai, Y., Baruah, G., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R.G., Blok, D., Bruelheide, H., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Collier, L.S., Cooper, E.J., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dickinson, K.J.M., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Forbes, B.C., Frei, E.R., Iturrate‐Garcia, M., Good, M.K., Grau, O., Green, P., Greve, M., Grogan, P., Haider, S., Hájek, T., Hallinger, M., Happonen, K., Harper, K.A., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Henry, G.H.R., Hermanutz, L., Hewitt, R.E., Hollister, R.D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Jiménez‐Alfaro, B., Johnstone, J., Jorgensen, R.H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Klimešová, J., Korsten, A., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T., Lavalle, A., Lembrechts, J.J., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Luoto, M., Macek, P., Mack, M.C., Mathakutha, R., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Molau, U., Morgan, J.W., Mörsdorf, M.A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Schøler Nielsen, S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Pickering, C., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Rumpf, S.B., Schaepman-Strub, G., Semenchuk, P., Shetti, R., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Speed, J.D.M., Street, L.E., Suding, K., Tape, K.D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U.A., Tremblay, J.-P., Tremblay, M., Venn, S., Virkkala, A.-M., Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Normand, S., Thomas, H.J.D., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H., Anadon‐Rosell, A., Angers‐Blondin, S., Bai, Y., Baruah, G., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R.G., Blok, D., Bruelheide, H., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K., Collier, L.S., Cooper, E.J., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Dickinson, K.J.M., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Forbes, B.C., Frei, E.R., Iturrate‐Garcia, M., Good, M.K., Grau, O., Green, P., Greve, M., Grogan, P., Haider, S., Hájek, T., Hallinger, M., Happonen, K., Harper, K.A., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Henry, G.H.R., Hermanutz, L., Hewitt, R.E., Hollister, R.D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Jiménez‐Alfaro, B., Johnstone, J., Jorgensen, R.H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Klimešová, J., Korsten, A., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T., Lavalle, A., Lembrechts, J.J., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Luoto, M., Macek, P., Mack, M.C., Mathakutha, R., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Molau, U., Morgan, J.W., Mörsdorf, M.A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Schøler Nielsen, S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Pickering, C., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Rumpf, S.B., Schaepman-Strub, G., Semenchuk, P., Shetti, R., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Speed, J.D.M., Street, L.E., Suding, K., Tape, K.D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A., Treier, U.A., Tremblay, J.-P., Tremblay, M., Venn, S., and Virkkala, A.-M.

Abstract

MotivationThe Tundra Trait Team (TTT) database includes field‐based measurements of key traits related to plant form and function at multiple sites across the tundra biome. This dataset can be used to address theoretical questions about plant strategy and trade‐offs, trait–environment relationships and environmental filtering, and trait variation across spatial scales, to validate satellite data, and to inform Earth system model parameters. Main types of variable containedThe database contains 91,970 measurements of 18 plant traits. The most frequently measured traits (> 1,000 observations each) include plant height, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf fresh and dry mass, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus content, leaf C:N and N:P, seed mass, and stem specific density. Spatial location and grainMeasurements were collected in tundra habitats in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, including Arctic sites in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Fennoscandia and Siberia, alpine sites in the European Alps, Colorado Rockies, Caucasus, Ural Mountains, Pyrenees, Australian Alps, and Central Otago Mountains (New Zealand), and sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. More than 99% of observations are georeferenced. Time period and grainAll data were collected between 1964 and 2018. A small number of sites have repeated trait measurements at two or more time periods. Major taxa and level of measurementTrait measurements were made on 978 terrestrial vascular plant species growing in tundra habitats. Most observations are on individuals (86%), while the remainder represent plot or site means or maximums per species. Software formatcsv file and GitHub repository with data cleaning scripts in R; contribution to TRY plant trait database (www.try-db.org) to be included in the next version release.

Published
2018

10. Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome

Author

Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Normand, S., Rüger, N., Beck, P.S.A., Blach-Overgaard, A., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Henry, G.H.R., HilleRisLambers, J., Hollister, R.D., Karger, D.N., Kattge, J., Manning, P., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Thomas, H.J.D., Vellend, M., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Carbognani, M., Hermanutz, L., Lévesque, E., Molau, U., Petraglia, A., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Tomaselli, M., Vowles, T., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Christie, K., Cooper, E.J., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Harper, K.A., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Jørgensen, R.H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T., Little, C.J., Speed, J.D.M., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Schøler Nielsen, S., Ninot, J.M., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Cornwell, W.K., Craine, J., Dainese, M., de Vries, F.T., Díaz, S., Enquist, B.J., Green, W., Milla, R., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ordoñez, J.C., Ozinga, W.A., Penuelas, J., Poorter, H., Poschlod, P., Reich, P.B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., Weiher, E., Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Normand, S., Rüger, N., Beck, P.S.A., Blach-Overgaard, A., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Henry, G.H.R., HilleRisLambers, J., Hollister, R.D., Karger, D.N., Kattge, J., Manning, P., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Thomas, H.J.D., Vellend, M., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Carbognani, M., Hermanutz, L., Lévesque, E., Molau, U., Petraglia, A., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Tomaselli, M., Vowles, T., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Christie, K., Cooper, E.J., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Harper, K.A., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Jørgensen, R.H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T., Little, C.J., Speed, J.D.M., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Schøler Nielsen, S., Ninot, J.M., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Cornwell, W.K., Craine, J., Dainese, M., de Vries, F.T., Díaz, S., Enquist, B.J., Green, W., Milla, R., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ordoñez, J.C., Ozinga, W.A., Penuelas, J., Poorter, H., Poschlod, P., Reich, P.B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., and Weiher, E.

Abstract

The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature–trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.

Published
2018

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