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Prenanthes subpeltata Stebbins — Habit: Climber. Habitat: BZ; 2 400–2 500 m. Distribution: II. Voucher: N/A. References: Bussmann (1993, 1994)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp."]}

The Cichorieae Lam. & DC. is a tribe classified under the family Asteraceae. General characteristics of the tribe are milky latex and homogamous capitula with 5-dentate, ligulate flowers, makes the members easy to identify. The tribe compromise economically important genera Lactuca L. (Marul in Turkish), Scorzonera L. (Tekesakali in Turkish) and Tragopogon L. (Yemlik in Turkish). The members of these genera are being use as folk medicine in Anatolia and all over the world as well. Bayburt Province settles between Soganli, Otlukbeli, Mescit and Giresun Maountains Range. Phytogeographically, Bayburt is included steppe area of the Irano-Turanian region and North tip of the Anatolian Diagonal. Bayburt homes to wide range plant diversity due to these phytogeographical characteristics. We aimed to contribute plant diversity of this city based on the samples collected from Bayburt during the field trips about the project on Cicerbita Wallr., Lactuca, Scorzonera, Tragopogon and Prenanthes L. in 2010-2017 and stored in the Herbarium of the Department of Biology at Karadeniz Technical University (KTUB) and Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Department of Biology (RUB). Localities were plotted in a Bayburt map by using QGIS PC programme. According to Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands there are 4 taxa belong to Lactuca and 7 taxa belong to Scorzonera taxa in Bayburt, but there is no any record for Tragopogon. In the present paper, we recorded 24 (5 taxa of Lactuca, 14 taxa of Scorzonera and 5 taxa of Tragopogon) taxa from Bayburt, 6 of them endemic to Turkey. Consequently 13 taxa were reported from Bayburt for the first time.

Changes in understory plant composition and biodiversity declines in northeastern North American forests are widespread. Preserving species and ecosystem function requires appropriate identification and management of important stressors. Coexistence of stressors, among them earthworm invasions and white-tailed deer, makes correct identification of mechanisms that cause diversity declines challenging. We used an established factorial experiment to assess survival and growth of native seedlings (Actaea pachypoda, Aquilegia canadensis, Cornus racemosa, Quercus rubra, and Prenanthes alba) in response to presence/absence of deer and earthworms. We expected deer and earthworms to reduce seedling survival and biomass, and we evaluated potential pathways to explain this impact (soil N and P concentrations and pools, root architecture, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF] colonization). We developed structural equation models (SEM) to identify specific pathways through which earthworms and deer were impacting plant species with different life histories. Seedling survival was not affected by our treatments nor the plant and soil variables we tested. Actaea biomass was smaller in earthworm-invaded plots, and with larger total N pools. In contrast, both deer and earthworm treatments were associated with lower soil nutrient concentrations, and earthworm-invaded plots had smaller N and extractable P pools. Actaea, Cornus, Prenanthes, and Quercus seedlings had a lower proportion of fine roots in earthworm-invaded plots, while fine roots in Aquilegia made up a higher proportion of the root system. AMF colonization in Quercus was reduced in sites colonized by earthworms, but AMF in other species were unaffected. Our SEMs showed high correlation among soil variables, but because we do not know which variables are drivers of this change and which are passengers, we can only conclude that they are changing together as deer and earthworms exert their respective influence. Different plant species responded in idiosyncratic ways to earthworm and deer effects on soil fertility, root architecture and limited effects on AMF colonization. While earthworm and deer-mediated changes to fine roots, soil nutrients, and AMF may lead to changes in plant performance over time, these changes rarely translated to lower plant performance in our seedlings.

Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae) is a traditional medicinal herb. The aerial parts are a rich source of vitamins, essential amino acids, and minerals, which may help in treatment of fever, inflammation, detoxication, and blood circulation (Li et al. 2018). In October 2018, typical rust symptoms were observed on S. arvensis leaves and stems in Buner district, Malakand division, Khyber PakhtunKhwa Province, Pakistan (34.39°N; 72.61°E). Almost 40% of leaves and stems of five S. arvensis plants displayed severe rust. The specimens were examined microscopically and compared with type specimen description in published literature (Dietel 1908; Hiratsuka et al. 1992). The fungus was identified as Puccinia crepidis-japonicae based on the characteristic of spore morphology and phylogenetic study based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) sequence data. Uredinia were amphigenous, rounded, or somewhat elliptical, naked, small patches, equally spread, brown. Urediniospores (n=30) were globose to ellipsoid, brownish yellow and measured 22.4-24.7 × 20.2-22.1 µm. Urediniospore walls were brownish orange and finely echinulate and 1.7 to 2.1 µm thick with 2 to 3 germ pores. Telia were amphigenous, rounded or elliptic, scattered, dark brown to blackish. Teliospores (n=30) were ellipsoid, subglobose or long ellipsoid, rounded at both ends, not thickened at apex, warted, reddish brown, and measured 31.3-39 × 24.6-26.8 µm. Teliospore walls were reddish-black and about 1.5-2.5 µm thick, and the pedicles were short, hyaline, fragile, become tapered toward apex, and measured 14.4-18.7 × 4.7-9 µm. DNA was extracted from urediniospores, and the combined region of ITS and LSU (28S) were amplified using Rust2Inv (forward primer) and LR6 (Reverse primer) according to the protocol outlined by Aime (2006). A BLASTn search (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) showed that the combined ITS and LSU region shared 99% identity (792/804 bp) to the P. crepidis-japonicae accessions (KY798395 from Hawaii, USA) with 100% query cover. The resulting sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MN093335). Both morphological and molecular characteristics indicatethat this species was P. crepidis-japonicae. To test pathogenicity and fulfill the Koch's postulates, a urediniospore suspension (1 × 104 spores/ml) was sprayed on three 6-week-old plants of S. arvensis, and one as negative control, incubated at 22-24°C. Uredinia were observed on the leaves after 10 days of inoculation, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. Microscopic examination confirmed that the symptoms on plants obtained from the field and greenhouse inoculations were morphologically identical. This fungus has been observed previously on Crepis japonica in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, on Prenanthes spp. in China and on Youngia tenuifolia and Y. fusca in China (Farr and Rossman 2021). Pereira et al. (2002) suggested that P. crepidis-japonicae may play a significant role as a biocontrol agent against its weed host. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other reports of this fungus on any other hosts in Pakistan. The specimen has been vouchered in LAH Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (LAH36343). This is the first report of P. crepidis-japonicae on S. arvensis as a new host from Pakistan.

89. Prenanthes laciniata Houtt., Nat. Hist. II(10): Aanwyz. Plaat. [3], 381, tab. 66, fig. 1. 1779. Lectotypus (designated here by Callmander): JAPAN: Thunberg s.n. (G-PREL [G00818100]!; isolecto-: UPS- THUNB n�� 18135 image seen). = Lactuca indica L., Mant. Pl. 2: 278. 1771. Notes. ��� The only element of original material in the Japan herbarium in G-PREL collected by Thunberg is designated here as the lectotype. It is a good match for the plate. A duplicate is present in UPS-THUNB., Published as part of Wijnands, Dirk Onno, Heniger, Johannes, Veldkamp, Jan Frederik, Fumeaux, Nicolas & Callmander, Martin W., 2017, The botanical legacy of Martinus Houttuyn (1720 - 1798) in Geneva, pp. 155-198 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 186, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5721887

88. Prenanthes denticulata Houtt., Nat. Hist. II(10): Aanwyz. Plaat. [3], 385, tab. 66, fig. 4. 1779. ��� Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houtt.) Pak & Kawano in Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Biol. 15: 56. 1992. Lectotypus (designated here by Callmander): JAPAN: Thunberg s.n. (G-PREL [G00818096]!; isolecto-: UPS- THUNB n�� 18119 image seen). Notes. ��� The specimen collected by Thunberg in the Japan herbarium in G-PREL is designated here as the lectotype. It is a good match for the plate., Published as part of Wijnands, Dirk Onno, Heniger, Johannes, Veldkamp, Jan Frederik, Fumeaux, Nicolas & Callmander, Martin W., 2017, The botanical legacy of Martinus Houttuyn (1720 - 1798) in Geneva, pp. 155-198 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 186, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5721887

Article history: Received on: 23/07/2014 Revised on: 12/08/2014 Accepted on: 22/08/2014 Available online: 30/10/2014 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-bacterial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities with oncocalyxone A isolated from the leaves of Prenanthes sarmentosus. The anti-bacterial activity of different concentrations of oncocalyxone A (100, 200 mg) was evaluated against four bacterial species, namely Staphylococcus aurous, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Escherichia coli showed the highest susceptibility to this compound. The oral dose of oncocalyxone A at a 200mg/kg exhibited analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in comparison with standard drug Morphine sulphate at a dose of 5 mg/kg and Diclofenac sodium at a dose of 100 mg/kg respectively. The methanolic extract of Prenanthes sarmentosus, exhibited a weak anti-bacterial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in comparison with isolated oncocalyxone A. The oncocalyxone A at dose of 200mg/kg showed highly significant activities as compared to standard drugs.

Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb. ex Mori) Tzvelev, known as toothed ixeridium, belonging to the family Asteraceae, is native to Korea and East Asia. In Korea, it has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of hepatitis, indigestion, pneumonia, tumors, and hyperlipidemia. I. dentatum is commercially cultivated in some areas (over 100 ha) of Korea. In October 2017, symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on over 60% of the leaves and stems of I. dentatum plants in a garden at Chonnam National University located in Gwangju, Korea. Disease symptoms included white powdery colonies on the upper leaf surfaces and stems with or without necrosis. Appressoria of the fungus were indistinct to slightly nipple shaped. Conidiophores were cylindrical, 90.3 to 190.5 × 10.5 to 12.5 μm. Foot cells of conidiophores were 45.2 to 65.1 × 10.4 to 12.5 μm, cylindrical, or slightly constricted at the base, followed by zero to three shorter cells, forming conidia in chains. Conidia were ellipsoid to oval, 28.8 to 38.4 × 16.5 to 21.3 μm. Chasmothecia were not observed. Morphologically, the isolate was consistent with the description of Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & N. Shishkoff (Braun and Cook 2012; Lee 2013; Meeboon and Takamatsu 2015). Genomic DNA was extracted directly from the mycelia and conidia using a gDNA prep kit (Solgent, Daejeon, Korea). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA of two isolates was amplified using the primers ITS1 and ITS4 as described by Lee (2015). A BLASTn search of the ITS sequences against the NCBI database indicated that the isolates EML-IDPW1726 and EML-IDPW1727 (GenBank accession nos. MG719995 and MG719996, respectively) matched P. xanthii (GenBank accession no. KY388505), with 100% (444/444 bp) sequence homology. Phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS rDNA indicated that EML-IDPW1726 and EML-IDPW1727 isolates were identical to P. xanthii. Therefore, the causal pathogen was identified as P. xanthii based on the morphology of its imperfect stage and molecular analyses. The pathogenicity of the biotrophic fungus was demonstrated by gently pressing the infected leaves onto healthy leaves of I. dentatum (Lee 2013). Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 23 ± 2°C. Seven days after inoculation, symptoms similar to those observed under natural conditions developed on the inoculated leaves of I. dentatum plants. The fungus on inoculated leaves was morphologically identical to that first observed. Powdery mildew of I. dentatum caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum and P. fuliginea has also been reported previously from Japan (Farr and Rossman 2017). P. xanthii (synonyms: P. fusca, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, and S. fusca) has been reported to cause powdery mildew on Ixeridium spp. (synonyms: Ixeris, Paraixeris, Youngia, Chondrilla, Prenanthes, and Lactuca [The Plant List 2013]) under the name of Sphaerotheca humuli var. fuliginea. To our knowledge, this is the first record of powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii on I. dentatum in Korea. The occurrence of powdery mildew on I. dentatum could pose a serious threat to the health of this plant, resulting in death and severe yield reduction.

This study determines the current and historic distributions of Prenanthes crepidinea Michaux (Asteraceae: Lactuceae) and describes its habitat and life history. A phytogeographical study based on herbarium material was conducted to delimit historic and current distributions of P. crepidinea. Ecological data were gathered from herbarium specimens. A literature search was conducted for information about P. crepidinea to enhance the herbarium study. An in-depth field study over two seasons, 1998 and 1999, was made at three extant sites, providing a characteristic life history and habitat description for the species. Associated plant species, pollinators, and parasites were investigated, with voucher specimens for all associated plant species deposited in the herbaria of Youngstown State University (YUO) and Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CM).

