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This special issue of hagmarl'cs derives from a day-long symposium on "l^anguage Ideology: Practice and Theory" held at the annual meeting of the American Anthropology Association in Chicago, November 1991.1 The organizing premise of the symposium was that language ideology is a mediating link between social structures and forms of talk, if such static imagery for some very dynamic processes can be forgiven. Rather than casting language ideology as an epiphenomenon, a relatively inconsequential overlay of secondary and tertiary responses (Boas 1911; Bloomfield 1944),, the symposium started from the proposition that ideology stands in dialectical relation with, and thus significantly influences, social, discursive, and linguistic practices. As such a critical link, language ideology merits more concerted analytic attention than it has thus far been given. In this first attempt to bring form to an area of inquiry, we have adopted a relatively unconstrained sense of "language ideology." Alan Rumsey's definition, based on Silverstein (1979), is a useful starting point: linguistic ideologies are "shared bodies of commonsense notions about the nature of language in the world "(1990: 346). We mean to include cultural conceptions not only of language and language variation, but of the nature and purpose of communication, and of communicative behavior as an enactment of a collective order (Silverstein 1987: l-2). I use the terms "linguistic" and "language" ideology interchangeably, although in the articles that follow one might detect differences in their uses, perhaps varying with the degree to which the authors focus on formal linguistic structures or on representations of a collective order. In order to build toward a general understanding of the cultural variability of language ideology and its role in social and linguistic life, the symposium brought

Spanish (along with English and many other languages) has inferential sentences such as No es que no quiera: Es que no sabe querer, ‘It’s not that she doesn’t love; it’s that she doesn’t know how to love.’ We describe the grammar and pragmatics of these sentences and show how their pragmatic characteristics follow from their grammar and the principles of relevance theory. Inferentials consist of a finite clause embedded as the complement of an expletive copular matrix clause, which may be modified by a focusing particle and/or a negator. Inferentials function as metalinguistic devices which characterize the relevance of the proposition represented by their clause to the processing of an utterance. Negative inferentials characterize that proposition as likely to be considered in the processing but they deny its relevance; positive inferentials characterize the proposition as unlikely to be considered but they assert its relevance. The inferential proposition may be interpreted as an implicated premise or conclusion. If it is taken as an implicated premise then it may be further interpreted as an explanation, reason, or cause; if it is taken as an implicated conclusion then it may be further interpreted as a result, consequence, or conclusion. It may also be taken as a (re)interpretation or reformulation of the target utterance.

This article discusses the potentials and pitfalls of creating fiction as a social research method, through reflecting on the sociological crime fiction I wrote between 2015 and 2017. Following the ontological premise that our research methods produce rather than represent our objects of investigation, I draw on poststructuralist and feminist thought to demonstrate the process, ethics, and rationale for writing fiction as a method of social research. Drawing on actor-network theory (ANT) approaches, I argue that ‘translating’ research data into artistic forms is particularly productive for poststructuralist approaches to the research of complex and emotive social phenomena like crime. Taking up the concept of ‘enforced narratives’ from the work of Carolyn Steedman, I discuss the ethics of undertaking creative and collaborative research with people who have experienced criminalisation. I argue that sociological crime fiction can reimagine the complexity of crime in ways that does not further punish the criminalised.

Knowledge graph builds the bridge from massive data generated by the interaction and communication between various objects to intelligent applications and services in Internet of Things. The graph representation learning technology represented by graph neural network plays an essential role in the understanding and reasoning of the knowledge graph with complicated internal structure. Although they are capable of assigning different attention weights to neighbors, the graph attention network and its variants are inherently flawed and inadequate in modeling high-order knowledge graphs with high heterogeneity. Therefore, we propose a novel multi-relational graph attention network framework in this paper for knowledge reasoning over heterogeneous graphs by employing tensor and tensor operations. Specifically, we formulate the general high-order heterogeneous knowledge graph firstly. Then, the tensor graph attention network (TGAT), composed of three components: heterogeneous information propagation, multi-modal semantic-aware attention, and knowledge aggregation, is developed to simulate rich interactions between mixed triples, entities, and relationships when aggregating local information. What’s more, we utilize Tucker model to compress the parameters of TGAT and further reduce the storage and calculation consumption of the intermediate calculation process on the premise of maintaining the expressive power. We conduct extensive experiments to solve the link prediction task on four real-world heterogeneous graphs, and the results demonstrate that the TGAT model proposed in this paper remarkably outperforms state-of-the-art competitors and improves the hits@1 accuracy by up to 7.6%.

