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BACKGROUND: Despite the increased risk of cervical cancer (CC) among women living with HIV (WLHIV), CC screening and treatment (CCST) rates remain low in Africa. The integration of CCST services into established HIV programs in Africa can improve CC prevention and control. However, the paucity of evidence on effective implementation strategies (IS) has limited the success of integration in many countries. In this study, we seek to identify effective IS to enhance the integration of CCST services into existing HIV programs in Nigeria. METHODS: Our proposed study has formative and experimental activities across the four phases of the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) framework. Through an implementation mapping conducted with stakeholders in the exploration phase, we identified a core package of IS (Core) and an enhanced package of IS (Core+) mostly selected from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change. In the preparation phase, we refined and tailored the Core and Core+ IS with the implementation resource teams for local appropriateness. In the implementation phase, we will conduct a cluster-randomized hybrid type III trial to assess the comparative effectiveness of Core versus Core+. HIV comprehensive treatment sites (k = 12) will be matched by region and randomized to Core or Core+ in the ratio of 1:1 stratified by region. In the sustainment phase, we will assess the sustainment of CCST at each site. The study outcomes will be assessed using RE-AIM: reach (screening rate), adoption (uptake of IS by study sites), IS fidelity (degree to which the IS occurred according to protocol), clinical intervention fidelity (delivery of CC screening, onsite treatment, and referral according to protocol), clinical effectiveness (posttreatment screen negative), and sustainment (continued integrated CCST service delivery). Additionally, we will descriptively explore potential mechanisms, including organizational readiness, implementation climate, CCST self-efficacy, and implementation intentions. DISCUSSION: The assessment of IS to increase CCST rates is consistent with the global plan of eliminating CC as a public health threat by 2030. Our study will identify a set of evidence-based IS for low-income settings to integrate evidence-based CCST interventions into routine HIV care in order to improve the health and life expectancy of WLHIV. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospectively registered on November 7, 2023, at ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT06128304. https://classic. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ct2/show/study/NCT06128304.

Social work curricula have evolved to include anti-racism, diversity, equity, and inclusion (ADEI) as a critical lens for working with community members across the micro, mezzo, and macro levels of practice. However, the research to support best practices for teaching ADEI praxis is minimal. Consequently, the unclear guidance translates into students being unprepared for anti-racism praxis in their practicum settings, which may result in them being harmed, as well as being the perpetrators of harm. To address this gap, one school of social work developed a pre-practicum lab for generalist practice in its Master of Social Work program. In this Lab, students learn the cornerstones of reflection, self-awareness, self-regulation and how to engage within a practicum environment using an ADEI lens. This paper describes the state of ADEI in social work education, the development, and design of the Lab in response to the situation, its implementation, and implications for social work education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to obtain polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer stems (PGSPs), agro-byproducts with development potential, and fully explore the potential value in P. ginseng stems. Two novel polysaccharides firstly from P. ginseng stems (PGSP-1 and PGSP-2) were obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method and column chromatography, and then characterized by FT-IR, HPGPC, HPLC, SEM, TGA, GC–MS and NMR. The results demonstrated that PGSP-1 (Mw = 723.83 kDa) and PGSP-2 (Mw = 620.48 kDa) were characterized →4)- β -D-Gal p -(1→, →6)- α -D-Glc p -(1 → and →2)- α -L-Rha p -(1 → as the skeleton, →4,6)- β -D-Gal p -(1 → and →2,6)- α -D-Man p -(1 → as the cross junction, α -L-Araf-(1 → as the terminal unit, and PGSP-1 still contained →4)- β -D-Gal p , while PGSP-2 contained →4)- β -D-Xyl p -(1→, →3)- β -D-Glc p A-(1→, →4)- β -D-Gal p A-(1 →) and α -D-Glc p -(1→, with different microstructures and thermal stability. And the results of hypoglycemic activity revealed that both PGSP-1 and PGSP-2 showed excellent inhibitory activity against α -glucosidase and α -amylase, in which PGSP-2 had the better performance. The inhibition kinetics result showed that PGSPs on α -glucosidase and α -amylase were non-competitive type and mixed type inhibition. This study provided a theoretical basis for making full use of and exploiting the economic value of agro-byproducts such as P. ginseng stems and offered a theoretical reference for the effective utilization of PGSP as a functional component to prevent and reduce T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT ZnO nanoparticle surface‐modified by diisooctyl phosphate (P204) was prepared by liquid‐phase in situ surface modification technique with zinc acetate as the raw material, P204 as the modifier and anhydrous ethanol as the solvent. The morphology and microstructure of the P204‐ZnO nanoparticle were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Its thermal stability was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis; and its tribological properties as the additive in alkylnaphthalene were evaluated with an SRV‐5 friction and wear tester in reciprocal sliding mode. The results show that the as‐prepared P204‐ZnO nanoparticle has an average particle size of about 4 nm and a P204 content of about 42% (mass fraction); and the surface modifier is grafted onto the surface of ZnO nanoparticle by physical adsorption. With a mass fraction of 0.5% in alkylnaphthalene base oil, P204‐ZnO nano‐additive can mildly reduce the friction coefficient and drastically reduce the wear rate of the steel–steel sliding pair. This is due to the formation of the composite tribofilm via the adsorption and deposition of the nano‐additive on rubbed steel surfaces as well as the tribochemical reactions of the modifier P204 yielding phosphate and of steel substrate yielding iron oxides. The as‐formed composite tribofilm with a thickness of about 20 nm, consisting of phosphate and iron oxides as the binder as well as