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3. Admixture With Cultivated Sunflower Likely Facilitated Establishment and Spread of Wild Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Argentina.

Author

Hernández, Fernando, Vercellino, Román B., Todesco, Marco, Bercovich, Natalia, Alvarez, Daniel, Brunet, Johanne, Presotto, Alejandro, and Rieseberg, Loren H.

Subjects
COMMON sunflower, HAPLOTYPES, INTRODUCED species, CULTIVARS, GENOMICS
Abstract

A better understanding of the genetic and ecological factors underlying successful invasions is critical to mitigate the negative impacts of invasive species. Here, we study the invasion history of Helianthus annuus populations from Argentina, with particular emphasis on the role of post‐introduction admixture with cultivated sunflower (also H. annuus) and climate adaptation driven by large haploblocks. We conducted genotyping‐by‐sequencing of samples of wild populations as well as Argentinian cultivars and compared them with wild (including related annual Helianthus species) and cultivated samples from the native range. We also characterised samples for 11 known haploblocks associated with environmental variation in native populations to test whether haploblocks contributed to invasion success. Population genomics analyses supported two independent geographic sources for Argentinian populations, the central United States and Texas, but no significant contribution of related annual Helianthus species. We found pervasive admixture with cultivated sunflower, likely as result of post‐introduction hybridization. Genomic scans between invasive populations and their native sources identified multiple genomic regions of divergence, possibly indicative of selection, in the invaded range. These regions significantly overlapped between the two native‐invasive comparisons and showed disproportionally high crop ancestry, suggesting that crop alleles contributed to invasion success. We did not find evidence of climate adaptation mediated by haploblocks, yet outliers of genome scans were enriched in haploblock regions and, for at least two haploblocks, the cultivar haplotype was favoured in Argentina. Our results show that admixture with cultivated sunflower played a major role in the establishment and spread of H. annuus populations in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Characterization of Argentinian wild Helianthus annuus populations in their responses to Plasmopara halstedii infection.

Author

Martínez, Ana Laura, Anderson, Freda, Garayalde, Antonio, Sabatini, Pía, Presotto, Alejandro, Gutiérrez, Agustina, Hernández, Fernando, Pandolfo, Claudio, Ureta, María Soledad, and Carrera, Alicia

Subjects
COMMON sunflower, DOMINANCE (Genetics), HYPOCOTYLS, SUNFLOWERS, GERMPLASM
Abstract

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024
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7. Introgression from local cultivars is a driver of agricultural adaptation in Argentinian weedy rice.

Author

Presotto, Alejandro, Hernández, Fernando, Vercellino, Román Boris, Kruger, Raúl Daniel, Fontana, María Laura, Ureta, María Soledad, Crepy, María, Auge, Gabriela, and Caicedo, Ana

Subjects
*AGRICULTURE, *WEEDS, *CULTIVARS, *HERBICIDE resistance, *RICE, *ACETOLACTATE synthase, *WILD rice
Abstract

Weedy rice, a pervasive and troublesome weed found across the globe, has often evolved through fertilization of rice cultivars with little importance of crop‐weed gene flow. In Argentina, weedy rice has been reported as an important constraint since the early 1970s, and, in the last few years, strains with herbicide‐resistance are suspected to evolve. Despite their importance, the origin and genetic composition of Argentinian weedy rice as well its adaptation to agricultural environments has not been explored so far. To study this, we conducted genotyping‐by‐sequencing on samples of Argentinian weedy and cultivated rice and compared them with published data from weedy, cultivated and wild rice accessions distributed worldwide. In addition, we conducted a phenotypic characterization for weedy‐related traits, a herbicide resistance screening and genotyped accessions for known mutations in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene, which confers herbicide resistance. Our results revealed large phenotypic variability in Argentinian weedy rice. Most strains were resistant to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides with a high frequency of the ALS mutation (A122T) present in Argentinian rice cultivars. Argentinian cultivars belonged to the three major genetic groups of rice: japonica, indica and aus while weeds were mostly aus or aus‐indica admixed, resembling weedy rice strains from the Southern Cone region. Phylogenetic analysis supports a single origin for aus‐like South American weeds, likely as seed contaminants from the United States, and then admixture with local indica cultivars. Our findings demonstrate that crop to weed introgression can facilitate rapid adaptation to agriculture environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Herbicide‐resistant weeds from dryland agriculture in Argentina.