The previous report of this committee appeared in Taxon 51: 795-799 (2002 publ. 2003). Those voting on proposals 1481-1508, 1510-1528 and the Globba siamensium and Apodanthes homonymy cases in this report were R. K. Brummitt (Kew, Secretary), G. Davidse (St. Louis), T. V. Egorova (St. Petersburg), T. S. Filgueiras (Brasilia), I. Friis (Copenhagen, Chairman), K. Gandhi (Cambridge, Mass.), C. E. Jarvis (London), H.-W. Lack (Berlin), G. Moore (Brooklyn), D. H. Nicolson (Washington D.C.), H. Ohashi (Sendai), G. Perry (Perth, W.A.), M. Thulin (Uppsala) and P. Vorster (Stellenbosch); for voting on proposals 1509 and 1532-1547 and Toumeya, Prenanthes somalensis, Brenandendron and Stachypitys homonymy questions, E. S. Fernando (Los Bafios) had joined the committee. A minimum of 9 votes is required for recommendation by this committee that a proposal for conservation or rejection of a name be accepted or rejected.

Ministerio de Economía y competitividad. Plan Nacional de Investigación Fondos FEDER

Ministerio de Economía y competitividad. Plan Nacional de Investigación Fondos FEDER

Prenanthes aitchisoniana (Asteraceae) is recorded for the first time in India from the Western Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh. So far it is known from a single locality in Afghanistan and three in Pakistan. A brief taxonomic description, images and location map of this uncommon taxon are provided here.

The woodySonchus alliance consists of 19 species ofSonchus subg.Dendrosonchus, one species ofSonchus subg.Sonchus and species of five genera (i.e.Babcockia, Sventenia, Taeckholmia, Lactucosonchus, Prenanthes), and is restricted primarily to the archipelago of the Canaries in the Macaronesian phytogeographical region. An enzyme electrophoretic study, including 13 loci, was conducted to assess genetic diversity within and divergence among species of the alliance. Nei's genetic identities (distances) between genera and/or subgenera range from 0.490 (0.714) to 0.980 (0.013), and pairwise comparisons of all populations show relatively high genetic identities, with a mean of 0.804. The high identities further support the genetic cohesiveness of the alliance and its single origin on the Macaronesian islands. Species in the alliance also show about 50%; higher total genetic diversity (HT) than the mean for other oceanic endemics. There is greater divergence between endemics or species on older islands compared to those on younger islands, which suggests that time is a factor for divergence at allozyme loci. Furthermore, populations on older islands have higher total genetic diversities and lower identities than conspecific populations on younger islands. These results imply early colonization, radiation, and divergence of the woodySonchus alliance on older islands followed by subsequent colonization to younger islands. The taxonomic distribution of alleles in the alliance indicates lineage sorting also played a role in divergence among species. Lineage sorting may also produce nonconcordance with either taxonomic designation or the pattern of variation obtained from other molecular markers such as ITS sequences of nrDNA. Timing for the origin and radiation of the alliance agrees with the estimate based on ITS sequences, and suggests that the early divergence and rapid radiation took place during the Late Tertiary on either Gran Canaria or Tenerife.

In the course of taxonomical and nomenclatural studies for a new check-list of Germany (higher plants) fourteen names are lectotypified: Aconitum formosum RCHB., Allium angulosum L., Allium ursinum L., Crataegus kyrtostyla FINGERH., Scilla italica L., Lactuca perennis L., Prenanthes viminea L., Sonchus tataricus L., Lactuca quercina L., Scilla bifolia L., Scilla amoena L., Thymus serpyllum f. alpestris CELAK., Thymus subcitratus SCHREB. and Tulipa sylvestris L. Also five neotypifications are presented: Aconitum × hebegynum DC., Aconitum vulparia RCHB. ex SPRENG., Aconitum plicatum KOEHLER ex RCHB., Polygonum tomentosum SCHRANK and Thymus serpyllum. subsp. brachyphyllus LYKA. Six new combinations are made: Crataegus × subsphaericea GAND. nothovar. domicensis (HRABET.-UHR.) CHRISTENSEN, Hieracium nassovicum (ZAHN) GOTTSCHLICH, Myosotis scorpioides L. subsp. praecox (HULPHERS) DICKORE, Thymus × braunii BORBAS nothosubsp. celticus (H.BRAUN) P. SCHMIDT, Thymus × braunii BORBAS nothosubsp. monteilii (SENNEN ex MACHULE) P. SCHMIDT and Thymus × porcii BORBAS nothosubsp. pilisiensis (BORBAS) P. SCHMIDT.