deposited ZnO nanoparticle as the filling phase, is responsible for the excellent friction‐reducing and antiwear abilities of P204‐ZnO nano‐additive for the steel sliding contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano‐calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) is a tiny inorganic filler created in the 1980s. It boasts a high specific surface area, excellent biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. As a result, it finds extensive applications in the rubber, plastic, and paper industries. This paper intends to give a general overview of the preparation process, surface modification, and application of nano‐CaCO3. In particular, the preparation process conditions, the characteristics of the prepared nano‐CaCO3, the method and mechanism of surface modification, and also the main application research progress of nano‐CaCO3 are described comprehensively. This paper has a good guiding effect for the researchers and related staff engaged in the study of nano‐CaCO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional standards identify what future educators should know and be able to do when they complete a program of study from an Institution of Higher Education (IHE). With support from the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), the first ever stand-alone Early Intervention/Early Childhood Special Education (EI/ECSE) Standards were approved in 2020. In this paper, we (a) discuss the rationale for stand-alone EI/ECSE Standards within the current context; (b) briefly introduce the Standards; (c) present an overview of how the Standards were developed; and (d) provide a vision for and guidance to the field in the development of personnel systems that ensure application of the EI/ECSE Standards for preservice and in-service preparation, IHE program accreditation, cross-disciplinary collaboration, research and development, and policy and advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice protein peptide has been widely concerned by researchers at home and abroad, because of its high nutritional value, high digestibility, hypoallergenicity and various physiological regulation functions. Based on the research progress of rice protein peptides in recent years, this paper reviews the preparation methods, separation and purification techniques and bitter taste improvement strategies of rice protein peptides. And summarizes the biological activities of rice protein peptides such as antioxidant, blood pressure lowering, immunomodulatory and hypoglycemic activities, introduces its application prospect in the field of food, and prospects the future research direction. The aim is to provide theoretical basis for the development and practical production of rice protein peptide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Branched‐chain fatty acids (BCFAs) have recently gained increasing attention as bioactive lipids with potential nutritional properties and a wide array of applications in human health. The current study reviews the most recent progress in the BCFA preparation. An overview of BCFA extraction from natural sources, including lanolin and butter, is provided. Further, we explore how clay catalysts and zeolites can be used to chemically synthesize BCFAs. The chemically synthetic BCFAs are mainly isostearic acids. Some bacterial membranes contain a high proportion of BCFAs and have been studied as natural raw materials to obtain BCFAs. Engineering the microbial production of BCFA is also reviewed. Special attentions have been given to the molecular structure of the BCFAs during different preparation methods. Future research will focus on obtaining BCFAs with specific structures in high purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed significant stress on public services, including front-line personnel in a variety of core government positions like policing. Past research in law enforcement has long described challenges related to these ideas of uncertainty, stress, and situational difficulties, and the effects of those on individual and group behavior and work practices. This exploratory research focuses on the retention of these key personnel in the midst of a pandemic. Survey data were collected in 2020 and 2021 from law enforcement personnel at all departmental ranks. Results indicate that there is wide variation in feelings of preparedness and efficacy of response, and that those with stronger perceptions of organizational capacity to respond to the pandemic, increased job satisfaction, and higher organizational commitment were more likely to express an intent to remain in those positions on a short- and long-term basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The conversion of biomass into high value‐added platform compounds is an important method of biomass utilization. The conversion of hemicellulose represented by xylan into furfural can not only reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, but also promotes the development and utilization of non‐edible biomass resources. In this study, a bifunctional solid‐acid catalyst prepared from agricultural and forestry waste Pueraria (P. eduli) Residues was used to convert xylan into furfural in a biphasic system.In this study, P. eduli Residues was used as raw material to prepare a P. eduli Residues‐based carbon solid‐acid catalyst (PR/C‐SO3H‐Fe) by one‐step sulfonation carbonization and impregnation. The catalyst catalyzes the conversion of xylan to furfural in a biphasic system (2‐methyltetrahydrofuran/water). The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ammonia temperature‐programmed desorption. Subsequently, the experimental conditions were studied and optimized, such as metal species, iron ion concentration, reaction time and temperature, volume ratio of organic phase to water phase and ratio of substrate to catalyst. The results showed that under conditions of 160 °C, 50 mg catalyst, 100 mg xylan and 7 mL reaction solvent, the yield of furfural could reach 78.94% after 3 h of reaction.This study provides an effective research method for the conversion of xylan into furfural, and provides a reference for the catalytic conversion and utilization of hemicellulose in agricultural and forestry biomass. It also provides a feasible method for the resource utilization of agricultural and forestry waste. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its discovery, the phenomenon of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) has gradually become an important tool for analyzing the composition and structure of substances. As a trace technique that can efficiently and nondestructively detect single molecules, the application of SERS has expanded from environmental and materials science to biomedical fields. In the past decade or so, the explosive development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials has further boosted the research of SERS technology, as nanomaterial-based SERS substrates have shown good signal enhancement properties. So far, it is widely recognized that the morphology, size, composition, and stacking mode of nanomaterials have a very great influence on the strength of the substrate SERS effect. Herein, an overview of methods for the preparation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates is provided. Specifically, this review describes a variety of common SERS substrate preparation methods and explores the potential and promise of these methods for applications in chemical analysis and biomedical fields. By detailing the influence of different nanomaterials (e.g., metallic nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanostars) and their structural features on the SERS effect, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of SERS substrate preparation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conversion of rapeseed straw into biochar not only effectively mitigates pollution from traditional straw burning but also aligns with China's sustainable agricultural development goals. A significant quantity of rapeseed stalks is frequently burned in fields, leading to severe air pollution characterized by black smoke and residue, resulting in a substantial waste of straw resources. To address this issue, rapeseed straw form Nanchi Village, Puzhen Town, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, was utilized as a precursor and KOH was employed as an activator to produce porous activated carbon by pyrolysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analyzer, infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area analysis, and other instruments were employed to characterize the porous activated carbon produced under various temperature gradients and activator concentrations. The microelement composition, structure, specific surface area, and pore size of biochar produced under varying conditions were analyzed to determine the optimal preparation parameters. Furthermore, the adsorption efficiency for tetracycline in wastewater was evaluated using a three-factor, three-level orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that the interior of the activated carbon was porous, while the exterior contained oxygenated functional groups that facilitated the adsorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements. The optimal carbonization temperature and KOH concentration for activated carbon were determined to be 400°C and 0.5, respectively. The optimal adsorption conditions were identified as pH value of 7, an initial tetracycline concentration of 30 mg/L, a biochar dosage of 0.2 g, an adsorption time of 60 min, and a removal rate of 98.53%. The factors influencing the adsorption of tetracycline onto rapeseed straw biochar were ranked as initial tetracycline concentration>adsorption reaction time>biochar dasage. The findings will provide valuable references for research on biochar performance and the treatment of tetracycline contamination in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exposure of healthcare workers to hazardous drugs can lead to adverse health effects supporting the importance of a continuous monitoring program, for example, by taking surface wipe samples. The objective was to describe the results of repeated monitoring of contamination with hazardous drugs on multiple surfaces in a hospital pharmacy and at two wards using standardized preparation techniques and cleaning procedures. Methods: Twelve surfaces in the hospital pharmacy and at two wards were sampled and analyzed for contamination with the hazardous drugs cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, methotrexate, and paclitaxel. The drugs were prepared with a closed-system drug transfer device (CSTD). Sampling of the drugs was performed in four trials during eight months. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of the drugs. Results: During the four trials, contamination with five of the six hazardous drugs was found on half of the surfaces in the pharmacy and in a ward. Seventeen out of 288 possible outcomes were positive (6%), with the biological safety cabinet grate (n = 6) and scanner (n = 5) most frequently contaminated. The highest level of contamination was observed on the pass-thru window (cyclophosphamide: 2.90 ng/cm2) and the touch screen of the Diana device (5-fluorouracil: 2.38 ng/cm2). Both levels were below the action level of 10 ng/cm2. Conclusions: The long-term use of a CSTD in combination with appropriate cleaning has proven effective in achieving low levels of surface contamination with hazardous drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are submicron-sized heterogeneous biphasic liquid systems stabilized by surfactants. They are physically transparent or translucent, optically isotropic, and kinetically stable, with droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm. Their unique properties, such as high surface area, small droplet size, enhanced bioavailability, excellent physical stability, and rapid digestibility, make them ideal for encapsulating various active substances. This review focuses on recent advancements, future prospects, and challenges in the field of NEs, particularly in oral, parenteral, and ophthalmic delivery. It also discusses recent clinical trials and patents. Different types of in vitro and in vivo NE characterization techniques are summarized. High-energy and low-energy preparation methods are briefly described with diagrams. Formulation considerations and commonly used excipients for oral, ocular, and ophthalmic drug delivery are presented. The review emphasizes the need for new functional excipients to improve the permeation of large molecular weight unstable proteins, oligonucleotides, and hydrophilic drugs to advance drug delivery rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers of natural origin, such as representatives of various polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose, dextran, hyaluronic acid, gellan gum, etc.), and their derivatives, have a long tradition in biomedical applications. Among them, the use of chitosan as a safe, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly heteropolysaccharide has been particularly intensively researched over the last two decades. The potential of using chitosan for medical purposes is reflected in its unique cationic nature, viscosity-increasing and gel-forming ability, non-toxicity in living cells, antimicrobial activity, mucoadhesiveness, biodegradability, as well as the possibility of chemical