Author

Oreja, Fernando H., Moreno, Natalia, Gundel, Pedro E., Vercellino, Roman B., Pandolfo, Claudio E., Presotto, Alejandro, Perotti, Valeria, Permingeat, Hugo, Tuesca, Daniel, Scursoni, Julio A., Dellaferrera, Ignacio, Cortes, Eduardo, Yanniccari, Marcos, and Vila‐Aiub, Martin

Subjects
ARID regions agriculture, WEEDS, HERBICIDE resistance, WEED control, RAPESEED, PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN oxidase, ACETYL-CoA carboxylase
Abstract

We reviewed and performed a quantitative synthesis on herbicide‐resistant weeds from rain‐fed crops in Argentina. Twenty‐four weed species distributed in the main extensive crops (soybean, maize, wheat, barley, oilseed rape, sunflower, chickpea and peanut) have evolved herbicide resistance. Of the total, 54% are grasses, 88% are annual species and 63% are cross‐pollinated species. The most representative families were Poaceae with 54% resistant species, followed by Brassicaceae with 17%, and Asteraceae with 13%. Buenos Aires, Santa Fe and Córdoba were the provinces with the most documented cases of resistance (35%, 33% and 30%, respectively). The proportion of cases resistant to pre‐emergence herbicides was 10%, whereas the proportion of cases resistant to post‐emergence herbicides was 90%. Glyphosate was the herbicide with the highest incidence (92%) of resistance among weed species, followed by 29% of species that evolved resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides. Whereas resistance to auxin‐like herbicides comprised 17% of the weed species, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (8%) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (4%) inhibiting herbicides showed the least incidence of resistance evolution among weeds. The highest number of resistant species was identified in soybean (19), followed by maize (13), wheat/barley (10) and fallow (9). Weed species with a higher number of resistant populations to a higher number of herbicide mode of action were Amaranthus hybridus, A. palmeri, Lolium multiflorum and Raphanus sativus. The change in the production system since the mid‐1990s, based on the use of herbicides (glyphosate mainly) to control weeds, is likely to account for the notorious increase in the average rate of evolution of herbicide‐resistant weeds in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Interference of feral radish (Raphanus sativus) resistant to AHAS-inhibiting herbicides with oilseed rape, wheat, and sunflower.

Author

Vercellino, Roman B., Pandolfo, Claudio E., Cantamutto, Miguel, and Presotto, Alejandro

Subjects
RAPESEED, ENERGY crops, SEED crops, HERBICIDES, HERBICIDE resistance, ACETOLACTATE synthase, RADISHES
Abstract

Raphanus sativus (feral radish), a cosmopolitan weed, has developed resistance to acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibiting herbicides in several countries of South America. This study reports the effects of season-long interference of feral radish on grain yield and yield components of oilseed rape, wheat, and sunflower as well as on feral radish growth under field conditions. The number of inflorescences per area, seeds per inflorescence, and seed biomass of crops were reduced with increasing feral radish densities. The yields of winter crops were more severely affected than that of sunflower. The rectangular hyperbola model revealed yield losses up to 100% and 74.4% in oilseed rape and wheat, respectively, while only 12.2% in sunflower. Similarly, feral radish plants were substantially larger in competition with winter crops than with sunflower. Feral radish produced a maximum of 31,200 and 4700 seeds m−2 in winter crops and sunflower, respectively. Season-long feral radish interference can result in serious economic losses, especially in winter crops. Development and implementation of diverse and effective long-term weed management practices are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. Agricultural weeds: the contribution of domesticated species to the origin and evolution of feral weeds.