The field of cryptography has endeavored to solve numerous security problems. However, a common premise of many of those problems is that the encryptor always generates the ciphertext correctly. Around 10 years ago, this premise was not a problem. However, due to the rapid development and the use of the cloud, which has introduced various access policies and functionalities to provide higher security, it is not correct to assume that this premise is always applied. A "Fake Policy Attack", which we introduce in this paper, is an attack that incorrectly sets the access policy of the ciphertext against the system rules so that users who do not meet the rules can decrypt the ciphertext. In other words, it is an attack that ignores the rules of the system and eventually breaks the security and leaks information. This attack can be more critical for the application environments that require strong security not to leak any related information about ciphertext. In this paper, we demonstrate the possible threat of the Fake Policy Attack by providing two relevant examples. Then, we propose a scheme called Policy Authenticable ABE (PA-ABE) to resolve this issue. We provide a formal security analysis of the proposed scheme and performance evaluation results based on our implementation.

The establishment of an international legion by General Georges de Villebois-Mareuil in March 1900 was the most ambitious attempt to coordinate the activities of foreign volunteer units within a single formation during the South African War. On the general’s death (5 April 1900), De Villebois’s Russian deputy and successor, Lieutenant Colonel Yevgeny Maximov, lost control of the legion. As a hierarchical formation, it survived De Villebois by only two weeks. Given Maximov’s ample experience in conventional and unconventional warfare, and the accolades that he later won from the republican political and military leadership, including the rank of general, the legionnaires’ opposition to him appears to be unjustified. Accounting for the discrepancy between historians’ perceptions of Maximov and his lack of success in controlling the legion is based on a premise that legionnaires had compelling reasons to reject his authority. Maximov had come to Africa ostensibly as a journalist. He was yet to earn the respect of his subordinates because he had not seen action in the South African War. In subsequent weeks, having resigned from his post in the legion, he distinguished himself in the engagement at Tobaberg as the leader of the Dutch corps. By then, Maximov had the ‘moral authority’ to command an international unit, but his poor health prevented him from carrying on fighting. Unlike De Villebois, who was supported by like-minded French lieutenants, Maximov could not rely on his compatriots. Instead of endorsing his claim to leadership, the Russian corps refused to join the legion while he was in charge, and intentionally discredited him. In the power vacuum after De Villebois’s death, the legion collapsed, and a chance to transform the emerging alliance of foreign volunteer units into a formidable force was missed.

This paper explores the concept of adaptive research design, in which topic, theoretical framing, method, and data are in principle open to adaptation during the research process. The main premise is that adaptations in one element of the research process can trigger changes in other elements. Both positive and negative reasons for adaptivity are discussed along with various valid reasons for limiting adaptivity in particular cases. Grasping the different couplings between concepts, theories and methods is useful to discern the possibilities and limits of adaptive methodology in situ. To deepen the understanding of the adaptive capacity of methodology, we broaden the discussion to look at the embedding of methodology in academia and its disciplines. In our perspective, methods appear as devices structuring thinking and observation and are well used and placed if they enhance and enable the continuation of observation and reflection and if they allow the researcher to remain open for alternative observations and interpretations.

Dr. Richard Nisbett's seminal publication appropriately titled The Geography of Thought has generated considerable scientific interest relative to the social as well as cognitive processes that underlie information processing and assimilation. The encapsulation of Nisbett's body of research is best summarized as how people process information directly impacts what they think. Furthermore, the application of social psychology research pertaining to ontological impact upon argument and reasoning analysis is lacking in the hospitality literature. Testing Nisbett's premise using hospitality and tourism students in China, Korea, Colombia, and the US discovered a presence of geographical differences in information processing (decoding) of argument and reasoning statements, although within group variances in information analysis was also detected. The implication is that a deeper understanding of how cognitive, sociocultural, individual, situational factors influence decision making is needed in hospitality and tourism.

It has been hypothesized that an increase in literacy within a society is associated with more negative perceptions of aging and older adults. The present study empirically tested this premise among the Dani in West Papua. Sixty-one Dani participants were asked to nominate two individuals within each of the following categories: (1) most respected, (2) best source of life advice, and (3) most satisfied with life. They also reported the age and gender of the nominees. Literacy was associated with nominating younger targets in the life advice and life satisfaction categories. These results add evidence that literacy is associated with perceptions of older adults. We conclude by discussing the scholarly and practical implications of these findings.