modification. The intuitive use of clay minerals in the treatment of superficial wounds has been known in traditional medicine for thousands of years. To improve efficacy and overcome the ubiquitous bacterial resistance, the beneficial properties of chitosan have been utilized for the preparation of chitosan–clay mineral bionanocomposites. The focus of this review is on composites containing chitosan with montmorillonite and halloysite as representatives of clay minerals. This review highlights the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan–clay mineral bionanocomposites in drug delivery and in the treatment of topical skin infections and wound healing. Finally, an overview of the preparation, characterization, and possible future perspectives related to the use of these advancing composites for biomedical applications is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin‐based carbon nanomaterials offer several advantages, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, high specific surface area, ease of functionalization, low toxicity, and cost‐effectiveness. These materials show promise in biochemical sensing applications, particularly in the detection of metal ions, organic compounds, and human biosignals. Various methods can be employed to synthesize carbon nanomaterials with different dimensions ranging from 0D–3D, resulting in diverse structures and physicochemical properties. This study provides an overview of the preparation techniques and characteristics of multidimensional (0–3D) lignin‐based carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and carbon aerogels (CAs). Additionally, the sensing capabilities of these materials are compared and summarized, followed by a discussion on the potential challenges and future prospects in sensor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy ceramics have gained increasing interest due to unique properties unattainable by traditional materials. Though a large number of high-entropy ceramics have emerged, there was still in lack of theoretical predictions of phase composition on multicomponent solid solutions, which was probably caused by the composition complexity. In this work, employing Thermo-Calc and TCHEA4 database, a series of equilibrium phase data was generated from quaternary solid solution nitrides formed by the five elements of Ti, V, Cr, Zr, and N, while five quaternary solid solution nitrides with various nitrogen stoichiometry were prepared by SPS utilizing commercially available transition metal and their nitrides at 1600 °C. The detection of phase composition during the experiment and thermodynamic calculation confirmed that an increase in nitrogen content was beneficial for the formation of a single-phase solid solution. Due to the variation of nitrogen stoichiometry, the concentrations of nitrogen-metal bonds changed accordingly, resulting in different relative densities and mechanical properties. On the basis of the experimental data, CALPHAD, with a maximum absolute error of only 8.31 %, was established, providing a powerful tool for predicting phase in the complex composition-temperature space of compositionally complex ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein and has many applications in biomedical, food, cosmetic, and other industries. Previous reviews have already introduced collagen's sources, structures, and biosynthesis. The biological and mechanical properties of collagen-based composite materials, their modification and application forms, and their interactions with host tissues are pinpointed. It is worth noting that self-assembly behavior is the main characteristic of collagen molecules. However, there is currently relatively little review on collagen-based composite materials based on self-assembly. Herein, we briefly reviewed the biosynthesis, extraction, structure, and properties of collagen, systematically presented an overview of the various factors and corresponding characterization techniques that affect the collagen self-assembly process, and summarize and discuss the preparation methods and application progress of collagen-based composite materials in different fields. By combining the self-assembly behavior of collagen with preparation methods of collagen-based composite materials, collagen-based composite materials with various functional reactions can be selectively prepared, and these experiences and outcomes can provide inspiration and practical techniques for the future development directions and challenges of collagen-based composite biomaterials in related applications fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrometallurgy of China is the property of Hydrometallurgy of China Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrometallurgy of China is the property of Hydrometallurgy of China Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The hybrid flocculant P(aluminum chloride-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) was synthesized in this study. Diallyldimethylammonium chloride monomers were used and ammonium persulfate served as the initiator. The structure of P(aluminum chloride-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, an electrical conductivity test, and thermogravimetric analysis. Single-factor experiments were conducted to optimize the synthetic conditions of the hybrid flocculant. An optimized product with an intrinsic viscosity of 926.36 mL/g and a flocculation decolorization rate of 99% was obtained under the following reaction conditions: the total monomer concentration was 30%, the initiator concentration was 0.7%, the reaction temperature was 60 °C, and the reaction time was 3 h. The results demonstrated that the PAC-PDMDAAC hybrid flocculant exhibited covalent bonding between its organic–inorganic components and displayed enhanced stability properties due to its high intrinsic viscosity and spatial structure. Moreover, this hybrid flocculant showed superior decolorization performance in disperse-violet-H-FRL-dye wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcone is a ubiquitous chemical compound included in the majority of organically derived plant products. In the present research, chalcones derivatives were prepared by the reaction of alpha-hydrogenated ketones with aldehydes. This reaction is carried out in reflux for four to five hours, with ethanol frequently utilised as the solvent and NaOH as the catalyst. The prepared derivatives further characterized by UV spectroscopy and Infrared specetroscopy. The UV spectrum of chalcones is characterized by two primary absorption bands: band I and a secondary band, band II. The chalcones band typically manifests in the range of 340-390nm, with occasional smaller fluctuations or peaks observed