Morfología polínica de Lactuceae (Asteraceae) en la Península Ibérica. 1. Lactuca L. y géneros relacionados. Se estudia la morfología del polen de los taxones incluidos en los géneros Lactuca L., Prenant hes L., Cicerbita Wallr. y Mycelis Cass. que habitan en la Península Ibérica con los microscopios óptico (MO) y electrónico de barrido (MEB). El polen, 3-zonocolporado y equinolofado (sin lagunas polares), se caracteriza por presentar una cresta ecuatorial y 15 lagunas: 3 porales, 6 abporales y 6 paraporales. Tamaño pequeño o mediano, P x E = 21-41 x 24-47 xm. Exina de 3-8 gm de grosor y ornamentación perforada y equinulado-equinada. Se han observado diferencias en cuanto al tamaño, amplitud de las apocolpias y tamaño de las espínulas-espinas. Nuestros resultados muestran de una manera bastante clara la afinidad entre los distintos géneros. En el caso de Lactuca, el género con mayor número de especies, los resultados polínicos permiten discutir sobre las relaciones evolutivas entre los representantes de la Península. Pollen morphology of Lactuceae (Asteraceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. I, Lactuca L. and related genera. The pollen morphology of the taxa belonging to the genera Lactuca L., Prenanthes L., Cicerbita Wallr. y Mycelis Cass. in the Iberian Peninsula has been studied with light and electron microscopy. The pollen is 3-zonocolporate and echinolophate (without polar lacunae), with equatorial ridges and 15 lacunae: 3 poral, 6 abporal and 6 paraporal. Small to medium size, P x E = 21-41 x 24-47 pm. Exine 3-8 pm thick and ornamentation perforate and equinulate-equinate. Some differences in size, apocolpy size and spinules-spines size have been observed. The results clearly show the relationships between genera. The evolutionary significance of pollen morphology is discussed in the genus Lactuca which has the largest number of species in the Iberian Peninsula.

Sexual reproduction is the main reproduction mechanism among the 14 wild Iberian taxa ofLactuca, Prenanthes, Cicerbita, andMycelis. High levels of self-fertilization occur inLactuca, as well as facultative and obligate xenogamy. Xenogamy is strongly correlated with large capitula having blue or bright yellow colouration, high P/O ratios, and long anthesis, whereas self-fertilization is correlated with smaller capitula having pale yellow colouration, small P/O ratios, and short anthesis. Large variations occur in P/O index among taxa showing similar fertilization mechanism, probably in relation to the number of florets included in flower heads. Interesting differences in reproductive systems have been detected between subspecies ofLactuca viminea.

Prenanthes altissima Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 797. 1753. "Habitat in Virginia, Canada." RCN: 5832. Lectotype (Fusiak & Schilling in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 111: 345. 1984): [icon] " Sonchus elatus s. dendroides Virginianus, Ari in modum auriculatis foliis, ramosissimus, floribus luteis parvis pentapetalis " in Plukenet, Phytographia: t. 317, f. 2. 1694; Almag. Bot.: 355. 1696. - Typotype: Herb. Sloane 102: 30 (BM-SL). Current name: Prenanthes altissima L. (Asteraceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 769, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Prenanthes purpurea Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 797. 1753. "Habitat in Germaniae, Helvetiae, Italiae nemoribus montanis." RCN: 5830. Lectotype (Jeffrey in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 79. 1993): Herb. Clifford: 383, Prenanthes 2 (BM-000646836). Generitype of Prenanthes Linnaeus (vide Cassini, Dict. Sci. Nat.: 34: 98. 1825). Current name: Prenanthes purpurea L. (Asteraceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 769, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Prenanthes

Woody Sonchus and five related genera (Babcockia, Taeckholmia, Sventenia, Lactucosonchus, and Prenanthes) of the Macaronesian islands have been regarded as an outstanding example of adaptive radiation in angiosperms. Internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear rDNA (ITS) sequences were used to demonstrate that, despite the extensive morphological and ecological diversity of the plants, the entire alliance in insular Macaronesia has a common origin. The sequence data place Lactucosonchus as sister group to the remainder of the alliance and also indicate that four related genera are in turn sister groups to subg. Dendrosonchus and Taeckholmia. This implies that the woody members of Sonchus were derived from an ancestor similar to allied genera now present on the Canary Islands. It is also evident that the alliance probably occurred in the Canary Islands during the late Miocene or early Pliocene. A rapid radiation of major lineages in the alliance is consistent with an unresolved polytomy near the base and low ITS sequence divergence. Increase of woodiness is concordant with other insular endemics and refutes the relictural nature of woody Sonchus in the Macaronesian islands.