Author

Vercellino, Román B, Hernández, Fernando, Pandolfo, Claudio, Ureta, Soledad, and Presotto, Alejandro

Subjects
AGRICULTURE, BIOLOGICAL evolution, PLANT breeding, SEED dormancy, PHYSIOLOGY, WEED control, WEEDS
Abstract

Agricultural weeds descended from domesticated ancestors, directly from crops (endoferality) and/or from crop–wild hybridization (exoferality), may have evolutionary advantages by rapidly acquiring traits pre‐adapted to agricultural habitats. Understanding the role of crops on the origin and evolution of agricultural weeds is essential to develop more effective weed management programs, minimize crop losses due to weeds, and accurately assess the risks of cultivated genes escaping. In this review, we first describe relevant traits of weediness: shattering, seed dormancy, branching, early flowering and rapid growth, and their role in the feralization process. Furthermore, we discuss how the design of "super‐crops" can affect weed evolution. We then searched for literature documenting cases of agricultural weeds descended from well‐domesticated crops, and describe six case studies of feral weeds evolved from major crops: maize, radish, rapeseed, rice, sorghum, and sunflower. Further studies on the origin and evolution of feral weeds can improve our understanding of the physiological and genetic mechanisms underpinning the adaptation to agricultural habitats and may help to develop more effective weed‐control practices and breeding better crops. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Rapid evolution of weedy traits during sunflower de-domestication: the importance of hybridization and standing genetic variation

Author

Hernández, Fernando, Vercellino, Román Boris, Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel, Mandel, Jennifer R., and Presotto, Alejandro Daniel

Subjects
purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], RAPID EVOLUTION, SUNFLOWER, SEED DORMANCY, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/4.5 [https], HYBRIDIZATION, purl.org/becyt/ford/4 [https]
Abstract

Hybridization between crops and their wild relatives may promote the evolution of de-domesticated (feral) weeds. Wild sunflower is typically found in ruderal environments, but crop-wild hybridization may facilitate the evolution of weedy biotypes. Using one crop-specific mitochondrial marker (CMS-PET1) and 14 nuclear SSR markers, we studied the origin and genetic diversity of BRW, a recently discovered weedy biotype. Then, using a resurrection approach, we tested for rapid evolution of weedy traits (seed dormancy, herbicide resistance, and competitive ability) by sampling weedy and wild biotypes 10 years apart (2007 and 2017). All the weedy plants present the CMS-PET1 cytotype, confirming their feral origin. At the nuclear markers, BRW showed higher genetic diversity than the cultivated lines, as high genetic diversity as the most diverse wild biotypes, and low differentiation with one wild biotype, suggesting that wild hybridization increased the genetic diversity of the feral BRW. Regarding weedy trait evolution, we found support for rapid evolution towards higher seed dormancy, but not for higher competitive ability or herbicide resistance. Standing genetic variation probably facilitated the evolution of seed dormancy and limited the evolution of herbicide resistance, as no resistant alleles were found in the ancestral biotype. Our results demonstrate that natural crop-wild hybrids can evolve quickly in farmers? fields, leading to the establishment of weedy biotypes of cultivated origin. Although herbicide resistance did not evolve in BRW, management strategies aimed at preventing the evolution of resistance should be a priority in order to avoid the emergence and spread of herbicide resistant biotypes in Argentina. Fil: Hernández, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Vercellino, Román Boris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Mandel, Jennifer R.. University of Memphis; Estados Unidos Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina

Published
2021
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38. Aprovechamiento de residuos derivados de la producción de aceite de soja a baja escala

Author

Duval, Matias Ezequiel, Martinez, Juan Manuel, Ruiz, Manuel, Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel, Presotto, Alejandro Daniel, García, Ramiro, Piñeiro, Andrea, and Miravalles, Marta Teresa

Subjects
RESIDUOS AGROINDUSTRIALES, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, CALIDAD DE SUELO, purl.org/becyt/ford/4.1 [https], ENMIENDAS, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, Ciencias del Suelo, purl.org/becyt/ford/4 [https]
Abstract