at 300-320nm. The infrared absorptions of the chalcones C1, C2 and C3 are for Ar-(C-H) stretching band (2920-2975cm-1), Aromatic ring (=CH) bond vibration at 1525-1620cm-1. Chalcone have wide range of pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bio‐oil formaldehyde resole (BFR) can be used as adhesive in plywood industry. However, the BFR has a lower thermal stability, and the reason is still unclear. Herein, the reactivities of four representative phenolic compounds in bio‐oil, including two ortho phenols (2‐methylphenol, 2‐methoxyphenol) and two para phenols (4‐methylphenol and 4‐methoxyphenol), as well as the thermal stabilities of the prepared resoles are investigated. The results show that the reactivity of an ortho phenol is higher than that of a para phenol. The resole prepared from a para phenol has a higher thermal stability than that of an ortho phenol. The resole of an ortho phenol decomposes even when heated at the low temperature of 100 °C. The resole of a methylphenol generally has a higher thermal stability than that of a methoxyphenol. Based on the results, the reason for the low reactivity of bio‐oil and the low thermal stability of BFR are speculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has witnessed tremendous research interest due to its narrow bandgap, intrinsic 2D structure, and abundant raw materials. Although g‐C3N4 has some shortcomings such as low specific surface area, poor conductivity and rapid charge carries recombination, various modification methods are constantly emerging to enhance its potential application value in photocatalysis. Increasing the crystallinity of g‐C3N4 is an effective strategy to improve the in‐plane charge separation efficiency. However, it is also reported that amorphous g‐C3N4 possesses a higher adsorption and activation ability over reactants due to its richer surface functional groups than crystalline g‐C3N4. Which type of g‐C3N4 more suits photocatalysis, and which modification method is more suitable for boosting the activity of two types of g‐C3N4, respectively? Based on these issues, the recent advances in the preparation and properties of amorphous and crystalline g‐C3N4 are summarized, and their performance improvement strategies are overviewed thoroughly. Upon systematic comparison and analysis, which modification strategy is more suitable for the two types of g‐C3N4, respectively, is proposed. Their applications are also summed up especially in environment remediation and energy conversation. Finally, the ongoing opportunities and future challenges for amorphous and crystalline g‐C3N4 in the photocatalysis territory are taken for consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research progress of mrtal organic framru*orks(MOFs) materials been used in clcctrorhcmical C(b Kcduction Reaction(c(2()2 KK) and the preparation methods of related catal)*sts were introduced. Th" catalytic activity, catalytic stability and product selectivity of c(X)2KK hased MOFs with different stnictiircs were compared. It pointed out that MOFs could be widely used in electrocatalytic field because of their periodic catalytic active sites and high (2()2 adsorption pro pert ics. It had an important significance to design CO2 reduction electrocatalysts with high activity and sclcctinty to reduce (2()2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the training demands of highly trained male youth basketball players, based on training year, term and playing position. Data was collected from 41 male youth basketballers over two seasons from all on-court coach-led training sessions utilising an LPS. Linear mixed-models and pairwise comparisons were used to analyse by training year (Y1, Y2 and Y3), term (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and playing position (Backcourt, Frontcourt). Results showed no differences in external load metrics between training years. Significant differences existed between training terms, with total distance greater in both T3 and T4 than T1 and 2 (p < 0.03). Total PlayerLoad was significantly greater in T4 than T1 (p < 0.001) and T3 (p = 0.004). Distance/min was greater in T2, T3 and T4 than T1 (p < 0.01). PlayerLoad/min was higher in T4 than T1 and T2 (p < 0.01). Backcourt players showed significantly greater distance/min (p = 0.011), PlayerLoad/min (p = 0.011) and deceleration counts (p < 0.001). Overall, limited year-on-year change existed in external training load metrics (p > 0.05), though volume (p < 0.001) and intensity (p < 0.001) differed between terms. Backcourt players completed higher intensities (p = 0.011) than Frontcourt players. This study provides a description of external loads of training in highly trained youth basketball players assisting coaches and performance practitioners to better understand physical demands within youth basketball development pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This review highlights the current knowledge of polysaccharide from Lilii Bulbus, including the extraction, purification, structure, structure modification, biological activities and application, which will hopefully provide reference for further research and development of polysaccharide from Lilii Bulbus. Materials and Methods: Literature searches were conducted on the following databases: Pubmed, ACS website, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI database. Keywords such as "Lilii Bulbus", "polysaccharide", "preparation", "biological activities" and "application" were used to search relevant journals and contents, and some irrelevant contents were excluded. Results: In general, the study of Lilium Bulbus polysaccharide extraction and purification, structure characterization and biological activity has made substantial progress, these findings highlight the lilium brownii polysaccharide enormous potential in biomedical applications, of lilium brownii polysaccharide laid a solid foundation for further research. Discussion and Conclusions: However, it should be noted that the relevant mechanism of the effective effect of lily bulb polysaccharide still needs to be worked on by researchers. These findings highlight the great potential of lily polysaccharides in biomedical applications, and lay a solid foundation for further research on lily polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, the issue of increased dentin sensitivity after operations for hard dental tissue preparation during the therapeutic treatment of the carious process, as well as during orthopedic treatment of various types with non-removable dentures, has retained its relevance. Pain management is the prevention of postoperative complication development and ensures high-quality treatment results. Aim. The purpose of the literature review