A typical assumption in formal studies of social networks is that interpersonal ties classified under the same label carry the same cultural connotation. As cultural meanings matter for the construction of ties, this premise can be problematic when labels attributed to relationships sustain the simultaneous coexistence of disparate meanings. I argue that the measurement and analysis of multiplexity is a useful tool for testing the validity of this assumption and exploring the cultural meanings of ties using traditional survey data. Employing loglinear models and a datamining technique called ‘association rules’, I analyze data from the 2004 social networks component of the General Social Survey, which gave subjects the option to classify confidants into multiple relational categories. Contrary to standard assumptions, I find that, subjects report viewing their ties multiplexly a little less than half the time. Familial labels are either perceived as intrinsically meaningful or more broadly as ‘friends’ and ‘advisors.’ Spouses are likely to be described as ‘friends’ only when they are also classified as ‘coworkers’ or ‘group members.’ ‘Friend’ and ‘advisor’ also display complex layering alongside other labels indicative of flexibility. I discuss implications of my findings for network structure and the cultural meanings of close personal ties.

The denigration of one parent by the other would be one of the most damaging effects for the child in situations of family breakdown, although the so-called parental alienation syndrome (Gardner) as a supposed childhood mental disorder, has not obtained acceptance in psychiatric classifications nor the necessary validity and scientific support, so its use by mental health professionals, experts and lawyers should be avoided. Instead, one can use the diagnostic criteria contemplated by the international diagnostic psychiatric classifications that we describe. It is essential to establish the differential diagnosis based on the symptom of rejection of a parent, an issue that involves difficulty and may require the assistance of a multidisciplinary team to adequately evaluate all the evaluable aspects. Professionals must act with knowledge of the limits of their science, providing those data and conclusions that are legitimate and valid according to this premise.

This article makes the case for rethinking object biography in popular music studies. By object biography, I am referring to a particular methodological and analytic approach to material culture that begins from the premise that objects—that is, commodities, goods, artefacts, and so on—have social lives that follow their own unique trajectories across time and space. While object biography has been influential in popular music studies since Appadurai’s and Kopytoff’s foundational essays in The Social Life of Things (1986), I propose that its potential as a methodological and analytic tool has not yet been fully realized to date. This article sets out to rethink object biography in the context of recent trends in scholarship, particularly with regard to the so-called “material turn” in the humanities and social sciences. Using the 1972 reissue compilation album, Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965–1968, as my example, I aim to show how this cultural object has assumed different identities over time, from a “cult” object that circulated within niche communities of fans and collectors in the period of its initial release to its emergence as a brand in the 1980s and beyond. Ultimately, I argue that object biography allows us to attend to the inherent mutability of things as they circulate over time, which in turn opens up new ways to approach music’s cultural objects, especially its audio media.

String theory reduces to general relativity in appropriate regimes. Huggett and Vistarini have given an account of this reduction that includes a deflationary thesis about symmetry: though the usual derivation of general relativity from string theory appeals to a premise about the theory’s symmetry, Huggett and Vistarini argue that this premise plays no logical role. In this paper I disagree with their deflationary thesis and argue that their analysis is based on a popular but flawed conception of the interaction between symmetry and quantization. On this conception, quantization can break symmetries of the classical theory, and we must decide whether these symmetries should be reimposed. I argue that a better conception recognizes a tripartite distinction between ordinary, broken, and anomalous symmetries.

Adopted by the United Nations in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, the most widely translated document. However, versions in 419 languages are not conceived as translations but equivalences, alternate embodiments of identical tenets. The Bible has been rendered into numerous languages, but the Hebrew and Greek originals possess authority that English, Bengali, and Xhosa derivatives do not. The Bible is translated, but the UDHR is, through the theology of international governance, transubstantiated into multiple tongues. No version has priority; each is equally valid, transparent, and interchangeable. The utopian premise is not only that all humans possess inalienable rights but also that all languages express the same principles. The document’s title, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, might seem a solecism, a misplaced modifier. Surely, it is human rights that are universal, not the declaration. However, the UN insists that all versions (at least in the original official languages) are equally binding. It rejects Whorfian notions that particular languages enable particular thoughts and embraces languages as neutral tools whose specific manifestation is irrelevant. Arguments against imprisoning writers in Burma could appeal equally to the authority of either the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme or Всеобщую декларацию прав человека or la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos or 世界人权宣言. Rather than the Babelian myth of an Ur-Sprache before hubris scattered us into mutual unintelligibility, the UDHR endorses a Chomskyan belief that all languages can express the same thoughts. Yet differences among versions of Article 1 (“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”) are not trivial; dignity is incommensurable with Würde, αξιοπρέπεια, dignidade, waardigheid, or достоинства. The UDHR is a translingual text shaped by the languages of framers and translators.