El proceso de extrusión-prensado del poroto de soja que se realiza a baja escala en establecimientos rurales para producir aceite con destino a la elaboración de biodiésel, genera residuos (borras) que pueden ser utilizados como enmiendas orgánicas en suelos agrícolas. Fil: Duval, Matias Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Martinez, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Ruiz, Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: García, Ramiro. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Piñeiro, Andrea. Argentierra Sociedad Anónima; Argentina Fil: Miravalles, Marta Teresa. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina

Published
2019

39. Relevamiento de los trabajos de intensificación de ingeniería agronómica

Author

Renzi Pugni, Juan Pablo, Miravalles, Marta Teresa, Pellegrini, Cecilia Noemí, Quintana, Matias, and Presotto, Alejandro Daniel

Subjects
Universidad Nacional del Sur, Universities, Enseñanza Superior, Ingeniería Agrícola, Universidades, Higher Education, Agricultural Engineering
Abstract

A casi 20 años de la incorporación del trabajo de intensificación como etapa cúlmine en el ciclo profesional de la carrera de ingeniería agronómica, se analizan las temáticas y modalidades abordadas como indicadores para entender el perfil de los profesionales formados en la UNS. EEA Hilario Ascasubi Fil: Renzi Pugni, Juan Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Miravalles, Marta. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Pellegrini, Cecilia Noemí. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Quintana, Matias. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía. Laboratorio de Genética y Mejoramiento; Argentina

Published
2018

40. AHAS Trp574Leu substitution in Raphanus sativus L.: screening, enzyme activity and fitness cost

Author

Vercellino, Román Boris, Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel, Breccia, Gabriela, Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel, and Presotto, Alejandro Daniel

Subjects
TRP-574-LEU MUTATION, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Agricultura, purl.org/becyt/ford/4.1 [https], FERAL RADISH, AHAS ACTIVITY, PLEIOTROPIC EFFECTS, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, purl.org/becyt/ford/4 [https], RESISTANCE
Abstract

Feral radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a problematic weed that has become resistant to acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitor herbicides due to the Trp574Leu mutation. An AHAS gene mutation that causes herbicide resistance may have negative pleiotropic effects on plant fitness. This study reports the effects of the Trp574Leu mutation on AHAS activity and reproductive traits of R. sativus. Fil: Vercellino, Román Boris. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina Fil: Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina Fil: Breccia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina Fil: Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina

Published
2018
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41. Brassica rapa L. y Brassica napus L

Author

Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel, Presotto, Alejandro Daniel, Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel, Fernandez, Osvaldo Alberto, Leguizamon, Eduardo Sixto, Acciaresi, Horacio Abel, and Villamil, Carlos Baldomero

Subjects
CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Biología, Agricultura, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, Maleza, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca
Abstract

Brassica rapa y B. napus son dos especies anuales de la familia de las Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), cultivadas desde hace siglos como hortícolas u oleaginosas. En especial, B. napus (colza-canola) se destaca por su elevada participación en la producción mundial de aceites comestibles. Las formas silvestres o ferales de ambas especies son malezas en diversos ambientes agrícolas de clima templado. En Argentina, el nabo (B. rapa) es una importante invasora de cultivos de cereales, oleaginosas y hortícolas de la región pampeana. Esta especie está ampliamente distribuida en todo el país, encontrándose en las 23 provincias del territorio nacional. Las poblaciones ferales de B. napus son muy esporádicas y generalmente se desarrollan a la vera de caminos y bordes de lotes donde se ha cultivado colza-canola. El control de estas malezas se realiza con herbicidas de uso generalizado para el control de latifoliadas, como glifosato o herbicidas hormonales. Aunque en el país el cultivo de variedades de colza-canola transgénicas está prohibido, se han hallado poblaciones con el transgen que confiere resistencia a glifosato en las dos especies. La invasividad de los biotipos resistentes al glifosato en ambientes agrícolas se ve aumentada porque el carácter les confiere una clara ventaja en sistemas basados en el empleo intensivo del herbicida. Fil: Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina

Published
2018

42. Raphanus sativus L., Raphanus raphanistrum L

Author

Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel, Presotto, Alejandro Daniel, Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel, Fernandez, Osvaldo Alberto, Leguizamon, Eduardo Sixto, Acciaresi, Horacio Abel, and Villamil, Carlos Baldomero

Subjects
CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Biología, Agricultura, Raphanus sativus, Raphanus raphanistrum, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, Malezas
Abstract

Raphanus sativus y R. raphanistrum son dos especies anuales de la familia de las Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), importantes malezas de los cultivos, presentes en nuestro país. R. sativus es una planta euroasiática cultivada en todo el mundo por el valor alimenticio de sus raíces engrosadas. La forma feral, que posee raíces delgadas y ciclo rápido, es una maleza frecuente en varios países de América, incluyendo Argentina. Desde los albores de la agricultura nacional es reconocida como maleza de cultivos de cereales, oleaginosas y hortícolas de la región pampeana. Actualmente se la encuentra en 20 provincias. Raphanus raphanistrum es el ancestro nativo de las costas del Mediterráneo. Las dos especies se diferencian por el color de las flores, que es blanco o violáceo en R. sativus y amarillo en R. raphanistrum. También, las constricciones de la silicua son más marcadas en R. raphanistrum. La presencia de R. raphanistrum en la flora natural de la Argentina es citada en algunas fuentes, pero su distribución es limitada. Ambas especies se propagan por semilla, poseen reproducción cruzada debido a su autoincompatibilidad, y polinización entomófila. El control de estas malezas se realiza con herbicidas de uso generalizado, como glifosato, hormonales o inhibidores de la enzima acetohidroxiácido sintasa (AHAS). Las dos especies de Raphanus han desarrollado resistencia a herbicidas. En nuestro país se detectaron varias poblaciones de R. sativus con resistencia a inhibidores de la AHAS. Fil: Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina

Published
2018

43. Helianthus annuus L., Helianthus petiolaris Nutt

Author

Presotto, Alejandro Daniel, Casquero, Mauricio Javier, Poverene, María Mónica, Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel, Fernandez, Osvaldo Alberto, Leguizamon, Eduardo Sixto, Acciaresi, Horacio Abel, and Villamil, Carlos Baldomero

Subjects
CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Agronomía, reproducción y protección de plantas, Girasol silvestre, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, Cultivo, Naturalizadas, Semilla híbrida
Abstract

Helianthus annuus y H. petiolaris son asteráceas anuales nativas de América del Norte que se han naturalizado en la región central de Argentina entre los 31° y 38° de latitud sur, en una gran diversidad de ambientes. Las poblaciones naturalizadas son predominantemente ruderales y ocupan bordes de caminos, canales y lotes cultivados. También existen poblaciones agrestales, que en el caso de H. annuus muestran introgresión con el girasol. Las dos especies naturalizadas tienen el mismo nivel de ploidía que el cultivo (2n=2x=34 cromosomas) aunque presentan diferencias estructurales, que imponen una barrera parcial a la hibridación. Morfológicamente son diferentes en altura, forma de hojas y tamaño de capítulos. Entre los caracteres taxonómicos, H. petiolaris se distingue por presentar pilosidad blanca en las páleas del centro del capítulo. También, las filarias de esta especie son lineales, mientras que las de H. annuus son abruptamente atenuadas. Presentan dormición, amplio período de floración-fructificación y desgrane explosivo, que favorece la dispersión de propágulos y persistencia. Las poblaciones agrestales de H. annuus se diferencian de los voluntarios de girasol porque forman poblaciones estables. Sus plantas presentan antocianinas, son ramificadas y tienen dehiscencia. En las parcelas invadidas se recomienda la rotación con cultivos diferentes al girasol y labranza mínima o cero para que la semilla sea eliminada por predación. Es crucial prevenir el establecimiento de poblaciones invasoras en regiones productoras de simiente de girasol, para evitar la contaminación de la semilla por flujo génico. Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris are annual North American Asteraceae naturalized in the central region of Argentina, between 31° and 38° South Latitude, in a wide range of environments. Naturalized populations are predominantly ruderals established in roadsides, canals and cultivated fields. There are also agrestal populations, which in the case of H. annuus, show introgression with domesticated sunflower. The two naturalized species have the same ploidy level that the crop (2n = 2x = 34 chromosomes) but with structural differences that do not prevent interspecific hybridization. Both species are morphologically different in plant height, leaf shape and head size. Within taxonomic characters, H. petiolaris is distinguished from H. annuus because of the presence of white hairiness in the center pales of the disc. Also, H. petiolaris disc phyllaries are linear, while H. annuus phyllaries are abruptly attenuated. Plants have a large flowering-fructification period, seed shattering and dormancy, which favor seeds dispersal and soil seed bank persistence. Agrestal H. annuus differ from crop volunteers because of the former constitute stable populations. Agrestal plants have anthocyanins, are apically branched and their seeds shatter. In invaded fields, crop rotation and conservation tillage are strongly recommended. It is critical to prevent invasive populations establishment in sunflower seed production areas, to avoid seed contamination by gene flow. Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Casquero, Mauricio Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. AgIdea; Argentina Fil: Poverene, María Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Hilario Ascasubi; Argentina