in this paper was to draw specialists' attention to the use of low-solvent adhesive systems of various types to manage postoperative sensitivity of hard dental tissues. Materials and methods. More than 30 literature sources focused on studying action mechanisms of known generations of dental adhesive systems and their effects on changes in postoperative sensitivity of dental hard tissues as a result of a high-quality protective film formation on the dentin surface have been analyzed. Results. The use of various adhesive systems to reduce postoperative sensitivity of soft tissues with the formation of a high-quality protective film on the dentin surface that seals the dentinal tubules is of great importance for obtaining qualitative treatment results and increasing its effectiveness. However, various reactive substances (solvents, acetone), which are components of most adhesives, have a strong impact on their quality and significantly reduce the indications for their use. Conclusions. Thus, studying the action mechanisms of adhesives on dental tissues, searching for the formulation of new adhesive systems with a lower solvent content would expand the indications for their use as therapeutic and prophylactic drugs to reduce pain sensitivity of hard dental tissues after preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reveal aspects of the formation of platinum nanoparticles and chemical coating of carbon support surfaces when preparing model (0.5%Pt/Sibunite) and industrial (0.5%Pt/Graphite) catalysts for synthesizing hydroxylamine sulfate via the hydrogenation of NO in a solution of H2SO4. It is shown that functionalizing the surfaces of supports with nitrogen-containing groups while depositing platinum ensures not only the dispersion of metal but a strong increase in its selectivity toward hydroxylamine sulfate. It is assumed that maximum selectivity is characteristic of active sites being single atoms or small platinum clusters bound to the nitrogen-containing ligands of a carbon surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of South-Central Minzu University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Military modernization is a complicated process of force building by which a nation fulfills its defense requirements. Professionally, it is measured by the sophistication of the combat capabilities of a country's armed forces as defined by the effectiveness of strategies and doctrines, commanding heights, soldier training, organization and structure, and the jointness of services and weapons systems. Technological progress is a primary driver for a military to modernize through transformation. More broadly, military modernization is an integral component of a country's overall modernization, either facilitating or obstructing its socio-political, economic, and technological development. Military modernization is also affected by the nature of a country's political system, as it determines the relations between civilian leaders and the top brass, the status of the military in society, and the internal shape of the organization, i.e., officer corruption and force cohesiveness. Yet, whether the system of state governance decisively impacts the patterns and pace of military modernization is a subject of debate. As discussed in detail in this paper, one-party rule is a specific political structure that can affect military modernization either positively or negatively. Positively as in the case of China, systemic factors such as the undisrupted CPC control of the military, concentrated inputs of resources into force building, and targeted capability acquisition contribute to the modernization of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) as a beneficiary of one-party rule. Negatively, one party-rule may disrupt military/society interactions and is prone to structural corruption, undermining the quality of military modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva prolifera, as the dominant species of the green macro-algal bloom, was used as the raw material to prepare cellulose (UPC) by alkali extraction and bleaching treatment with a yield of 23.61%. Nanocelluloses of UPCNC-S, UPCNC-H, and UPCNC-T were prepared using sulfuric acid hydrolysis, hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, and TEMPO oxidation methods, respectively. The structure and micro-morphology of the prepared nanocelluloses were characterized and compared based on yield, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size, zeta potential, and chromaticity value. The results showed that the yields of the nanocelluloses prepared by three methods were 10.07% of UPCNC-S, 32.48% of UPCNC-H, and 26.63% of UPCNC-T, respectively. All three methods did not damage the crystal form and the structure of the cellulose showed, an increase in crystallinity and reached 72.11% (UPCNC-S), 77.16% (UPCNC-H), and 66.53% (UPCNC-T). The thermal stability of nanocellulose UPCNC-S produced by sulfuric acid was to the weakest, while that of UPCNC-H was the optimal. In terms of morphological features, both UPCNC-T and UPCNC-H exhibited short-shaped morphology, with particle sizes concentrated around 430 nm and 610 nm, respectively. In addition to the short rod structure, partially spherical nanocellulose was produced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis, with the smallest particle sizes ranging from 300 nm to 400 nm. The Zeta potential values of the three types of nanocellulose were all less than −30 mV, indicating good stability in suspension. Besides, the color of UPCNC-S was slightly yellowish with the lowest whiteness value, while UPCNC-H and UPCNC-T both showed the whitish appearance. In summary, the nanocellulose prepared from Ulva prolifera in this study exhibited excellent characteristics such as high crystallinity, good dispersion, and small particle sizes, which would provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of Ulva prolifera.

Rice protein peptide has been widely concerned by researchers at home and abroad, because of its high nutritional value, high digestibility, hypoallergenicity and various physiological regulation functions. Based on the research progress of rice protein peptides in recent years, this paper reviews the preparation methods, separation and purification techniques and bitter taste improvement strategies of rice protein peptides. And summarizes the biological activities of rice protein peptides such as antioxidant, blood pressure lowering, immunomodulatory and hypoglycemic activities, introduces its application prospect in the field of food, and prospects the future research direction. The aim is to provide theoretical basis for the development and practical production of rice protein peptide.