Smart cities are rapidly becoming the main form of urban development initiated in response to calls to address certain ills such as unsustainable cities. Often presented as rational responses to such challenges, there are affective dimensions which are political and impact their development in various places. We investigate these affective dimensions by using the concept of atmospheres -collective affects arising from encounters between places, actors, materialities and (hi)stories. Our work builds on the premise that acceptance of smart city initiatives relies on their supporter’s ability to disseminate compelling stories about smart urban futures. Atmospheres matter here because the stories that can be credibly told are not arbitrary – to be believed, urban stories must be embedded in and coupled to the materialities and affects of their environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the deliberate cultivation of atmospheres by actors with urban remits, revealing how such atmospheres can become impactful mechanisms for selectively rendering cities amenable or refractory to different stories about smart urban futures. An in-depth case study of the English new town of Milton Keynes is presented to illustrate how atmospheres have been cultivated to selectively resist or reinforce the stories through which the smart city agenda is advanced. Narratives about rationality and data-driven efficiency were translated into specific versions of the future. The resulting encounters gave rise to atmospheres of reception, anticipation, innovation and progress through which urban spaces were rendered selectively receptive to specific forms of smart development in pursuit of local, contextually defined goals.

An underlying premise of democratic politics is that protest can be an effective form of civic engagement that shapes policy changes desired by marginalized groups. But it is not certain that this premise holds up under scrutiny. This article presents a three-part argument that protest (1) signals the salience of a movement’s focal issue and expands awareness that an issue is a social problem requiring a solution, (2) empowers residents in disadvantaged communities and raises a sense of community cohesion, which together (3) raise costs and exert pressure on elites to make concessions. The empirical analysis examines the likelihood that a city will establish a civilian review board (CRB). It then compares the effects of protest and CRB presence on counts of officer-involved fatalities by race and ethnicity. Two main hypotheses about the effect of protest are supported: cities with more protest against police brutality are significantly more likely to establish a CRB, and protest against police brutality reduces officer-involved fatalities for African American and Latino (but not for White) individuals. However, the establishment of CRBs does not reduce fatalities, as some have hoped. Nonetheless, mobilizing against police brutality matters, even in the absence of civilian review boards.

With the accelerated pace of urbanization, green buildings and green smart buildings gradually come into people’s vision and are highly valued by all sectors of society on the premise of meeting sustainable development strategy. Firstly, this paper selects 7 first-level index factors and 20 second-level index factors to establish the green smart building evaluation system. Secondly, this paper uses the analytic hierarchy process-fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (AHP-FCE) method to determine the weight of each secondary index. Finally, the feasibility of the evaluation system is verified by case analysis, and some suggestions on green smart building are put forward.

In the modern business environment of the highly globalized economy, the frequency of Chinese and American businessmen meeting in bargaining of various scales has greatly increased. There are huge differences between China and the United States in business negotiations alone. These differences are partly due to cultural factors left over by history and partly based on their respective development history. We can not simply divide differences into good or bad, but can only be called whether they fit with another negotiation style. Our main focus is to find the most consistent point between the two countries in business negotiations and expand it. However, it is extremely difficult for an individual or a country to change its inherent habits. Therefore, as an objective analyst, the outsiders cannot criticize excessively, finding the most effective way to conclude the negotiation peacefully. The win-win situation for the two influential powers means that the two countries can jointly create more opportunities in the political and economic fields in the future. Consistently, no matter what means are used, they must be carried out on the premise of equality.

Inclusive education has been part of the global educational vernacular for more than 25 years, based on the premise that for education to achieve its goal of providing access to an inclusive societ...

Makerspaces and the availability of digital maker tools offer opportunities to create with their hands. Makerspaces and making have increasingly found their ways into institutions of formal and informal education but have yet not been explored in entrepreneurship education. Maker education holds the premise that learners work in a self-regulated and interdisciplinary way and develop a mind-set that enhances their self-organisation and self-efficacy. In the context of a European project, an educational programme, which combined maker and entrepreneurial education for fostering entrepreneurial thinking, skills and attitudes, was developed. This paper aims to understand and evaluate the direct effect of this maker educational programme on the development of non-cognitive (entrepreneurial) skills and attitudes, i.e. in relation to self-efficacy and creativity, as core elements of an “entrepreneurial spirit”. A creativity drawing test as well as a self-efficacy questionnaire were used to evaluate the maker educational programme and to measure individual effects on study participants. The analysis of the results shows a positive effect at the individual level in both creativity and self-efficacy when taking age and gender differences into account. A better understanding of the relationship between age as well as location specific settings and the resulting benefits in creativity and self-efficacy would be a worthwhile follow up research.