Published
2018

46. The role of domestication and maternal effects on seed traits of crop–wild sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus)

Author

Hernández, Fernando, Lindström, Lilia Ivone, Parodi, Elisa Rosalia, Poverene, María Mónica, and Presotto, Alejandro Daniel

Subjects
Sunflower, Crop-wild hybrids, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Agricultura, seed dormancy, food and beverages, maternal effects, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca
Abstract

Hybridization between crops and their wild relatives may promote the evolution of weeds. Seed germination and dormancy are the earliest life-history traits and are highly influenced by the maternal parent. However, the ecological role of the maternal effect on seed traits in the evolution of crop-wild hybrids has received little attention. In this study, we test the relative importance of maternal and hybridization effects on seed traits of the first generation of crop-wild sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus). Seed germination was tested in two wild populations with contrasting dormancy, two cultivated materials and their reciprocal crosses at four different times after harvest and three different temperatures. Seed germination at each of the four times, after ripening response and secondary dormancy were recorded along with four morphological traits. Additionally, the pericarp anatomy was analysed with light and scanning electron microscopy. We observed strong maternal effects on all seed traits. Seed germination, morphology and pericarp anatomy differed largely between the crop and wild seeds and these traits in the crop-wild hybrids resembled theirfemale parent. Slight but significant hybridization effects were observed in germination, mainly in seeds produced on wild plants. Crop hybridization changed seed germination, the after ripening response and secondary dormancy in the crop direction. Morphological and anatomical traits associated with domestication strongly correlated with the observed differences in seed germination and dormancy in crop-wild sunflower hybrids. The large maternal effects along with the evolutionary divergence in seed traits were responsible for the large phenotypic differences observed in crop-wild hybrids with the same genetic composition. Wild-like seed traits of hybrids suggest that there are no barriers to crop gene introgression at the seed level whereas crop-like seed traits could be strongly selected against, conditioning the selection of traits expressed later in the life cycle and in the next generations. Fil: Hernández, Fernando. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina Fil: Lindström, Lilia Ivone. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina Fil: Poverene, María Mónica. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida; Argentina

Published
2017
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48. República Checa: una estadía en el corazón de Europa

Author

Ureta, Maria Soledad and Presotto, Alejandro Daniel

Subjects
CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Agricultura, purl.org/becyt/ford/4.1 [https], Investigación, República Checa, Proyecto bilateral, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, Producción, purl.org/becyt/ford/4 [https]
Abstract

Una estancia corta en República Checa en el marco de un proyecto bilateral con la Republica Argentina, nos permitió conocer acerca de la producción, investigación y cultura de ese país. Fil: Ureta, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina

Published
2016

49. Broad resistance to acetohydroxyacid‐synthase‐inhibiting herbicides in feral radish (Raphanus sativus L.) populations from Argentina

Author

Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel, Presotto, Alejandro Daniel, Moreno, Florencia, Dossou, Ida, Migasso, Juan Pablo, Sakima, Ernesto, and Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel

Subjects
AHAS, IMAZETHAPYR, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, HERBICIDE-RESISTANCE, Agricultura, FERAL RADISH, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca, RAPHANUS SATIVUS, METSULFURON
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Soon after the commercial release of sunflower cultivars resistant to imidazolinone herbicides, several uncontrolled feral radish (Raphanus sativus L.) populations were found in south-eastern Buenos Aires, Argentina. These populations were studied in field, glasshouse and laboratory experiments aiming to characterise their resistance profile and to develop management tools. RESULTS: Three feral radish accessions were highly resistant to ten active ingredients of five families of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS)-inhibiting herbicides. Sequence analysis of the AHAS gene detected a Trp574Leu mutation in all resistant accessions. One accession with an intermediate level of resistance was heterozygous for this mutation, probably owing to gene exchange with a susceptible subpopulation located in the field margin. Herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible radish could be controlled in sunflower by alternative herbicides. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of feral radish with resistance to herbicides belonging to all the AHAS-inhibiting herbicide families, conferred by Trp574Leu mutation in the AHAS gene. An appropriate herbicide rotation with alternative herbicides such as fluorochloridone or aclonifen and anincreasein the diversity of cropping systems areimportant forminimising the prevalence of these biotypes. resistance profile and to develop management tools. Fil: Pandolfo, Claudio Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Moreno, Florencia. Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik; Argentina Fil: Dossou, Ida. DNA LandMarks; Canadá Fil: Migasso, Juan Pablo. Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik; Argentina Fil: Sakima, Ernesto. Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik; Argentina Fil: Cantamutto, Miguel Ángel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina

Published
2015
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50. Seed dormancy and hybridization effect of the invasive species, Helianthus annuus

Author

Presotto, Alejandro Daniel, Poverene, Maria Monica, and Cantamutto, Miguel

Subjects
GENETIC VARIATION, CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS, Agronomía, reproducción y protección de plantas, MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION, SEED DORMANCY, ALIEN SPECIES, Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca
Abstract

Helianthus annuus is an invasive alien species naturalised in the central region of Argentina where it shares an extended area with the sunflower crop. As this species has also invaded several other sunflower crop growing areas in the world, it severely restricts the use of new technologies, for example herbicide tolerance by genetic modification. The natural seed dormancy of the wild Helianthus strains from the centre of origin in North America is well known, but the seed dormancy of the invasive biotypes is still unknown. Dormancy is a fitness trait related to the establishment, dispersion and persistence of invasive weeds. Four experiments were designed to investigate the effect of the pericarp, light, temperature, the after-ripening period and hybridization with the DK3880CL sunflower crop (F1) on the seed dormancy of five invasive H. annuus biotypes. The results showed that pericarp scarification increased imbibition of the whole achene by 19%. Light stimulation only increased germination in the wild biotype without any effect on the domesticated sunflower. A period of 12 months after-ripening at 5°C reduced seed dormancy in the wild biotype and its progeny; the optimal temperature for seed germination at this period was found to be 15°C. Mechanical scarification was the best treatment for overcoming seed dormancy with a differential germination, in the biotypes with the highest response, superior to 63%. Hybridization with domesticated sunflower had a minimal or no effect on seed dormancy but the germination rate was improved in three F1 crosses. Wild biotype dormancy appears to be governed by the maternal pericarp and intrinsic hormone regulation. An increased germination rate of some progenies could constitute an advantage during seedling establishment but only in winters without any frost. Fil: Presotto, Alejandro Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); Argentina Fil: Poverene, Maria Monica. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); Argentina Fil: Cantamutto, Miguel. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida(i); Argentina

Published
2014
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