Abstract Anatomy teachers urge students to come to education sessions at the dissection rooms as well-prepared as possible. To effectuate optimal preparation, assignments are designed to guide the students’ learning processes. These assignment often include the use of anatomical figures in atlases. The role of augmented reality (AR) applications in helping students prepare for body donor-based teaching sessions at the dissection rooms remains quite elusive. Therefore, this study examines the effects of the use of an AR application compared to the use of anatomical atlases in helping students (n = 28) prepare for a neuroanatomy session at the dissection rooms with prosections. The study shows that students from both groups showed a similar improvement in anatomy test scores. The amount of experienced cognitive engagement, however, is higher in the experimental AR group. Based on these results, it can be suggested that an AR application is a valid method to help students prepare and could be an alternative to the use of anatomical atlases. Nevertheless, future studies should re-investigate this research question in larger cohorts. Also, it remains unknown whether cognitive engaged students are indeed the students who are better prepared for educational sessions at the dissection rooms.

Currently, the issue of increased dentin sensitivity after operations for hard dental tissue preparation during the therapeutic treatment of the carious process, as well as during orthopedic treatment of various types with non-removable dentures, has retained its relevance. Pain management is the prevention of postoperative complication development and ensures high-quality treatment results. Aim. The purpose of the literature review in this paper was to draw specialists’ attention to the use of low-solvent adhesive systems of various types to manage postoperative sensitivity of hard dental tissues. Materials and methods. More than 30 literature sources focused on studying action mechanisms of known generations of dental adhesive systems and their effects on changes in postoperative sensitivity of dental hard tissues as a result of a high-quality protective film formation on the dentin surface have been analyzed. Results. The use of various adhesive systems to reduce postoperative sensitivity of soft tissues with the formation of a high-quality protective film on the dentin surface that seals the dentinal tubules is of great importance for obtaining qualitative treatment results and increasing its effectiveness. However, various reactive substances (solvents, acetone), which are components of most adhesives, have a strong impact on their quality and significantly reduce the indications for their use. Conclusions. Thus, studying the action mechanisms of adhesives on dental tissues, searching for the formulation of new adhesive systems with a lower solvent content would expand the indications for their use as therapeutic and prophylactic drugs to reduce pain sensitivity of hard dental tissues after preparation.

Magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), as a type of magnetic functionalized ionic liquid materials, are characterized by low vapor pressure, wide liquid range, and excellent thermal stability and possess strong designability, easy product separation, and recyclability for repeated use. These properties enable them to tackle problems with microextraction techniques such as difficult phase separation and low reusability. MILs have a broad application prospect in the field of sample pretreatment for food analysis. This article systematically summarizes the varieties and preparation methods of MILs for sample pretreatment for food analysis, reviews recent progress in the application of MILs in the separation and enrichment of various chemical contaminants in foods, including bioamines, drugs, food additives, persistent toxic substances, and inorganic heavy metals. It concludes with an outlook on the future development of MIL-based sample pretreatment techniques for food analysis.

Oral health and general health are closely linked and dependent in humans. The total disappearance of teeth leads to the loss of proprioceptive control systems, the modification of the entire tissue system and therefore great psychological fragility. Pre-prosthetic surgery consists of restoring the osteo-mucosal tissues to allow the installation of a prosthesis. The objective: was to assess the need for pre-surgical prosthetic preparation for the totally edentulous at the CHU-CNOS of Bamako. Method and materials: This was a prospective, descriptive study extending over a period of 8 months (from January 1 to August 31, 2021). Patients seen at the removable prosthesis service for a consultation in whom a diagnosis of edentulism was made constituted the study population. We carried out an exhaustive recruitment of totally edentulous people received at the service for the completed removable prosthesis who agreed to participate in the study. The data were collected using an individual survey form and analyzed with SPSS version 20.0 software. Result: A total of 50 patients were registered, including 14 men or 28% and 36 women or 72%. The sex ratio was 0.38 in favor of women. The 60 to 69 age group was the most represented with 19% and the average age was 56 years. The demand for prosthetic restoration for aesthetic and functional purposes represented the reasons for consultation in 46%, 44% of cases and pain in 10% of cases the most expressed concern by patients. Oral hygiene was average 64%, good at 20% and poor at 16%. Tooth extraction represented 70% of cases, without surgery 20% of cases and osteotomy 10% of cases as pre-surgical prosthetic treatment. The ridge was poorly resorbed at 40%, moderately resorbed at 30%, very resorbed at 20% and the ridge was negative at 10%, 50% of patients did not wear a prosthesis, 34% of patients wore partial removable prostheses and 16% wore removable total prostheses. Among our patients 66% had normal frenulums, 22% had short frenulums and 12% had wide frenulums. Conclusion: This study made it possible to highlight the real needs in pre-surgical prosthetic preparation. Among these needs, multiple tooth extraction remains the most common pre-prosthetic surgical procedure.

In recent years, the extensive use of plastic packaging has caused serious environmental pollution problems. With the increase in people's environmental awareness, the development of new biodegradable food packaging materials to replace traditional petroleum-based plastics has become a hot research topic. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are widely favored by researchers due to its excellent properties such as high specific surface area, elastic modulus, strength, and gas barrier properties. This paper summarizes the preparation methods of CNF and CNF composite films, discusses the mechanical property, barrier property, antibacterial property, degradable property, and responsive property as food packaging materials. Finally, the challenges faced by CNF in the field of food packaging are proposed, aiming to provide a reference for the future production of CNF food packaging materials to replace traditional petroleum-based materials.