This review covers the book Poematica del Principio Tai Chi (Firenze, Italy, 2020) by Massimo Mori, that gather a lifetime multicultural researches converging on the Tai Chi, Supreme Principle coming from the unknowable Dao. When applied to the martial art, tai chi becomes taijiquan, “Punch of the Supreme Principle”. The first chapters provide the coordinates to deepen a holistic paradigm through different trajectories ranging from the classical cultures of the East and the West to the globalized contemporaneity. Complex and fascinating themes are creatively addressed in the subsequent chapters. The book ranges from theology to theoretical philosophy, from physics to literature and art, even to cinema. The chapters on I Qing and Daodejing indicate how the holistic vision of a conscious wisdom can be defined as systemic and essential in the relationship between culture and nature. If the Dao is the Way, this has to be followed in the name of a natural ethic that the Daodejing shows with an enlightening wisdom. Thus, the practice of Taijiquan becomes the “martial art of peace” and the Taiji Supreme Principle, practicable in every activity, is the paradigm of a renewed humanism. Massimo Mori is considered among the masters who have dedicated their existence to the wisdom vision of a New Horizon – as he called his school - and his book is a premise to imagine peace between East and West, between all the people of the globe living under the same sky.

This article is based on the premise that the constructed image of the national self is a fundamental criterion shaping the conceptions of history teaching in the Turkish educational system. In thi...

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el conflicto existente entre el derecho a la vida y las libertades religiosas en la jurisprudencia, a propósito del rechazo a ciertos procedimientos médicos como las transfusiones de sangre. Luego de reconstruir la postura mayoritaria, cuestionaré dos de sus fundamentos esenciales: que el derecho a la vida es un derecho absoluto y que se trata de un derecho indisponible.

PurposeThe specific purpose of this article is to describe customer profitability analysis and evaluate its compatibility with quality management systems. Besides, its more general objective consists in shedding further light on the links between management accounting and quality management, which is still an emerging topic.Design/methodology/approachThe first part of the document presents a theoretical description of the disciplines and tools that are relevant to the study. Afterward, an explanation of the way in which customer profitability analysis is operationalized in practice is provided. Subsequently, a framework for the incorporation of customer profitability analysis into a quality management system is introduced. The final section includes some recommendations for future research.FindingsThrough the analysis of the benefits of the incorporation of customer profitability analysis into an ISO 9000 model, the study provides further support to the premise that the joint consideration of management accounting techniques and quality management tools is beneficial to organizations.Originality/valueThe article combines two disciplines closely related in practice but seldom concurrently addressed in the literature.

This paper analyzes Thematic Progression pattern and its role in the process of text translation, providing a new perspective for the current translation teaching. TP pattern can be used as a reference object before translation to avoid the translator's mistakes in information transmission; after translation, it can also be a means to test the cohesion and coherence of the translation. In order to preserve the style of the original text, it is necessary to maintain the same TP pattern as the source text in translating activity, which is the foothold of this research. Therefore, the article proposes that in English-Chinese translation, the same TP pattern as the source text should be maintained as much as possible, in order to achieve the purpose of retaining the original style. Nevertheless, all this is based on the premise that the meaning of the original text will not be misunderstood.

En el teatro contemporáneo la videoescena se ha consolidado en la plástica escénica como la integración de audiovisuales en escena con múltiples objetivos. Agrupación Señor Serrano es una compañía española que incorpora el vídeo a sus escenificaciones bajo la premisa de la intermedialidad, es decir, la puesta en escena se articula por medio de la hibridación entre teatro y audiovisual. Utiliza recursos de la cultura popular sumados a un ácido sentido crítico, que desarrolla a través de la simultaneidad, la yuxtaposición, la alternancia y los múltiples puntos de vista mostrados por la videoescena. Este artículo presenta un análisis de la intermedialidad de su espectáculo The Mountain (2020). Para ello se discriminan las funciones dramatúrgicas del vídeo, a fin de exponer cómo la inserción del audiovisual en la dramaturgia espectacular ensancha la teatralidad al crear una forma teatral a partir del permanente diálogo entre escena y videoescena.

Merely a peripheral discussion in project management up until recent years, sustainability has become a central issue in both academia and practice. Despite growing interest and research on sustainable project management, we still know little about how projects in the extractive industries, known for their significant local impact, can be used to foster inclusive sustainable development for local communities. Arguing that extractive industries have inadequately addressed the increasing demands of stakeholders for contributing to sustainable development, we build on the philosophical theory of capabilities and the principle of reciprocity to propose a new framework for community engagement and sustainable project management. The reciprocity framework for community engagement is based on the premise that a sustainable extractive project requires its promoter to nurture constructive and mutually beneficial relationships with local communities. By integrating moral considerations into our framework, we contribute to the paradigm shift required to embed projects in sustainable development by better balancing stakeholders' needs at the economic, environmental, and social levels.

Contribution: From prior studies on models and strategies used to study the academic performance of university students, it is evident that none of them either evaluates T-shaped degrees or does so according to the profile of the students’ high school provenance. The study provided in this article employs a well-established model and strategy to show the monitoring of university students’ performance in the first academic year with the premise that their heterogeneity in terms of the modalities of their high school provenance may be a determining factor as regards their performance in the various disciplines on a T-shaped degree. Background: Universities are beginning to offer T-shaped degrees in response to the growing demand for professionals with this profile. The variety of disciplines taught on these degrees means that the students enrolled on them originate from various high school modalities, which implies a difference in their respective knowledge that may affect their performance. Research Questions: Are a student’s high school provenance modalities a determining factor in their performance in various disciplines on a T-shaped degree? Methodology: This study has employed the goal-oriented, context-aware, measurement, evaluation and monitoring strategy to monitor students’ performance on a Service Science, Management and Engineering degree. The five years of monitoring has made it possible to characterize students from the different modalities of provenance. Findings: It was possible to characterize the performance in the different high school modalities using the model attributes evaluated, with the objective of proposing instruments that could help improve the students’ performance when unsatisfactory indicator results are detected.

The definition of homelessness and the policies responding to it differ from society to society, as does understanding a state of being "homeless", all of which are socially constructed. Because in Japan today homelessness is perceived only as a situation of sleeping on the street, the prevalence is perceived as low. However, this definition is narrow compared to what, for example, FEANTSA has proposed in Europe. Therefore, Japanese policy and policy makers need to shift to be congruent with international standards. To begin this shift we need to understand how the "narrow" perception of homelessness in Japan has been constructed. Therefore, in this paper a historical review is provided starting on the premise of the "loss of home" of Japanese society after World War II, the rapid increase of "visible homelessness" since the 1990s, the enactment of formal homelessness law, and rising "visible homelessness". More recently there is also expanded interest in "invisible homelessness" due to current homelessness research. The issue of lack of a public housing allowance and limited public housing is explored connected to an absence of housing policy. Finally, the Covid-19 pandemic has increased anxiety about the loss of homes and there is a need to shift homelessness measures into housing policy.

Contributing to the literature on online review variance, we investigate consumer adoption intentions in three studies looking at various perspectives regarding new products. Study 1 demonstrates that really new products (RNPs) with low review variance lead to higher adoption intentions, while incrementally new products (INPs) with high review variance lead to higher adoption intentions. Study 2 shows that risk perceptions and uniqueness perceptions are the mechanisms underlying the interaction effect between product newness and online review variance. Study 3 considers cultural values to explore the premise’s boundary, finding that indulgent consumers tend to prefer INPs with high variance reviews while restrained consumers are more likely to adopt RNPs with low variance. These findings offer theoretical and managerial implications for managing the online review variance of new products.

This article examines the nexus between international crises and civil wars. Based on the premise that not all simultaneous civil and international conflicts are related, the study aims to explore the circumstances in which civil wars affect violent escalation in international crises. The study identifies ‘composite’ crises – where the civil war is the core issue of the international dispute – as a unique subset of international crises. These crises are distinguished from ‘unrelated-civil war’ situations, in which the issues in the internal and international conflicts are separate. Using data from the ICB, COW, and UCDP/PRIO datasets, the article tests a dual-conflict argument, positing that interconnected issues and interactions between actors in composite situations inhibit moderate crisis management and aggravate interstate behavior. The findings show that while civil war in composite situations has a negative impact on crisis escalation, unrelated-civil war has an inverse impact on interstate relations in crisis.