Collagen peptides, renowned for their excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, and facile absorption by human body, have been extensively developed and utilized in the food, biomedical, and cosmetic industries. This review focuses on recent development in the preparation methods, bioactivities, and applications of collagen peptides. Firstly, an overview of the current preparation methods and principles of collagen peptides is provided, followed by a comparison of the advantages and limitations of different methods. Subsequently, a summary of the bioactivities exhibited by collagen peptides is presented, including the antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antifreeze activity, inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Finally, the application of collagen peptides in food additives and functional foods, based on the bioactivity has been discussed. Additionally, the latest applications of collagen peptides in the fields of medicine and cosmetics have also been introduced.

As far as health benefit is concerned, dark tea is one of the best beverages in the world. Theabrownins are the major ingredient contributing to the health benefits of dark tea and known as "the soft gold in dark tea." A growing body of evidence indicated that theabrownins are macromolecular pigments with reddish-brown color and mellow taste, and mainly derived from the oxidative polymerization of tea polyphenols. Theabrownins are the main active ingredients in dark tea which brings multiple health-promoting effects in modulating lipid metabolism, reducing body weight gain, attenuating diabetes, mitigating NAFLD, scavenging ROS, and preventing tumors. More importantly, it's their substantial generation in microbial fermentation that endows dark tea with much stronger hypolipidemic effect compared with other types of tea. This review firstly summarizes the most recent findings on the preparation, structural characteristics, and health-promoting effects of theabrownins, emphasizing the underlying molecular mechanism, especially the different mechanisms behind the effect of theabrownins-mediated gut microbiota on the host's multiple health-promoting benefits. Furthermore, this review points out the main limitations of current research and potential future research directions, hoping to provide updated scientific evidence for their better theoretical research and industrial utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bowman's layer is an acellular corneal structure, which is considered to be a specially modified anterior stroma. It is presumed, that it forms as a result of ongoing epithelial-stromal interactions and no clear physiological purpose has been proven. Despite this fact, Bowman's layer has found its place in corneal transplantation. It has been performed for over a decade, mainly in treatment of advanced keratoconus with multiple modifications. Transplantation of Bowman's layer can be expected to become a widely used surgical procedure in the treatment of many corneal pathologies involving fragmentation and destruction of Bowman's layer. This article aims to summarize information available on its structure, possible function, and transplantation. A thorough literature search was performed in the PubMed database and Google Scholar using keywords: Bowman's layer, structure, function, preparation and corneal transplantation. All the relevant sources were used, which represent 77 peer-reviewed articles with information corcerning the topic of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan hydrogel with excellent degradability and biocompatibility has become an important material for constructing flexible strain sensors. Flexible strain sensors based on chitosan conductive hydrogels have superb environmental adaptability and are widely used in biomedical fields such as health monitoring and implantable devices. The preparation method and conductive mechanism of chitosan-based conductive hydrogels were reviewed. The current status of chitosan-based conductive hydrogels in low temperature resistant， self-repairing， and self-adhesive functional flexible strain sensors was summarized. Finally， it is pointed out that the optimization of the preparation process， the application of new materials， and the use of artificial intelligence are the key research directions for the future of chitosan-based conductive hydrogels for flexible strain sensors， aiming to provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the further development of multifunctional applications of flexible strain sensors.

With the continuous development of modified starch, people's demand for the functional characteristics, safety, and convenience of modified starch has increased significantly. Pre-gelatinized starch (PGS) is a type of starch modified by physical methods, which is a modified starch particle without obvious crystallization obtained by rapid dehydration and drying after starch gelatinization. PGS has a porous and hydrogen-bonded fracture structure, which has the advantages of good cold water solubility, strong water retention ability and high viscoelasticity. Cold water can be mixed into paste during application, eliminating the step of heating and gelatinization. Therefore, as a biodegradable raw material with excellent performance, PGS has important application value in the fields of flour products, low-temperature meat products, condiments and other leisure starch-based foods. This paper briefly introduces the definition, preparation methods, properties, and influencing factors of PGS performance, focuses on the current application status of PGS in starch-based foods, and points out the future research direction of PGS in the field of food, aiming to provide some references for promoting the application of PGS in the food industry.

Umami peptides, the flavor compounds mainly derived from natural proteins, provide a pleasant taste for humans and exhibit a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties. Marine proteins, which serve as excellent sources of umami peptides, have become a focal point of research. This review introduces the research progress on reported marine umami peptides. Firstly, it discusses the structural characteristics of umami peptides and the mechanism behind their formation to create an umami taste. It then presents several commonly used techniques for preparing and regulating umami peptides while summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Finally, this review describes the potential application prospects for core technologies within Industry 4.0—such as molecular simulation, artificial intelligence, big data analysis, cloud computing, and blockchain technology—which could bring new opportunities for the development of marine umami peptides.